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Influence of Raw Soybeans on Oxygen Consumption and Liver and Muscle Glycogen Content of Chicks1
Influence of Raw Soybeans on Oxygen Consumption and Liver and Muscle Glycogen Content of Chicks 1 H. C. SAXENA, LEO S. JENSEN AND JAMES MCGINNIS Department of Poultry Science, Washington State University, Pullman (Received for publication January 9, 1962)
T
'Scientific Paper No. 2177, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pullman. Project No. 1533.
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Ingredient
Amount
Soybean brew flakes Cellulose Glucose1 Corn oil Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Iodized salt Mineral-vitamin mixture 2 DL-methionine Oleandomycin, mg./lb.
50.0 2.0 33.4 10.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 10.0
Protein (NX 6.25)
25
1
Cerelose. Mineral-vitamin mixture supplied the following per pound of diet: manganese ( M n S d ) , 25 mg.; zinc (ZnS0 4 -7H 2 0), 20 mg.; iron (FeSCv7H 2 0), 9 mg.; copper (CuS0 4 ), 1 mg.; cobalt (CoCl 2 -6H 2 0), 0.5 mg.; potassium (KH 2 P0 4 ), 1.13 gm.; magnesium (MgSCv7H 2 0), 200 mg.; vitamin A, 2,000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 200 I.C.U.; vitamin B12, 4 meg.; riboflavin, 1.5 mg.; Ca pantothenate, 4.2 mg.; niacin, 12 mg.; thiamine,0.8 mg.; folic acid, 0.25 mg.; pyridoxine HCl, 1.3 mg.; choline, 600 mg.; menadione, 1 mg.; vitamin E, 2 I.U.; biotin, 0.04 mg. 2
from each treatment were sacrificed, and a portion of their liver (right lobe) and gastrocnemius muscle was taken immediately for determination. Chicks fed raw soybean meal showed an elevated oxygen consumption when compared with chicks fed autoclaved soybean meal (Table 2). Chicks fed raw meal for the first 7 days and then changed to autoclaved meal for another 7 days had nearly normal oxygen consumption. Those started on autoclaved meal and then put on raw meal for similar periods showed an elevated oxygen consumption. Supplementing the raw meal diet with an amino acid mixture resulted in an oxygen consumption by chicks (Table 3) equal to that obtained on autoclaved soybean meal diets.
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Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 15, 2015
HE MODE of action of raw soybean meal in depressing growth of chicks has not been clearly established. In our studies on the physiological effects of feeding raw soybean meal to chicks, many different measurements were made to determine what differences could be detected that could be attributed to the experimental treatments. A semi-purified diet (Table 1), containing hexane extracted soybean meal (brew flakes) as the sole source of protein, was fed to chicks that were raised in electrically-heated battery brooders with raised wire floors. The soybean meal was autoclaved at atmospheric pressure for 30 minutes. Experimental diets contained 25 percent protein to which adequate levels of DL-methionine were added. Chicks received feed and water ad libitum. They were starved for 16 hours before measurements of oxygen consumption were taken. Two chicks were randomly selected from each treatment and weighed individually. Their oxygen consumption was measured for a period of 20 minutes following an equilibration period of 10 minutes. A closed circuit respirometer was used; the carbon dioxide expired by the chick was absorbed by sodium calcium hydrate. No corrections were made for temperature and atmospheric pressure. The liver and muscle glycogen were determined by the method of Seifter et al. (1950), using anthrone reagent. Six chicks
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SOYBEANS AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM TABLE 2.—Body weight and oxygen consumption of 2-week-old chicks on raw and autoclaved soybean meal Soybean treatment 0-1 week Raw Autoclaved Raw Autoclaved
1-2 week Raw Autoclaved Autoclaved Raw
TABLE 3.—Effect of amino acid supplementation lo raw soybean meal on body weight and oxygen consumption of 10-day-old chicks.
0 x Average ^en weight consumption
gm. 75 158 136 117
ml./gm./hr. 45.3 9.9 9.2 14 4
SUMMARY Chicks fed raw soybean meal diet con-
A vera w Average wei ht S gm. 61 75 81
Raw Raw+amino acid mixture 1 Autoclaved
0x y g e n_ Cons
tion ml./gm./hr. 17.73 4.77 4.65
1 M-methionine, 0.8%; L-tyrosine, 0.8%; DLthreonine, 1.2%; DL-valine, 1.66%; L-lysine-HCl (99%), 1.35%; and L-glutamic acid, 3.63% of total diet, substituted for equal amounts of cerelose.
TABLE 4.—Liver and muscle glycogen content of chicks receiving raw and autoclaved soybean meal Glycogen, mg./lOO g. •»?"' l
a
2b
Soybean treatment Liver
Muscle
Raw Autoclaved
596 2,600
—
Raw Raw+amino acid mixture 1 Autoclaved
1,786
858
4,861 5,538
1,311 1,604
" Chicks 3 weeks old. b Chicks 10 days old. 1 Same as shown in Table 3.
sumed significantly higher amounts of oxygen and had lower liver and muscle glycogen contents when compared to chicks fed autoclaved soybean meal diets. Adding an amino acid mixture to raw soybean meal diet resulted in normal oxygen consumption and normal liver and muscle glycogen levels. REFERENCES Baldini, J. T., 1961. The effect of dietary deficiency on the energy metabolism of the chick. Poultry Sci. 40: 1177-1183. Seifter, S., S. Dayton, B. Novic and E. Muntwyler, 1950. The estimation of glycogen with the anthrone reagent. Arch. Biochem. 25: 191200.
JANUARY 8-10. NATIONAL TURKEY FEDERATION CONVENTION, DENVER, COLORADO
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 15, 2015
Liver and muscle glycogen of chicks fed the raw soybean diet was lower than that of chicks fed the autoclaved meal diet (Table 4). Adding amino acid mixture to raw soybean diet overcame the depressing effect of the raw meal diet on muscle and liver glycogen content. Baldini (1961) has recently reported that a methionine deficiency impaired the ability of chicks to utilize the metabolized calories of a diet for productive purposes. Perhaps an imbalance of amino acids in raw soybean meal was responsible for the elevated oxygen consumption. The metabolized calories that are not put to productive use would be given off as heat which would be evidenced by high oxygen consumption. Lower levels of liver and muscle glycogen would result because of a higher rate of heat production. The fact that adding amino acids prevented the elevated oxygen consumption and the lowered glycogen levels suggests that these physiological effects are the direct result of an amino acid(s) deficiency rather than of a specific inhibitor. Further work on this aspect is needed to elucidate more clearly the mechanism of growth depression by raw soybean meal in chicks.
Soybean treatment
T
'Scientific Paper No. 2177, Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations, Pullman. Project No. 1533.
TABLE 1.—Composition of basal diet Ingredient
Amount
Soybean brew flakes Cellulose Glucose1 Corn oil Limestone Dicalcium phosphate Iodized salt Mineral-vitamin mixture 2 DL-methionine Oleandomycin, mg./lb.
50.0 2.0 33.4 10.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 10.0
Protein (NX 6.25)
25
1
Cerelose. Mineral-vitamin mixture supplied the following per pound of diet: manganese ( M n S d ) , 25 mg.; zinc (ZnS0 4 -7H 2 0), 20 mg.; iron (FeSCv7H 2 0), 9 mg.; copper (CuS0 4 ), 1 mg.; cobalt (CoCl 2 -6H 2 0), 0.5 mg.; potassium (KH 2 P0 4 ), 1.13 gm.; magnesium (MgSCv7H 2 0), 200 mg.; vitamin A, 2,000 I.U.; vitamin D 3 , 200 I.C.U.; vitamin B12, 4 meg.; riboflavin, 1.5 mg.; Ca pantothenate, 4.2 mg.; niacin, 12 mg.; thiamine,0.8 mg.; folic acid, 0.25 mg.; pyridoxine HCl, 1.3 mg.; choline, 600 mg.; menadione, 1 mg.; vitamin E, 2 I.U.; biotin, 0.04 mg. 2
from each treatment were sacrificed, and a portion of their liver (right lobe) and gastrocnemius muscle was taken immediately for determination. Chicks fed raw soybean meal showed an elevated oxygen consumption when compared with chicks fed autoclaved soybean meal (Table 2). Chicks fed raw meal for the first 7 days and then changed to autoclaved meal for another 7 days had nearly normal oxygen consumption. Those started on autoclaved meal and then put on raw meal for similar periods showed an elevated oxygen consumption. Supplementing the raw meal diet with an amino acid mixture resulted in an oxygen consumption by chicks (Table 3) equal to that obtained on autoclaved soybean meal diets.
1304
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 15, 2015
HE MODE of action of raw soybean meal in depressing growth of chicks has not been clearly established. In our studies on the physiological effects of feeding raw soybean meal to chicks, many different measurements were made to determine what differences could be detected that could be attributed to the experimental treatments. A semi-purified diet (Table 1), containing hexane extracted soybean meal (brew flakes) as the sole source of protein, was fed to chicks that were raised in electrically-heated battery brooders with raised wire floors. The soybean meal was autoclaved at atmospheric pressure for 30 minutes. Experimental diets contained 25 percent protein to which adequate levels of DL-methionine were added. Chicks received feed and water ad libitum. They were starved for 16 hours before measurements of oxygen consumption were taken. Two chicks were randomly selected from each treatment and weighed individually. Their oxygen consumption was measured for a period of 20 minutes following an equilibration period of 10 minutes. A closed circuit respirometer was used; the carbon dioxide expired by the chick was absorbed by sodium calcium hydrate. No corrections were made for temperature and atmospheric pressure. The liver and muscle glycogen were determined by the method of Seifter et al. (1950), using anthrone reagent. Six chicks
1305
SOYBEANS AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM TABLE 2.—Body weight and oxygen consumption of 2-week-old chicks on raw and autoclaved soybean meal Soybean treatment 0-1 week Raw Autoclaved Raw Autoclaved
1-2 week Raw Autoclaved Autoclaved Raw
TABLE 3.—Effect of amino acid supplementation lo raw soybean meal on body weight and oxygen consumption of 10-day-old chicks.
0 x Average ^en weight consumption
gm. 75 158 136 117
ml./gm./hr. 45.3 9.9 9.2 14 4
SUMMARY Chicks fed raw soybean meal diet con-
A vera w Average wei ht S gm. 61 75 81
Raw Raw+amino acid mixture 1 Autoclaved
0x y g e n_ Cons
tion ml./gm./hr. 17.73 4.77 4.65
1 M-methionine, 0.8%; L-tyrosine, 0.8%; DLthreonine, 1.2%; DL-valine, 1.66%; L-lysine-HCl (99%), 1.35%; and L-glutamic acid, 3.63% of total diet, substituted for equal amounts of cerelose.
TABLE 4.—Liver and muscle glycogen content of chicks receiving raw and autoclaved soybean meal Glycogen, mg./lOO g. •»?"' l
a
2b
Soybean treatment Liver
Muscle
Raw Autoclaved
596 2,600
—
Raw Raw+amino acid mixture 1 Autoclaved
1,786
858
4,861 5,538
1,311 1,604
" Chicks 3 weeks old. b Chicks 10 days old. 1 Same as shown in Table 3.
sumed significantly higher amounts of oxygen and had lower liver and muscle glycogen contents when compared to chicks fed autoclaved soybean meal diets. Adding an amino acid mixture to raw soybean meal diet resulted in normal oxygen consumption and normal liver and muscle glycogen levels. REFERENCES Baldini, J. T., 1961. The effect of dietary deficiency on the energy metabolism of the chick. Poultry Sci. 40: 1177-1183. Seifter, S., S. Dayton, B. Novic and E. Muntwyler, 1950. The estimation of glycogen with the anthrone reagent. Arch. Biochem. 25: 191200.
JANUARY 8-10. NATIONAL TURKEY FEDERATION CONVENTION, DENVER, COLORADO
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at NERL on June 15, 2015
Liver and muscle glycogen of chicks fed the raw soybean diet was lower than that of chicks fed the autoclaved meal diet (Table 4). Adding amino acid mixture to raw soybean diet overcame the depressing effect of the raw meal diet on muscle and liver glycogen content. Baldini (1961) has recently reported that a methionine deficiency impaired the ability of chicks to utilize the metabolized calories of a diet for productive purposes. Perhaps an imbalance of amino acids in raw soybean meal was responsible for the elevated oxygen consumption. The metabolized calories that are not put to productive use would be given off as heat which would be evidenced by high oxygen consumption. Lower levels of liver and muscle glycogen would result because of a higher rate of heat production. The fact that adding amino acids prevented the elevated oxygen consumption and the lowered glycogen levels suggests that these physiological effects are the direct result of an amino acid(s) deficiency rather than of a specific inhibitor. Further work on this aspect is needed to elucidate more clearly the mechanism of growth depression by raw soybean meal in chicks.
Soybean treatment