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Influence of Salinomycin on the Performance of Broiler Chicks1
Influence of Salinomycin on the Performance of Broiler Chicks' R. H. HARMS and R. E. BURESH2 Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Poultry Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication March 31, 1986)
1987 Poultry Science 6 6 : 5 1 - 5 4 INTRODUCTION
ference in response between the Leghorn and Considerable research has been carried out broiler was attributed to a difference in feed on the growth depression observed with chicks intake. fed diets containing monensin. Damron et al. Monensin and salinomycin are both monova(1977) reported that monensin at either 99 or of lent cation ionophores with similar modes of 121 mg/kg of diet resulted in a significant reduc- action. Thus, this study was conducted to detertion of feed intake and body weight. Other work- mine the influence of salinomycin on the perers (Marusich and De Young, 1979; Chappel and formance of broiler chicks. Babcock, 1979) also observed reduced body weight with monensin-fed broilers when comMATERIALS AND METHODS pared with broilers receiving other coccidiostat Two experiments were conducted with Cobb treatments. Reduced feed intake was also asX Cobb day-old feather-sexed broiler chicks. sociated with these reductions in body weight. Other studies (Keshavartz and McDougald, Two corn-soybean meal basal diets were used 1982; Parsons and Baker, 1982) have shown that (Table 1). Basal 1 and Basal 2 were used in reduced performance of chicks fed diets contain- Experiment 1; however, only Basal 2 was used ing monensin was primarily due to reduced feed in Experiment 2. Both diets were calculated to contain 20.84% protein using protein values of intake. Monensin at 100 mg/kg does not always re- 8.5 and 48.5% for corn and soybean meal, reduce performance of chicks. Cervantes et al. spectively. The basal diets contained either 3,168 (1981) found that levels in excess of 160 mg/kg or 3,256 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg. were required before feed intake and body Twelve experimental diets were used in Experiweight of chicks were adversely affected. Christ- ment 1 and six diets in Experiment 2, which mas and Harms (1983) found that 100 ppm of resulted in salinomycin addition to the basal diets monensin increased growth of both Leghorn and at levels of 0, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 g/ton of broiler chicks. However, 120 ppm Monensin sig- finished feed. The salinomycin was mixed with nificantly depressed growth of broilers and a the basal diets in a small Hobart mixer to obtain further decrease was observed when the level optimum ingredient dispersion. Chicks were sexed at 1 day of age and were was increased to 140 ppm. In contrast, body weight was increased in Leghorns receiving the randomly assigned to pens in electrically heated diet containing 140 ppm of monensin. This dif- Petersime batteries with raised wire floors. Each experimental diet was fed to eight replicate pens, each containing four male and four female chicks. Diets and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The chicks 'Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series were weighted by pen at 7 and 14 days of age Number 7185. 2 and individually at 21 days of age. Feed conPresent address: Purina Mills, Inc., St. Louis, MO. 51
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 13, 2015
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of graded levels of salinomycin on the performance of broiler chicks. Cobb feather-sexed chicks were fed experimental diets from 1 to 21 days of age. A significant depression in body weight and feed consumption was obtained when the feed contained 77 ppm of salinomycin. Body weight and feed consumption was decreased approximately 10 and 13%, respectively, when the diet contained 88 ppm of salinomycin. (Key words: salinomycin, broilers, coccidiostat)
52
HARMS AND BURESH TABLE 1. Composition of basal diets Percent of diet
Ingredient
Basal 1
Basal 2
Yellow corn Soybean meal (48.5% protein) Animal fat Limestone Dicalcium phosphate (18.5% P & Ca) Salt Microingredients' DL-Methionine
64.43 31.66
56.44 33.10 6.60
1.27 1.65
1.24 1.61 .41 .50 .10
.39
.50 .10
sumption was determined at 21 days of age and feed efficiency was calculated. The salinomycin premix was analyzed and diets were formulated using this value. The experimental diets were analyzed and were in close agreement with the calculated levels. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance. As the sex x treatment interaction was not significant, the data were pooled for this presentation. Significant differences among treatment means were determined by Duncan's multiple range test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body weights of chicks at 7 days were not affected by the addition of salinomycin to the diet (Tables 2 and 3). The addition of 77 ppm
of salinomycin to the diet resulted in significantly reduced body weights at 14 days of age in both basals in both experiments. A significant decrease in body weight was also obtained at 21 days when 77 ppm of salinomycin was included in the diet. Birds receiving this level of salinomycin weighed 51, 54, and 59 g less than the basal, respectively, for the low and high energy diets in Experiments 1 and 2. This was a decrease of 28, 32, and 33 g from the weight of the chicks receiving the diets with 66 ppm of salinomycin, respectively, for the low and high energy in Experiments 1 and 2. Increasing salinomycin from 77 to 88 ppm further reduced body weight; however, this reduction was significant only with the high energy diet in Experiment 1. The body weight of chicks fed 88 ppm salinomycin were depressed below the weight
TABLE 3. Body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion of chicks fed various levels of salinomycin (Exp. 2) Body weight Salinomycin
7 day
(ppm) 0 44 55 66 77 88
14 day
21 day
(g) 128 a 130 a 131 a 130 a 128 a 129 a
324 a 322 a 323 a 315ab 306bc 295bc
605a 590ab 586ab 579 b 546 c 529 c
Feed consumption
Feed efficiency
Salinomycin intake
(g/bird)
(g feed/ g body weight)
(mg/day
829 a 815ab 803b 810ab 763C 749 c
1.37 a 1.38 a b 1.37 a 1.40 bc 1.40 bc 1.42 c
0 1.71 2.10 2.55 2.80 3.14
' ' Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P<.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 13, 2015
1 Supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 6,600 IU;vitamin D 3 , 2,000 1CU; menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg; niacin, 39.6 mg; choline chloride, 499.4 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , 22 Mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg; manganese, 60 mg; iron, 50 mg; copper, 6 mg; iodine, 1.1 mg; zinc, 35 mg.
551ab 568 a 539 b 529 b 497 c 475 d
292ab 308 a 292ab 288ab 282b 273 b
115 a 118 a 113 a 115 a 115 a lll a
0 44 55 66 77 88
3,256
778 a 789 a 768 a 752ab 719bc 700 c
718 c 698 c 695 c
773 a 754ab 735bc
(g/bird)
Feed consumption
a,b,c,d Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P<.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test.
UP
ftr\
499a 489 a 478a 476 a 448b 434b
273 a 269 a 26iab 262ab 250b 246 b
lll a 112 a 110 a 109 a 110 a 106 a
0 44 55 66 77 88
3,168
21-day
(ppm)
14-day
(kcal ME/kg)
Body weight
Salinomycin
Basal diet
7-day
TABLE 2. Body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of chicks fed various level added to two basal diets of differing energy levels (Exp. 1)
d from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 13, 2015
54
HARMS AND BURESH
diet in Experiment 1 (Table 2). However, addition of 66 ppm gave poorer efficiency in Experiment 2 (Table 3). The reduced feed consumption along with reduced body weight is similar to the response from the addition of Monensin to the diet (Dammnetai, 1977; Marusich and De Young, 1979). This might have been expected as body compounds are monovalent cation ionophores. This growth depression is in the absence of coccidiosis because the chicks were grown on wire floors. The depression would not have been expected to be as great if a coccidial infection had been present.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by a grant-inaid from Agri-Bio Corporation, Gainesville, GA. REFERENCES Cervantes, H., L. S. Jensen, and A. Brenes, 1981. Moderation of monensin-induced growth depression by dietary potassium. Poultry Sci. 60:1637. (Abstr.) Chappel, L. R., and W. E. Babcock, 1979. Field trials comparing salinomycin (coxistac), monensin and lasalocid in the controls of coccidiosis in broilers. Poultry Sci. 58:304-307. Christmas, R. B., and R. H. Harms, 1983. The effect of protein level and/or other selected dietary nutrients on broiler chicks receiving monensin. Nutr. Rep. Int. 28:1105-1109. Damron, B. L., R. H. Harms, A. S. Arafa, and D. M. Janky, 1977. The effect of dietary lasalocid or monensin in the presence of roxarsome and graded methionine levels on broiler performance and processing characteristics. Poultry Sci. 56:1487-1491. Keshavartz, K., and L.R. McDougald, 1982. Anticoccidial drugs: growth and performance depressing effects in young chickens. Poultry Sci. 61:699-705. Marusich, W. L., and W. De Young, 1979. The effect of graded methionine levels fed with lasalocid or monensin on broiler performance, feathering, pigmentation and processing parameters. Poultry Sci. 58:1082. (Abstr.). Parsons, C. M., and D. H. Baker, 1982. Effect of dietary protein level and monensin on performance of chicks. Poultry Sci. 61:1523. (Abstr.)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 13, 2015
of the controls by 65, 76, and 76 g or 13.0, 13.8, and 12.6%, respectively, for the low and high energy group in Experiments 1 and 2. Feed consumption decreased with each increase in salinomycin (Tables 2 and 3); however, this decrease was not significant until a level of 55 ppm was added to the low energy diet and 77 ppm was added to the high energy diet in Experiments 1 and 2. There was a decrease in feed consumption of 76, 59, and 80 g when the 77 ppm of salinomycin was added to the diet, respectively, with the low energy and high energy diet in Experiments 1 and 2. When 88 ppm of salinomycin was added to the diet, feed consumption was reduced 10.1, 10.0, and 9.7%, respectively, for the low and high energy diet in Experiments 1 and 2 when compared with the intake of the respective controls. The feed required to produce a gram of body weight was increased as salinomycin in the diet was increased (Tables 2 and 3). The intake of salinomycin consumed per chick per day also increased. An intake of 2.56, 2.07, and 2.55 mg of salinomycin per chick per day was required to significantly reduce body weight, respectively, with the low and high in Experiments 1 and 2. Increasing the energy content of the diet did not affect the growth when salinomycin in the diet was increased (Table 2). This was not expected because Christmas and Harms (unpublished data) found that added fat increased the growth depression with increased monensin. Feed consumption was significantly decreased by the addition of 55 ppm of salinomycin to the low energy diet (Table 2). However, feed consumption was not significantly reduced until 77 ppm salinomycin was added to the high energy diet in Experiment 1 (Table 2) and 55 ppm in Experiment 2 (Table 3). Feed efficiency was significantly poorer when 88 ppm of salinomycin was added to the low energy diet in Experiment 1 (Table 1). A level of 77 ppm resulted in significantly poorer feed efficiency when added to the high energy
1987 Poultry Science 6 6 : 5 1 - 5 4 INTRODUCTION
ference in response between the Leghorn and Considerable research has been carried out broiler was attributed to a difference in feed on the growth depression observed with chicks intake. fed diets containing monensin. Damron et al. Monensin and salinomycin are both monova(1977) reported that monensin at either 99 or of lent cation ionophores with similar modes of 121 mg/kg of diet resulted in a significant reduc- action. Thus, this study was conducted to detertion of feed intake and body weight. Other work- mine the influence of salinomycin on the perers (Marusich and De Young, 1979; Chappel and formance of broiler chicks. Babcock, 1979) also observed reduced body weight with monensin-fed broilers when comMATERIALS AND METHODS pared with broilers receiving other coccidiostat Two experiments were conducted with Cobb treatments. Reduced feed intake was also asX Cobb day-old feather-sexed broiler chicks. sociated with these reductions in body weight. Other studies (Keshavartz and McDougald, Two corn-soybean meal basal diets were used 1982; Parsons and Baker, 1982) have shown that (Table 1). Basal 1 and Basal 2 were used in reduced performance of chicks fed diets contain- Experiment 1; however, only Basal 2 was used ing monensin was primarily due to reduced feed in Experiment 2. Both diets were calculated to contain 20.84% protein using protein values of intake. Monensin at 100 mg/kg does not always re- 8.5 and 48.5% for corn and soybean meal, reduce performance of chicks. Cervantes et al. spectively. The basal diets contained either 3,168 (1981) found that levels in excess of 160 mg/kg or 3,256 kcal of metabolizable energy per kg. were required before feed intake and body Twelve experimental diets were used in Experiweight of chicks were adversely affected. Christ- ment 1 and six diets in Experiment 2, which mas and Harms (1983) found that 100 ppm of resulted in salinomycin addition to the basal diets monensin increased growth of both Leghorn and at levels of 0, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 g/ton of broiler chicks. However, 120 ppm Monensin sig- finished feed. The salinomycin was mixed with nificantly depressed growth of broilers and a the basal diets in a small Hobart mixer to obtain further decrease was observed when the level optimum ingredient dispersion. Chicks were sexed at 1 day of age and were was increased to 140 ppm. In contrast, body weight was increased in Leghorns receiving the randomly assigned to pens in electrically heated diet containing 140 ppm of monensin. This dif- Petersime batteries with raised wire floors. Each experimental diet was fed to eight replicate pens, each containing four male and four female chicks. Diets and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The chicks 'Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series were weighted by pen at 7 and 14 days of age Number 7185. 2 and individually at 21 days of age. Feed conPresent address: Purina Mills, Inc., St. Louis, MO. 51
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 13, 2015
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of graded levels of salinomycin on the performance of broiler chicks. Cobb feather-sexed chicks were fed experimental diets from 1 to 21 days of age. A significant depression in body weight and feed consumption was obtained when the feed contained 77 ppm of salinomycin. Body weight and feed consumption was decreased approximately 10 and 13%, respectively, when the diet contained 88 ppm of salinomycin. (Key words: salinomycin, broilers, coccidiostat)
52
HARMS AND BURESH TABLE 1. Composition of basal diets Percent of diet
Ingredient
Basal 1
Basal 2
Yellow corn Soybean meal (48.5% protein) Animal fat Limestone Dicalcium phosphate (18.5% P & Ca) Salt Microingredients' DL-Methionine
64.43 31.66
56.44 33.10 6.60
1.27 1.65
1.24 1.61 .41 .50 .10
.39
.50 .10
sumption was determined at 21 days of age and feed efficiency was calculated. The salinomycin premix was analyzed and diets were formulated using this value. The experimental diets were analyzed and were in close agreement with the calculated levels. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance. As the sex x treatment interaction was not significant, the data were pooled for this presentation. Significant differences among treatment means were determined by Duncan's multiple range test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body weights of chicks at 7 days were not affected by the addition of salinomycin to the diet (Tables 2 and 3). The addition of 77 ppm
of salinomycin to the diet resulted in significantly reduced body weights at 14 days of age in both basals in both experiments. A significant decrease in body weight was also obtained at 21 days when 77 ppm of salinomycin was included in the diet. Birds receiving this level of salinomycin weighed 51, 54, and 59 g less than the basal, respectively, for the low and high energy diets in Experiments 1 and 2. This was a decrease of 28, 32, and 33 g from the weight of the chicks receiving the diets with 66 ppm of salinomycin, respectively, for the low and high energy in Experiments 1 and 2. Increasing salinomycin from 77 to 88 ppm further reduced body weight; however, this reduction was significant only with the high energy diet in Experiment 1. The body weight of chicks fed 88 ppm salinomycin were depressed below the weight
TABLE 3. Body weight, feed consumption, and feed conversion of chicks fed various levels of salinomycin (Exp. 2) Body weight Salinomycin
7 day
(ppm) 0 44 55 66 77 88
14 day
21 day
(g) 128 a 130 a 131 a 130 a 128 a 129 a
324 a 322 a 323 a 315ab 306bc 295bc
605a 590ab 586ab 579 b 546 c 529 c
Feed consumption
Feed efficiency
Salinomycin intake
(g/bird)
(g feed/ g body weight)
(mg/day
829 a 815ab 803b 810ab 763C 749 c
1.37 a 1.38 a b 1.37 a 1.40 bc 1.40 bc 1.42 c
0 1.71 2.10 2.55 2.80 3.14
' ' Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P<.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 13, 2015
1 Supplied per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 6,600 IU;vitamin D 3 , 2,000 1CU; menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, 2.2 mg; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; pantothenic acid, 13.2 mg; niacin, 39.6 mg; choline chloride, 499.4 mg; vitamin B 1 2 , 22 Mg; ethoxyquin, 125 mg; manganese, 60 mg; iron, 50 mg; copper, 6 mg; iodine, 1.1 mg; zinc, 35 mg.
551ab 568 a 539 b 529 b 497 c 475 d
292ab 308 a 292ab 288ab 282b 273 b
115 a 118 a 113 a 115 a 115 a lll a
0 44 55 66 77 88
3,256
778 a 789 a 768 a 752ab 719bc 700 c
718 c 698 c 695 c
773 a 754ab 735bc
(g/bird)
Feed consumption
a,b,c,d Means with different superscripts are significantly different (P<.05) according to Duncan's multiple range test.
UP
ftr\
499a 489 a 478a 476 a 448b 434b
273 a 269 a 26iab 262ab 250b 246 b
lll a 112 a 110 a 109 a 110 a 106 a
0 44 55 66 77 88
3,168
21-day
(ppm)
14-day
(kcal ME/kg)
Body weight
Salinomycin
Basal diet
7-day
TABLE 2. Body weight, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of chicks fed various level added to two basal diets of differing energy levels (Exp. 1)
d from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 13, 2015
54
HARMS AND BURESH
diet in Experiment 1 (Table 2). However, addition of 66 ppm gave poorer efficiency in Experiment 2 (Table 3). The reduced feed consumption along with reduced body weight is similar to the response from the addition of Monensin to the diet (Dammnetai, 1977; Marusich and De Young, 1979). This might have been expected as body compounds are monovalent cation ionophores. This growth depression is in the absence of coccidiosis because the chicks were grown on wire floors. The depression would not have been expected to be as great if a coccidial infection had been present.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by a grant-inaid from Agri-Bio Corporation, Gainesville, GA. REFERENCES Cervantes, H., L. S. Jensen, and A. Brenes, 1981. Moderation of monensin-induced growth depression by dietary potassium. Poultry Sci. 60:1637. (Abstr.) Chappel, L. R., and W. E. Babcock, 1979. Field trials comparing salinomycin (coxistac), monensin and lasalocid in the controls of coccidiosis in broilers. Poultry Sci. 58:304-307. Christmas, R. B., and R. H. Harms, 1983. The effect of protein level and/or other selected dietary nutrients on broiler chicks receiving monensin. Nutr. Rep. Int. 28:1105-1109. Damron, B. L., R. H. Harms, A. S. Arafa, and D. M. Janky, 1977. The effect of dietary lasalocid or monensin in the presence of roxarsome and graded methionine levels on broiler performance and processing characteristics. Poultry Sci. 56:1487-1491. Keshavartz, K., and L.R. McDougald, 1982. Anticoccidial drugs: growth and performance depressing effects in young chickens. Poultry Sci. 61:699-705. Marusich, W. L., and W. De Young, 1979. The effect of graded methionine levels fed with lasalocid or monensin on broiler performance, feathering, pigmentation and processing parameters. Poultry Sci. 58:1082. (Abstr.). Parsons, C. M., and D. H. Baker, 1982. Effect of dietary protein level and monensin on performance of chicks. Poultry Sci. 61:1523. (Abstr.)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Birmingham on June 13, 2015
of the controls by 65, 76, and 76 g or 13.0, 13.8, and 12.6%, respectively, for the low and high energy group in Experiments 1 and 2. Feed consumption decreased with each increase in salinomycin (Tables 2 and 3); however, this decrease was not significant until a level of 55 ppm was added to the low energy diet and 77 ppm was added to the high energy diet in Experiments 1 and 2. There was a decrease in feed consumption of 76, 59, and 80 g when the 77 ppm of salinomycin was added to the diet, respectively, with the low energy and high energy diet in Experiments 1 and 2. When 88 ppm of salinomycin was added to the diet, feed consumption was reduced 10.1, 10.0, and 9.7%, respectively, for the low and high energy diet in Experiments 1 and 2 when compared with the intake of the respective controls. The feed required to produce a gram of body weight was increased as salinomycin in the diet was increased (Tables 2 and 3). The intake of salinomycin consumed per chick per day also increased. An intake of 2.56, 2.07, and 2.55 mg of salinomycin per chick per day was required to significantly reduce body weight, respectively, with the low and high in Experiments 1 and 2. Increasing the energy content of the diet did not affect the growth when salinomycin in the diet was increased (Table 2). This was not expected because Christmas and Harms (unpublished data) found that added fat increased the growth depression with increased monensin. Feed consumption was significantly decreased by the addition of 55 ppm of salinomycin to the low energy diet (Table 2). However, feed consumption was not significantly reduced until 77 ppm salinomycin was added to the high energy diet in Experiment 1 (Table 2) and 55 ppm in Experiment 2 (Table 3). Feed efficiency was significantly poorer when 88 ppm of salinomycin was added to the low energy diet in Experiment 1 (Table 1). A level of 77 ppm resulted in significantly poorer feed efficiency when added to the high energy