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Influence of Oxytetracycline Supplementation on the Response of Chicks to Inorganic Sulfate1
1859
T-2 TOXIN approaches to the metabolites of Fusaria. IV. Microbial survey on "Bean-hulls poisoning of horses" with the isolation of toxic tricothecenes, neosolaniol and T-2 toxin of Fusarium solani M-l-1. Jap. J. Exp. Med. 42: 187-203. Wooton, I. D. P., 1964. Micro-analysis in Medical Biochemistry. Grune and Stratton, Inc., New York. Wyatt, R. D., and P. B. Hamilton, 1972. The effect of rubratoxin in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 51: 1383-1387. Wyatt, R. D., B. A. Weeks, P. B. Hamilton and H.
R. Burmeister, 1972a. Severe oral lesions in chickens caused by ingestion of dietary fusariotoxin T-2. Appl. Microbiol. 24: 251-257. Wyatt, R. D., J. R. Harris, P. B. Hamilton and H. R. Burmeister, 1972b. Possible field outbreaks of fusariotoxicosis in avians. Avian Dis. 16: 11231129. Zlatkis, A., B. Zak and A. J. Boyle, 1953. A new method for the direct determination of serum cholesterol. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 41: 486-492.
Influence of Oxytetracycline Supplementation on the Response of Chicks to Inorganic Sulfate1
(Received for publication January 26, 1973)
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine whether or not the growth promotion resulting from the addition of sodium sulfate to diets containing oxytetracycline was due to the nutritional response of the sulfate. A basal diet containing 21% protein and 2,310 kilocalories of productive energy per kilogram was used. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments which included 0 and 0.2% methionine, 0 and 200 grams of oxytetracycline per ton of feed and 0.25 and 1.25% sodium sulfate. The addition of either methionine or sodium sulfate resulted in improved body weight at three weeks of age. Body weight was equal for the groups receiving the two levels of sodium sulfate. The addition of oxytetracycline to all diets resulted in increased weight. The interaction of oxytetracycline and sulfate was nonsignificant which would indicate that the growth improvement from the addition of sodium sulfate to the diet was primarily due to the nutritional value of the sulfate. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1859-1861, 1973 INTRODUCTION
ALE and Baughn (1965) reported that the addition of 1.5% sodium sulfate to chick diets containing chlortetracycline produced chlortetracycline blood levels 1.3 times as high as in those birds fed the antibiotic alone. The addition of sodium sulfate to these diets increased growth rate of chicks when they were infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The addition of sodium sulfate to a diet deficient in methionine has recently been reported to increase growth rate of broiler chicks (Ross and Harms, 1970). This increase in growth was obtained with levels of sulfate ranging from 0.1 to 0.5% of the diet which
G
1. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 4800.
were considerably less than the 1.5% used by Gale and Baughn (1965). Since sodium sulfate has been shown to increase the blood level of tetracycline antibiotic, the following experiments were conducted to determine whether or not the growth promotion from the addition of sodium sulfate would be benefited by the addition of oxytetracycline to the diet. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Shaver broiler chicks were used in experiment 1 and Hubbard broiler chicks were used in Experiment 2. A basal diet containing 21% protein and 2,310 kilocalories of productive energy per kilogram was used (Table 1). This diet was previously used in studies by Ross
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 11, 2015
D . P . E B E R S T A N D R . H . HARMS
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32601
1860
D. P. EBERST AND R. H. HARMS
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet %
Ingredients Yellow corn, ground Soybean meal (50% protein) Tallow Alfalfa, dehy. (20% protein) Limestone, ground Defluorinated phosphate (18% P & 32% Ca) Salt, iodized Micro-ingredient mix1 Zoamix 2
58.0 30.6 6.0 2.5 0.9 1.1 0.4 0.45 0.05
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and Harms (1970) and was shown to be deficient in methionine and chicks fed on this diet were responsive to sodium sulfate supplementation. Four replicate pens, each containing five male and five female day-old
Body weight of chicks was numerically increased by the addition of either 0.25 or 1.25% sodium sulfate to the basal diet (Table 2). Supplementing the diet with 0.2% methionine also resulted in a significant increase
TABLE 2.—Body weight of chicks fed diets containing supplemental methionine, oxytetracycline and sodium sulfate' Sodium sulfate in diet (%) Oxytetracycline
Methionine
0
0.25
1.25 400 426 419 445
-
+
395 433
(grams) 410 435
+ +
+
404 433
421 437
AV
417
427*
400 s 416" 410 ab 409 + 433 c 436c 436c 435* *Significantly different from control. ' Means without common superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (1955). 2 + indicates 200 gms. per ton 3 + indicates 0.20% supplemental DL methionine
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 11, 2015
1 The micro-ingredient mix supplied the following per kg. of finished feed: MnC03,83.6 mg.; vitamin A, 6600 I.U.; vitamin D3, 2200 I.C.U.; menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg.; riboflavin, 4.4 mg.; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg.; niacin, 39.6 mg.; choline, 499.4 mg.; vitamin B12, 22 meg.; and ethoxyquin, 0.01275% of the diet. 2 Zoamix is the trade name used by Dow Chemical Co. for their mix containing 25% zoalene (3, 5-dinitro-o-toluamide).
chicks, were fed each of eight experimental diets. This experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments which included 0 and 0.2% methionine, 0 and 200 grams per ton of oxytetracycline and 0.25% and 1.25% of sodium sulfate. The chicks were grown in electrically heated brooders with raised wire floors to three weeks of age. Feed and water were given ad libitum. The tap water contained 28 p.p.m. of sulfate. The chicks were group weighed by sex at three weeks of age, and feed efficiency data calculated. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance (Snedecor, 1956). Neither the treatment x experiment nor sex x treatment interactions were significant; therefore, the data were combined for this presentation. Significant differences between treatments were determined by Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
1861
OXYTETRACYCLINE AND SULFATE RESPONSE
TABLE 3.—Feed efficiency of chicks fed diets containing supplemental methionine, oxytetracycline and sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate in diet (%) Oxytetracycline
Methionine
0
0.25
AV
1.25
(gm. feed/gm. body wt.) 1.65
1.66
1.66
1.62 1.57 1.53
1.61 1.48 1.51
1.61 1.52 1.56
1.61 1.58
1.57 1.56
1.59 1.59
1.64
1.53*
*Significantly different from control 1 + indicates 200 gms. per ton 2 + indicates 0.20% supplemental DL methionine
methionine or sodium sulfate did not influence feed conversion. Since the interaction of sulfate x oxytetracycline as measured by body weight or feed efficiency was not significant, it is concluded that the growth response from the sulfate was primarily due to its nutritional value. The presence of supplemental oxytetracycline did not increase the response from the sulfate; therefore, it is concluded that little or no response was obtained because of the potentiation of the antibiotic. REFERENCES
Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Gale, G. O., and C. O. Baughn, 1965. The effects of sodium sulfate in diets containing chlortetracycline hydrochloride on chicks infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Poultry Sci. 44: 342-344. Ross, E., and R. H. Harms, 1970. The response of chicks to sodium sulfate supplementation of a cornsoy diet. Poultry Sci. 49: 1605-1610. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods, 5th Edition, Iowa College State Press, Ames, Iowa.
AUGUST 11-16, 1974. CONGRESS, WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, U.S.A. AUGUST 19-23, 1974. THE IV INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RUMINANT PHYSIOLOGY, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 11, 2015
ingrowth. The addition of sulfate to the diets containing the supplemental methionine failed to produce a further improvement in growth. This lack of growth increase would indicate that the addition of 0.2% methionine to this diet was adequate to meet the sulfur amino acid requirements of the chick. The addition of oxytetracycline to the diet resulted in a significant increase in body weight (Table 2). The interaction of oxytetracycline x sulfate was non-significant indicating that the presence of the antibiotic in the diet was not influencing the response to the sulfate. Increasing the level of sodium sulfate from 0.25 to 1.25% did not increase growth in the diets with or without supplemental oxytetracycline. This would indicate that the 0.25% level of sodium sulfate was adequate to meet the nutritional needs of the chick and a further increase to 1.25% was not necessary. The addition of oxytetracycline to the diet resulted in a significant improvement in feed efficiency (Table 3). The addition of either
T-2 TOXIN approaches to the metabolites of Fusaria. IV. Microbial survey on "Bean-hulls poisoning of horses" with the isolation of toxic tricothecenes, neosolaniol and T-2 toxin of Fusarium solani M-l-1. Jap. J. Exp. Med. 42: 187-203. Wooton, I. D. P., 1964. Micro-analysis in Medical Biochemistry. Grune and Stratton, Inc., New York. Wyatt, R. D., and P. B. Hamilton, 1972. The effect of rubratoxin in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 51: 1383-1387. Wyatt, R. D., B. A. Weeks, P. B. Hamilton and H.
R. Burmeister, 1972a. Severe oral lesions in chickens caused by ingestion of dietary fusariotoxin T-2. Appl. Microbiol. 24: 251-257. Wyatt, R. D., J. R. Harris, P. B. Hamilton and H. R. Burmeister, 1972b. Possible field outbreaks of fusariotoxicosis in avians. Avian Dis. 16: 11231129. Zlatkis, A., B. Zak and A. J. Boyle, 1953. A new method for the direct determination of serum cholesterol. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 41: 486-492.
Influence of Oxytetracycline Supplementation on the Response of Chicks to Inorganic Sulfate1
(Received for publication January 26, 1973)
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine whether or not the growth promotion resulting from the addition of sodium sulfate to diets containing oxytetracycline was due to the nutritional response of the sulfate. A basal diet containing 21% protein and 2,310 kilocalories of productive energy per kilogram was used. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments which included 0 and 0.2% methionine, 0 and 200 grams of oxytetracycline per ton of feed and 0.25 and 1.25% sodium sulfate. The addition of either methionine or sodium sulfate resulted in improved body weight at three weeks of age. Body weight was equal for the groups receiving the two levels of sodium sulfate. The addition of oxytetracycline to all diets resulted in increased weight. The interaction of oxytetracycline and sulfate was nonsignificant which would indicate that the growth improvement from the addition of sodium sulfate to the diet was primarily due to the nutritional value of the sulfate. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1859-1861, 1973 INTRODUCTION
ALE and Baughn (1965) reported that the addition of 1.5% sodium sulfate to chick diets containing chlortetracycline produced chlortetracycline blood levels 1.3 times as high as in those birds fed the antibiotic alone. The addition of sodium sulfate to these diets increased growth rate of chicks when they were infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The addition of sodium sulfate to a diet deficient in methionine has recently been reported to increase growth rate of broiler chicks (Ross and Harms, 1970). This increase in growth was obtained with levels of sulfate ranging from 0.1 to 0.5% of the diet which
G
1. Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 4800.
were considerably less than the 1.5% used by Gale and Baughn (1965). Since sodium sulfate has been shown to increase the blood level of tetracycline antibiotic, the following experiments were conducted to determine whether or not the growth promotion from the addition of sodium sulfate would be benefited by the addition of oxytetracycline to the diet. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Shaver broiler chicks were used in experiment 1 and Hubbard broiler chicks were used in Experiment 2. A basal diet containing 21% protein and 2,310 kilocalories of productive energy per kilogram was used (Table 1). This diet was previously used in studies by Ross
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 11, 2015
D . P . E B E R S T A N D R . H . HARMS
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32601
1860
D. P. EBERST AND R. H. HARMS
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet %
Ingredients Yellow corn, ground Soybean meal (50% protein) Tallow Alfalfa, dehy. (20% protein) Limestone, ground Defluorinated phosphate (18% P & 32% Ca) Salt, iodized Micro-ingredient mix1 Zoamix 2
58.0 30.6 6.0 2.5 0.9 1.1 0.4 0.45 0.05
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and Harms (1970) and was shown to be deficient in methionine and chicks fed on this diet were responsive to sodium sulfate supplementation. Four replicate pens, each containing five male and five female day-old
Body weight of chicks was numerically increased by the addition of either 0.25 or 1.25% sodium sulfate to the basal diet (Table 2). Supplementing the diet with 0.2% methionine also resulted in a significant increase
TABLE 2.—Body weight of chicks fed diets containing supplemental methionine, oxytetracycline and sodium sulfate' Sodium sulfate in diet (%) Oxytetracycline
Methionine
0
0.25
1.25 400 426 419 445
-
+
395 433
(grams) 410 435
+ +
+
404 433
421 437
AV
417
427*
400 s 416" 410 ab 409 + 433 c 436c 436c 435* *Significantly different from control. ' Means without common superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (1955). 2 + indicates 200 gms. per ton 3 + indicates 0.20% supplemental DL methionine
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 11, 2015
1 The micro-ingredient mix supplied the following per kg. of finished feed: MnC03,83.6 mg.; vitamin A, 6600 I.U.; vitamin D3, 2200 I.C.U.; menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg.; riboflavin, 4.4 mg.; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg.; niacin, 39.6 mg.; choline, 499.4 mg.; vitamin B12, 22 meg.; and ethoxyquin, 0.01275% of the diet. 2 Zoamix is the trade name used by Dow Chemical Co. for their mix containing 25% zoalene (3, 5-dinitro-o-toluamide).
chicks, were fed each of eight experimental diets. This experimental design was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments which included 0 and 0.2% methionine, 0 and 200 grams per ton of oxytetracycline and 0.25% and 1.25% of sodium sulfate. The chicks were grown in electrically heated brooders with raised wire floors to three weeks of age. Feed and water were given ad libitum. The tap water contained 28 p.p.m. of sulfate. The chicks were group weighed by sex at three weeks of age, and feed efficiency data calculated. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance (Snedecor, 1956). Neither the treatment x experiment nor sex x treatment interactions were significant; therefore, the data were combined for this presentation. Significant differences between treatments were determined by Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
1861
OXYTETRACYCLINE AND SULFATE RESPONSE
TABLE 3.—Feed efficiency of chicks fed diets containing supplemental methionine, oxytetracycline and sodium sulfate Sodium sulfate in diet (%) Oxytetracycline
Methionine
0
0.25
AV
1.25
(gm. feed/gm. body wt.) 1.65
1.66
1.66
1.62 1.57 1.53
1.61 1.48 1.51
1.61 1.52 1.56
1.61 1.58
1.57 1.56
1.59 1.59
1.64
1.53*
*Significantly different from control 1 + indicates 200 gms. per ton 2 + indicates 0.20% supplemental DL methionine
methionine or sodium sulfate did not influence feed conversion. Since the interaction of sulfate x oxytetracycline as measured by body weight or feed efficiency was not significant, it is concluded that the growth response from the sulfate was primarily due to its nutritional value. The presence of supplemental oxytetracycline did not increase the response from the sulfate; therefore, it is concluded that little or no response was obtained because of the potentiation of the antibiotic. REFERENCES
Duncan, D. B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Gale, G. O., and C. O. Baughn, 1965. The effects of sodium sulfate in diets containing chlortetracycline hydrochloride on chicks infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Poultry Sci. 44: 342-344. Ross, E., and R. H. Harms, 1970. The response of chicks to sodium sulfate supplementation of a cornsoy diet. Poultry Sci. 49: 1605-1610. Snedecor, G. W., 1956. Statistical Methods, 5th Edition, Iowa College State Press, Ames, Iowa.
AUGUST 11-16, 1974. CONGRESS, WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, U.S.A. AUGUST 19-23, 1974. THE IV INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RUMINANT PHYSIOLOGY, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on May 11, 2015
ingrowth. The addition of sulfate to the diets containing the supplemental methionine failed to produce a further improvement in growth. This lack of growth increase would indicate that the addition of 0.2% methionine to this diet was adequate to meet the sulfur amino acid requirements of the chick. The addition of oxytetracycline to the diet resulted in a significant increase in body weight (Table 2). The interaction of oxytetracycline x sulfate was non-significant indicating that the presence of the antibiotic in the diet was not influencing the response to the sulfate. Increasing the level of sodium sulfate from 0.25 to 1.25% did not increase growth in the diets with or without supplemental oxytetracycline. This would indicate that the 0.25% level of sodium sulfate was adequate to meet the nutritional needs of the chick and a further increase to 1.25% was not necessary. The addition of oxytetracycline to the diet resulted in a significant improvement in feed efficiency (Table 3). The addition of either