Influence of Supplemental Manganese and Zinc on Live Performance and Carcass Quality of Broilers1

01999Applied Poulq Science, Inc

INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTAL MANGANESE AND ZINC ON Lnm PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS QUALITY OF BROILERS'

Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Processors, Extension Specialists

by the animal [2, 3, 4, 51. Furthermore, both DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEMminerals play crucial roles in biochemical Minerals associated with growth and skeletal soundness have always been of particular interest in broiler production. In addition to calcium and phosphorous, manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) are two such minerals. Their importance can be attributed to several factors. First, the Mn requirement of poultry is higher than that of mammals because of its relatively inefficient intestinal absorption [l, 21. Second, typical corn-soybean meal based diets provide only marginal levels of Mn and Zn relative to requirements; the presence of fiber, phytate, and concentrations of other divalent metals further complicates utilization

pathways, particularly protein and connective tissue synthesis [6,7,8,9]. The current requirements of broilers for Mn and Zn are 60 and 40 ppm, respectively, both levels determined under controlled laboratory conditions many years ago [lo]. Given the rapid growth rate of today's broilers and the aforementioned confounding factors, adequacy of these values is questionable. Consequently, this experiment evaluated the effects of supplementing commercial-type feeds with progressive levels of combined Mn and Zn on live performance, carcass

* Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Number 12-985948. 2

To whom correspondence should be addressed

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N. E. COLLINS2and E. 'E M O W , JR. PouIty Science Department, Auburn University,Auburn, AL 36849 Phone: (344) 844-2617 F M : (334) 844-2641

Research Report COLLINS and M O M

223

quality, and skeletal soundness of male broilers.

M L A T E ~m S D METHODS

INGREDIENT

Corn

Protein (%)

AMEE (kcal/g)

STARTER

I I

GROWER

FINISHER

%as is 57.02

23.3 3.17

I

64.32

20.5 3.13

I

70.42

185 3.26

'Supplied per kgof diet: vitamin A, 7165 IU; vitamin D, 3086 IU; vitamin E, 165 IU; vitamin B12,0.013 mg; riboflavin. 7.2 mg; niacin, 44.1 mg; pantothenic acid, 12.1 mg; menadione, 1 5 mg; folic acid, 0.8 mg; pyridoxine, 2.2 mg; thiamin. 2.2 mg; biotin, 0.07 mg. DSupplied r kg of diet: iron, 40 mg; copper, 10 mg; iodine, 1.3 mg; selenium, 0.3 mg; manganese, variable; zinc, variabr

%ram determinations using adult roosters [ll].

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Day-old male broilers (Ross x Ross 308) were randomly allocated to four treatment levels of combined Mn and Zn (8 replicate penshreatment, 32 birdsheplicate pen). Chicks were placed on used pine shaving litter in floor pens (a. 45 ft2) and provided feed and water ad libitum. Temperature and ventilation of the open-sided house were thermostatically controlled and lightingwas continuous. Chicks were vaccinated for Marek's, Newcastle, and infectious bronchitis diseases at the hatchery; immunization for infectious bursal disease followed 14 days after placement. Three basal rations were formulated, with starter being fed from placement to 21 days

I

of age, grower from 22 to 42 days, and fmisher from 43 to 49 days (Table 1). Starter was offered in crumble form. whereas other diets were fed as complete pellets. The only nutritional difference between treatment groups was the level of added Mn and Zn provided by the trace mineral premix (Table 2). All other nutrient levels were calculated to meet or exceed current NRC recommendations [101. Body weight and feed consumption were determined at the end of each production phase. Daily mortality was necropsied and categorized as either ascites, sudden death syndrome (SDS), leg problems, or other causes. At 49 days of age, all birds were caught, cooped, transported to the Auburn University pilot processing plant, and held overnight for processing the next day. On-line processing proceeded in a random manner

JAPR SUPPLEMENTAL, Mn A N D Zn

224

Mn:Zn @pm, as is)

SUPPLEMENT NUMBER

AnalwedB

AddedA 1 2

I

I I

I I

o/o @/SO

I

73/87

I

I

3

1201100

112/120

4

180/150

1621182

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of the experimental feeds confirmed that the calculated levels of Mn and Zn approximated expectations (Table 2). Live performance was generally not influenced by supplementary Mn and Zn (Table 3). Failure to obtain a significant response at dietary levels exceeding requirements is in general agreement with the findings of Gardiner [18] and Mehring et al. [19]. Similarly, total mortality was not affected by the dietary treatments. Leg problems, which could be anticipated from inadequate Mn and Zn, were not encountered. Supplemental Mn and Zn also did not alter carcass weights after processing at 49 days (1993210 g), percentage abdominal fat of the chilled carcass (2.2+-0.03%), or carcass yield (66.720.2%). Evaluation of carcass appearance indicated a marginal relationship between Mn:Zn supplementation and incidence of defects, although the observed effects were variable (Table 4). Frequency of breast bruising and broken clavicles generally decreased with Mn:Zn fortification. The percentage of grade "A" carcasses was similar among treatment groups (P > .05). Deboning yields were unaltered with Mn:Zn supplementation (Table 5). Incidence of broken femur shafts and separation of cartilage caps from the proximal epiphysis that occurs with carcass stresses applied during processing was similar among supplement levels (intact = 11.421.5; proximally broken shaft = 13.522.2; distally broken shaft = 2.520.9; cartilage cap separation from proximal epiphysis = 72.5+-3.0%). Previous reports suggest that reduction in long bone dimensions could occur with inadequacies of

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[12]. Carcasses were static chilled in slush ice for approximately4hr, then abdominalfat was removed and carcass defects were itemized [13]. Carcasses for further processing were selected on the basis of alternating wingband numbers and held overqht in slush ice. Each carcass was then deboned on stationary cones by personnel from a commercial processing facility following established procedures. Resulting parts consisted of wings, fillets (Pectoralis major), tenders (Pectoralisminor), skinless boneless thigh meat, drumsticks, and residual carcass debris. Femurs and tibiae were stored at -U)"C, thawed, and cleaned of all adhering tissue. Femurs were assessed for fractures and missing proximal cartilage caps. Maximum width of the midshaft and of each epiphysis, as well as the total length of the femurs and tibiae, were measured with calipers. Bone mineral densities at the midshaft and the region immediately below each epiphysis were then determined [14], followed by Instron evaluation of breaking strength [15]. Subsequent to Instron evaluation, bones were sectioned into proximal, midshaft, and distal regions. After pooling by region and replicate pen, bone sections were homogenized and subsampled for ash analysis [16]. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance as a randomized complete block design with blocks corresponding to pen areas of the production facility. Computations followed the General Linear Models procedure of SAS [17]. -key's (HSD) test was employed for multiple comparison of means.

I

26/50'

Research Report COLLINS and MORAN

225

TABLE 3. Live performance of male broilers fed four progressive levels of supplemental Mn and ZnA

205

I

0.071

I

I

1.27

0.30

I

0.22

4A11values represent the average of eight replicate pens of 32 birdshen. k o d y weight at end of period. T e e d consumed/BW gain, corrected for mortality respective of period. 'SEM values are from ANOVA of actual percentages, whereas probabilities are based upon arc sin square rmt iercentage transformations. %leans within a column without common superscripts differ significantly (PS.05).

TABLE 4. Carcass defects of male broilers fed four progressive levels of supplemental Mn and ZnA

Mn:Zn

BREAST

WINGS

1

GRADE "A"

Engorged VeinsB

Bruising

00

22.2ab

3.0

7.7

39.2

6050

16.3b

1.4

6.1

38.3

120:loo

33.3a

0.0

3.2

39.3

180:150

21.1ab

0.8

4.0

38.0

3.09

0.82

1.31

% IncidenceD

PPm

SEM

Broken Clavicle'

4.19

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1 SEM

SUPPLEMENTALMn A N D Zn

226 TABLE 5. Deboning yields from male broilers fed four progressive levels of supplemental Mn and ZnA

REGION

14.8k0.04

Thighs

I

Fillets

21.220.10

I

4.9k0.06

Tenders

Proximal

(g/cm) 0.242k0.004

Midshaft

0.265f0.003

0.286z0.003

Distal

0.182 f0.002

0.179 kO.002

values represent the average of 32 p e e (Grand MeankSEM), each providing ca. 16bone airs. There were no significant treatment differences > .OS).

33.8k0.10

Residual DebrisB

TIBY

FEMYR (dcm 1 0.2212 0.003

11.6k0.04

I

FEMUR (mm> 81.2k0.22

MEASUREMENT Leneth

IProximalwidth

I

IMidshaft Width

I

15.8k0.07 105kO.05

mzn 0:D

TIBIA (mm> 111.0-+.0.39

I I

28.320.09 10.8f0.05

16050

I120100

I I180150 I

TIBIA (kg) 30.8b

FEMUR (kg) 30.9

@P@

I

305

1

31.2b

1 1

31.1

I

33Sa

30.5

I

33.6'

I I I

h Distal Width

20.4k0.07

20.2k0.06

*All values represent the average of 32 pens (Grand MeankSEM), each providing ca. 16 bone airs. There were no significant treatment differences >.OS).

Mn and Zn [a, 21, 221; however, total bone length as well as midshaft and epiphyseal widths of femurs and tibiae were insensitiveto treatment levels (Table 6). Simple observation of the tibiae indicated an apparent defect in epiphyseal cartilage possibly associated with Mn and Zn levels, as previously reported [23, 24, 25, 261. Abnormal bones exhibited an overall enlargement of the proximal region, accompanied by fibrous and easily separated translucent tissue extending well into the bone shaft. All tibiae were subjectively scored with "0" representing a normal appearance, "1"indicating signs of alteration, and "2"identifying a definitive abnormality. Statistical analysis, however, revealed no signifcant differences between Mn:Zn levels for incidence or degree of this defect (normal = 65.823.5; indicated = 22.4k3.4; definite = 11.8+2.6%). Subsequent radiographic scans, which measured actual bone mineral density, also failed

a9bMeanswithin a column without common suwrscriDts differ significanttv (PI .OS).

TABLE9 Femur and tibia ash content (DM basis) of male broilers fed four progressive levels of suoolemental Mn and ZnA

REGION

FEMUR (Yo)

TIBIA (%)

Proximal

35.620.24

39.5k0.21

Midshaft

39.920.56

41.9k0.43

Distal

35.420.30

37.9k0.21

to indicate differences among treatments (Table 7). Femurs subjected to Instron stress sheared at similar loads, regardless of supplement level. Tibia, on the other hand, displayed increased load resistance with Mn:Zn supplementation (Table a), suggesting enhanced skeletal soundness. However, ash content of both bone types, respective of region, was similar among the Mn:Zn supplements (Table 9).

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TABLE 6. Femur and tibia dimensions of male broilers fed four progressive levels of supplemental Mn and ZnA

Research Report 227

COLLINS and M O W

CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1.Supplementing broiler feeds with inorganic Mn and Z n at levels exceeding NRC recommendations did not improve live performance or processing yields of male broilers. 2. Incidence of carcass defects associated with handling and processing indicated limited

advantage to Mn:Zn fortification above established requirements. 3. Measurements evaluating femurs and tibiae did not reveal substantial benefits to skeletal integrity from enhanced Mn:Zn supplementation.

REFERENCES AND NOTES 2. Hurley, LS. and CL Keen, 1986. Manganese. Pages 185-223 in: Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition. 5th Edition. Vol. 1.W. Mertz, ed. Acad. Press, Inc., San Diego, CA. 3. Cantor, AH., 1980. Manganese's role in poultry nutrition. Poultry Digest, December, pp. 600. 4. Henry, P.R., C.B. Ammerman, a n d R.D. Miles, 1989. Relative bioavailability of manganese in a manganese-methionine complex for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 68107-112.

15. Instron Model 1011Computer Controlled Testing System (Instron C o p , Canton, MA) with 50 kg transducer, 20 pts./sec sampling rate, 200 mm/min crosshead speed. Thawed bones were placed across the open end of a cylinder (50 mm diameter for femur, 73 mm for tibia) with force applied to the midshaft. 16. Pooled sections were homogenized by a Warin blender for 1 min. Homogenates were stored at -2O"E then thawed and sub-sampled (5 ). These samples were dried in ceramic crucibles (10So( 24 hr) and ashed in a muffle furnace (6OO"C, 18 hr). 17. SAS Institute, 1990. SAS User's Guide. Statistics. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.

5. Hambidge, K.M., C . E Casey, and N.F. Krebs, 1986. Zinc. P a r lT137 in: Trace Elements in Human and Animal utntion. 5th Edition. Vol. 2. W.Mertz, ed. Acad. Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.

18. Gardiner, EE, 1972. Lack of response to added dietary manganese of chicks fed wheat-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal based diets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 52737-740.

6. Utter, M.F., 1976. The biochemist of manganese. Medical Clinics of North America 6071z727.

19. M e a AL,Jr., J.H. Brumbaugh, and H.W. Titus, 1956. A com anson of the growth of chicks fed diets containing difgrent quantities of zinc. Poultry Sci. 35:956-958.

7. Leach, RM., Jr., 1971.Role of manganese in mucopolysaccharide metabolism. Federation Proc. 30:991-994. 8. Kid4 M.T., N.B. Anthony, and S.R Lee, 1992. Progeny performance when dams and chicks are fed supplemental zinc. Poultry Sci. 71:1201-1206.

20. Caskey, C.D., W.D. Gallup, and LC. N o d s , 1939. The need for manganese in the bone development of the chick. J. Nutr. 17407417.

9. Starcher, B.C., C.H. Hill, and J.G. Madaras, 1980. Effect of zinc deficiency on bone collagenase and collagen turnover. J. Nutr. 1102095-2102.

21. Watson, LT., C.B. Ammerman, S M . Miller, and R H . Harms, 1971. Biological availability to chicks of man nese from different inorganic sources. Poultry Sci. 50:1&17OO.

10. National Research Council, 1994. Nutrition Requirements of Poultry. 9th Rev. Edition. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. 11. Rcvington, W.H., N. Acar, and ET. Moran, Jr., 1991. Cupversus tray excreta collections in metabolizable energy assays. Poultry Sci. 70:1265-1268. 12. Kill line required 9 min followed by manual transfer to the evisceration line, which required 7 min to chilling. Processin conditions were stunnin at 5Ov DC, 25 mAmp and l W k z for 8 sec, scalding at 5#C for 82 sec (Cantrell Machine Co., Gainesville, GA), plucking ,for 42 sec (Model JM-32 C-M, Meyn USA, Inc., Gainesvllle, GA), and automated evisceration (Mark IV Pritchard Systemate, Atlanta, GA). 13. USDA, 1989. Poultry Grading Manual. Agriculture Handbook No. 31, Agricultural Marketing Service, Washington, DC. 14. Norland Model 2780 Densitometer (Norland Corp., Fort Atkinson, WI)with Im source.

22. Morrison, AB. and H.P. Sarett, 1958. Studies on zinc deficiency in the chick. J. Nutr. 65267-280.

23. Leach, RM., Jr. and A-M. Muenster, 1962. Studies on the role of maneanese in bone formation. I. Effect upon the mucopol%ccharide content of chick bone. J. Nutr. 7851-56. 24. Leach, RM., Jr., A-M. Muenster, and EM. Wein, 1969.Studieson the role of manganese in bone formation. 11. Effect upon chondroitin sulfate synthesis in chick epiphyseal cartilage. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 133:22-28.

25. Nielsen, F.H., RP. Dowdy, and Z.Z. Ziporin, 1970. Effect of zinc deficiency on sulfur-35 and hexosamine metabolism in the epiph a1plate and primary spongiosa of the chick. J. Nutr. lr-908. 26. Westmoreland, N. and W.G. Hoekstra, 1969. Pathological defects in the e i hyseal cartilage of zincdeficient chicks. J. Nutr. 98:7a2.

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1. Halpin, K.M., D.G. Chausow, and D.H. Baker, 1986. Efficiency of manganese absorption in chicks fed corn-soy and casein diets. J. Nutr. 1161747-1751.