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Influences of warm-air drying on dentin bond strength
e140
d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 2 6 ( 2 0 1 0 ) e125–e157
key parameters that affect the outcome of bond strength tests.
Reference
doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.109
[1] Besnault, et al. J Adhes Dent 2004;6:55.
doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.110
31 Self-etching adhesive + glass ionomer: Saliva effects on dentin bond strength
32
E. Dursun ∗ , J.P. Attal
Comparison of bond strengths measured using cantileverbending and micro-tensile methods
University of Paris Descartes, France
Jianying Li a , Haiyan Li a , Xiaofei Yun b , Alex S.L. Fok a,∗
Objectives. The use of self-etching adhesives (SEA) increases the dentin shear bond strength (dSBS) of resin modified glass ionomers (RMGI) [1]. The purpose of this study was to compare the dSBS of SEA + RMGI combination with the SEA + composite resin combination, and then to test the effects of water and saliva contaminations on dSBS for this association at various stages of bonding. Materials and methods. 90 human teeth with a flat surface of dentin were embedded in blocks of resin. 80 cylinders of RMGI (Fuji LCII® (GC)) were bonded on 80 teeth according various modalities: 10 were bonded on no-treated dentin, 10 after polyacrylic acid treatment, 10 after application of SEA (IBond® self-etch (Heraeus)), 10 after water contamination followed by an application of SEA, 10 after saliva contamination followed by an application of SEA, 10 after application of SEA followed by water contamination and 10 after application of SEA followed by saliva contamination. After all these steps 10 cylinders of composite (Z100® (3M Espe)) were bonded on dentin after application of SEA. The dSBS was determined in a universal testing machine and the type of bond failure (mixte/adhesive/cohesive) was noted. A Kruskal–Wallis test was performed followed by Games–Howell post-hoc pairwise comparison tests on the dSBS results (p < 0.05). A chi-square test was used for the analysis of bond failure (p < 0.05). Results
a
Dentin treatment and material
Dentin SBS (MPa)
RMGI Polyacrylic acid + RMGI SEA + RMGI SEA + composite Saliva + SEA + RMGI SEA + saliva + RMGI Water + SEA + RMGI SEA + water + RMGI
5 8 15 18 20 19 16 21
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
1.3(a) 1.6(b) 2.4(c) 8.2(c) 7(c) 6(c) 2(c) 4(c)
Letters in parentheses = Homogeneous subsets.
No significant differences in debond locations were found between the various groups tested except for RMGI without dentin treatment, with 100% of adhesive failures. Conclusions. The combination of SEA + RMGI triples the dSBS of RMGI. There is no significant difference between the dSBS of this combination and that of the SEA + composite resin association. SEA + RMGI seems to tolerate water and saliva contaminations.
b
University of Minnesota, USA Sichuan University, China
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the bond strengths of enamel/composite adhesive interface measured by cantilever bending and micro-tensile test methods. Materials and methods. Buccal surfaces of bovine incisors were flattened and subsequently composite was placed (Z250, 3M) incrementally after the application of either AdperTM ScotchbondTM SE Self-Etch Adhesive (SE) or AdperTM Single Bond Plus (SB) adhesive (Both from 3M). The samples were then cut with a low-speed cutter to obtain matchstick-shape specimens which were divided into four groups (n = 30 each) according to the adhesive and test method used: SE-T, SEB, SB-T and SB-B, where T denotes micro-tensile test and B denotes cantilever bending. The failure mode of each specimen was examined under a microscope, with those having their fracture surfaces lying entirely or partially within the adhesive layer being considered as successful measurements. The results from the two test methods were compared. Results. Cantilever bending had a higher success rate of bond strength measurement in this study, compared with the micro-tensile method. Bond strengths of SE (53.6 MPa) and SB (46.7 MPa) from the cantilever bend test were 45% and 58%, respectively, higher than those (33.9 and 32.3 MPa) measured with the micro-tensile method. At the same time, the cantilever bend test produced lower standard deviations in the results than the micro-tensile test. Adhesive SE exhibited similar bond strength as SB irrespective of the test method. Conclusions. Cantilever bending is an efficient method for bond strength measurement. The ratio of bending to tensile bond strength for enamel-composite was around 1.5. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.111 33 Influences of warm-air drying on dentin bond strength A.A. Marsiglio a , G.A.G.R.M. Santos a , L.M. Paula b , J.A. Araújo b , L. Wang c , J.C.F. Almeida d , F.C.P. Garcia b,∗ a
Catholic University of Brasilia, UCB, Brasília, Brazil University of Brasília, Unb, Brasília, Brazil c University of Bauru,FOB, Bauru, Brazil d University Hospital of Brasilia, HUB, Brazil b
Objectives. To evaluate the bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesives in different solvent evaporation conditions.
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d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 2 6 ( 2 0 1 0 ) e125–e157
Materials and methods. Flat dentin surfaces from thirty extracted human third molars were bonded with acid etching adhesives: (1) Scotch Bond Multi-Purpose (SBMP; 3M/ESPE) – water-based; (2) Single Bond (SB; 3M/ESPE) – ethanol/water based and Prime & Bond 2.1 (PB; Dentsply) – acetone-based. Bonded dentin surfaces were air-dried according manufacturer directions at either 21 ◦ C or 38 ◦ C. Composite buildups were constructed incrementally. After storage in water for 24 h at 37 ◦ C, the specimens were prepared for microtensile bond strength testing. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results. SBMP performed better at a higher temperature (p < 0.05). The higher temperatures did not affect the performance for SB and PB (p > 0.05). The PB showed the highest bond strength values compared to SBMP and was similar to SB. Adhesive systems
Airtemperature (21◦ C)
Airtemperature (38◦ C)
SBMP
33.5 ± 11.85, N = 32aB 38.8 ± 14.95, N = 23aAB 44.3 ± 15.60, N = 22aA
41.1 ± 16.47, N = 21bA 42.4 ± 17.27, N = 24aA 51.8 ± 12.64, N = 29aA
SB PB
N = number of specimens. Average (MPa) ± S.D. Same capital letters indicates no statistically differences for each column (p > 0.05). Same lower letters indicates no statistically differences for each line (p > 0.05).
Conclusions. The use of a warm air-dry stream seems to be a clinical tool to improve the bond strength to water based acid-etching adhesives. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.112
34 Adhesion to uncut enamel—A comparison between two test methods N. Karim ∗ , B.A. Shukla, V.A. Russell, S.S. Velamakanni 3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of two adhesion test methods to differentiate performance of three dental adhesives on uncut enamel. Materials and methods. Adhesives tested were AdperTM ScotchbondTM SE Self-Etch Adhesive (SBSE, 3M ESPE), AdperTM PromptTM L-PopTM (Prompt, 3M ESPE) and AdperTM Single Bond Plus (SB+, 3M ESPE). Test specimen was prepared by applying an adhesive per manufacturer’s instructions on the cleaned, unground facial enamel surface of a bovine incisor tooth. The adhesive surface was build up with FiltekTM Z250 Universal Restorative (3M ESPE). Microtensile test specimen were prepared by storing the tooth for 24 h in tap water at 37 ◦ C, followed by sectioning the tooth perpendicular to the bonding surface with a precision diamond saw to obtain 1 mm × 1 mm wide; 8–9 mm long rectangular sticks. Tensile testing was done in a two-part jig at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until
failure. Shear bond strength was measured according to a notched-edge shear method (UltradentTM ), after 24 h storage of the test specimen in water at 37 ◦ C. Results Adhesive
SB+ Prompt SBSE
Microtensile bond strength [MPa]
Shear bond strength [MPa]
Average
std. dev.
N
Average
std. dev.
N
42.7 (a) 37.4 (a) 26.9 (b)
13.1 19.9 11.1
26 27 20
38.9 (c) 25.4 (d) 33.4 (c)
9.8 8.0 10.1
26 25 27
Letters in parenthesis indicate statistical equivalence according to twosample t-test (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. Microtensile bond strength provides a better ranking of adhesives in terms of their known (SB+ and Prompt) and expected (SBSE) clinical performance on uncut enamel than notched-edge shear adhesion does. Adhesion to uncut enamel of the self-etch adhesive Prompt is statistically equivalent to that of the total etch adhesive SB+. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.113 35 SEM analysis of hybrid layer degradation after water storage D. Lafuente University of Costa Rica, School of Dentistry, San Jose, Costa Rica Objectives: To evaluate the morphology of the hybrid layer of one total etch and one self-etch DBA alter water storage and the effect of the application of 2% clorhexidine on its longevity. Materials and methods: Twelve maxillary teeth (molars and premolars) had a class II cavity prepared with a 558 carbide bur leaving an enamel wall to separate a mesial cavity from a distal cavity. Teeth were separated in two groups (n = 6), to receive either Adper Single Bond 2 (SB2) or Adper SE Plus (SEP) (3 M ESPE). In one cavity the DBA was applied following manufacturer’s instructions, on the other, 2% clorhexidine was applied for 30 s before the application of the DBA. After acidetching with SB2 and before application of bottle A with SEP. Teeth were sectioned with a slow speed diamond disk (Isomet Slowspeed Saw) M-D and stored in water at 37 ◦ C for 125 days. Then teeth were prepared for SEM observation and morphology of the hybrid layer was observed and measured under 3 parameters: clear image of hybrid layer; presence of resin tags in tubules; and length of resin tags. A grade of either 0 or 1 was given to each parameter (not present and present). Data was analyzed with a Kruskal–Wallis test calculated at a 0.05 significance level. Results: Number of specimens graded “1” for each parameters in all study groups are listed in table. Treatment
Hybrid layer
Resin tags
Tags length
SB2 w/o CHX CHX
3 6
3 6
1 2
SEP w/o CHX CHX
3 6
3 4
2 4
Conclusions: The use of 2% clorhexidine before the application of the DBA improves the longevity of the hybrid layer but
d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 2 6 ( 2 0 1 0 ) e125–e157
key parameters that affect the outcome of bond strength tests.
Reference
doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.109
[1] Besnault, et al. J Adhes Dent 2004;6:55.
doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.110
31 Self-etching adhesive + glass ionomer: Saliva effects on dentin bond strength
32
E. Dursun ∗ , J.P. Attal
Comparison of bond strengths measured using cantileverbending and micro-tensile methods
University of Paris Descartes, France
Jianying Li a , Haiyan Li a , Xiaofei Yun b , Alex S.L. Fok a,∗
Objectives. The use of self-etching adhesives (SEA) increases the dentin shear bond strength (dSBS) of resin modified glass ionomers (RMGI) [1]. The purpose of this study was to compare the dSBS of SEA + RMGI combination with the SEA + composite resin combination, and then to test the effects of water and saliva contaminations on dSBS for this association at various stages of bonding. Materials and methods. 90 human teeth with a flat surface of dentin were embedded in blocks of resin. 80 cylinders of RMGI (Fuji LCII® (GC)) were bonded on 80 teeth according various modalities: 10 were bonded on no-treated dentin, 10 after polyacrylic acid treatment, 10 after application of SEA (IBond® self-etch (Heraeus)), 10 after water contamination followed by an application of SEA, 10 after saliva contamination followed by an application of SEA, 10 after application of SEA followed by water contamination and 10 after application of SEA followed by saliva contamination. After all these steps 10 cylinders of composite (Z100® (3M Espe)) were bonded on dentin after application of SEA. The dSBS was determined in a universal testing machine and the type of bond failure (mixte/adhesive/cohesive) was noted. A Kruskal–Wallis test was performed followed by Games–Howell post-hoc pairwise comparison tests on the dSBS results (p < 0.05). A chi-square test was used for the analysis of bond failure (p < 0.05). Results
a
Dentin treatment and material
Dentin SBS (MPa)
RMGI Polyacrylic acid + RMGI SEA + RMGI SEA + composite Saliva + SEA + RMGI SEA + saliva + RMGI Water + SEA + RMGI SEA + water + RMGI
5 8 15 18 20 19 16 21
± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
1.3(a) 1.6(b) 2.4(c) 8.2(c) 7(c) 6(c) 2(c) 4(c)
Letters in parentheses = Homogeneous subsets.
No significant differences in debond locations were found between the various groups tested except for RMGI without dentin treatment, with 100% of adhesive failures. Conclusions. The combination of SEA + RMGI triples the dSBS of RMGI. There is no significant difference between the dSBS of this combination and that of the SEA + composite resin association. SEA + RMGI seems to tolerate water and saliva contaminations.
b
University of Minnesota, USA Sichuan University, China
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the bond strengths of enamel/composite adhesive interface measured by cantilever bending and micro-tensile test methods. Materials and methods. Buccal surfaces of bovine incisors were flattened and subsequently composite was placed (Z250, 3M) incrementally after the application of either AdperTM ScotchbondTM SE Self-Etch Adhesive (SE) or AdperTM Single Bond Plus (SB) adhesive (Both from 3M). The samples were then cut with a low-speed cutter to obtain matchstick-shape specimens which were divided into four groups (n = 30 each) according to the adhesive and test method used: SE-T, SEB, SB-T and SB-B, where T denotes micro-tensile test and B denotes cantilever bending. The failure mode of each specimen was examined under a microscope, with those having their fracture surfaces lying entirely or partially within the adhesive layer being considered as successful measurements. The results from the two test methods were compared. Results. Cantilever bending had a higher success rate of bond strength measurement in this study, compared with the micro-tensile method. Bond strengths of SE (53.6 MPa) and SB (46.7 MPa) from the cantilever bend test were 45% and 58%, respectively, higher than those (33.9 and 32.3 MPa) measured with the micro-tensile method. At the same time, the cantilever bend test produced lower standard deviations in the results than the micro-tensile test. Adhesive SE exhibited similar bond strength as SB irrespective of the test method. Conclusions. Cantilever bending is an efficient method for bond strength measurement. The ratio of bending to tensile bond strength for enamel-composite was around 1.5. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.111 33 Influences of warm-air drying on dentin bond strength A.A. Marsiglio a , G.A.G.R.M. Santos a , L.M. Paula b , J.A. Araújo b , L. Wang c , J.C.F. Almeida d , F.C.P. Garcia b,∗ a
Catholic University of Brasilia, UCB, Brasília, Brazil University of Brasília, Unb, Brasília, Brazil c University of Bauru,FOB, Bauru, Brazil d University Hospital of Brasilia, HUB, Brazil b
Objectives. To evaluate the bond strength of etch-and-rinse adhesives in different solvent evaporation conditions.
e141
d e n t a l m a t e r i a l s 2 6 ( 2 0 1 0 ) e125–e157
Materials and methods. Flat dentin surfaces from thirty extracted human third molars were bonded with acid etching adhesives: (1) Scotch Bond Multi-Purpose (SBMP; 3M/ESPE) – water-based; (2) Single Bond (SB; 3M/ESPE) – ethanol/water based and Prime & Bond 2.1 (PB; Dentsply) – acetone-based. Bonded dentin surfaces were air-dried according manufacturer directions at either 21 ◦ C or 38 ◦ C. Composite buildups were constructed incrementally. After storage in water for 24 h at 37 ◦ C, the specimens were prepared for microtensile bond strength testing. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results. SBMP performed better at a higher temperature (p < 0.05). The higher temperatures did not affect the performance for SB and PB (p > 0.05). The PB showed the highest bond strength values compared to SBMP and was similar to SB. Adhesive systems
Airtemperature (21◦ C)
Airtemperature (38◦ C)
SBMP
33.5 ± 11.85, N = 32aB 38.8 ± 14.95, N = 23aAB 44.3 ± 15.60, N = 22aA
41.1 ± 16.47, N = 21bA 42.4 ± 17.27, N = 24aA 51.8 ± 12.64, N = 29aA
SB PB
N = number of specimens. Average (MPa) ± S.D. Same capital letters indicates no statistically differences for each column (p > 0.05). Same lower letters indicates no statistically differences for each line (p > 0.05).
Conclusions. The use of a warm air-dry stream seems to be a clinical tool to improve the bond strength to water based acid-etching adhesives. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.112
34 Adhesion to uncut enamel—A comparison between two test methods N. Karim ∗ , B.A. Shukla, V.A. Russell, S.S. Velamakanni 3M ESPE Dental Products, St. Paul, MN, USA Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of two adhesion test methods to differentiate performance of three dental adhesives on uncut enamel. Materials and methods. Adhesives tested were AdperTM ScotchbondTM SE Self-Etch Adhesive (SBSE, 3M ESPE), AdperTM PromptTM L-PopTM (Prompt, 3M ESPE) and AdperTM Single Bond Plus (SB+, 3M ESPE). Test specimen was prepared by applying an adhesive per manufacturer’s instructions on the cleaned, unground facial enamel surface of a bovine incisor tooth. The adhesive surface was build up with FiltekTM Z250 Universal Restorative (3M ESPE). Microtensile test specimen were prepared by storing the tooth for 24 h in tap water at 37 ◦ C, followed by sectioning the tooth perpendicular to the bonding surface with a precision diamond saw to obtain 1 mm × 1 mm wide; 8–9 mm long rectangular sticks. Tensile testing was done in a two-part jig at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until
failure. Shear bond strength was measured according to a notched-edge shear method (UltradentTM ), after 24 h storage of the test specimen in water at 37 ◦ C. Results Adhesive
SB+ Prompt SBSE
Microtensile bond strength [MPa]
Shear bond strength [MPa]
Average
std. dev.
N
Average
std. dev.
N
42.7 (a) 37.4 (a) 26.9 (b)
13.1 19.9 11.1
26 27 20
38.9 (c) 25.4 (d) 33.4 (c)
9.8 8.0 10.1
26 25 27
Letters in parenthesis indicate statistical equivalence according to twosample t-test (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. Microtensile bond strength provides a better ranking of adhesives in terms of their known (SB+ and Prompt) and expected (SBSE) clinical performance on uncut enamel than notched-edge shear adhesion does. Adhesion to uncut enamel of the self-etch adhesive Prompt is statistically equivalent to that of the total etch adhesive SB+. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.113 35 SEM analysis of hybrid layer degradation after water storage D. Lafuente University of Costa Rica, School of Dentistry, San Jose, Costa Rica Objectives: To evaluate the morphology of the hybrid layer of one total etch and one self-etch DBA alter water storage and the effect of the application of 2% clorhexidine on its longevity. Materials and methods: Twelve maxillary teeth (molars and premolars) had a class II cavity prepared with a 558 carbide bur leaving an enamel wall to separate a mesial cavity from a distal cavity. Teeth were separated in two groups (n = 6), to receive either Adper Single Bond 2 (SB2) or Adper SE Plus (SEP) (3 M ESPE). In one cavity the DBA was applied following manufacturer’s instructions, on the other, 2% clorhexidine was applied for 30 s before the application of the DBA. After acidetching with SB2 and before application of bottle A with SEP. Teeth were sectioned with a slow speed diamond disk (Isomet Slowspeed Saw) M-D and stored in water at 37 ◦ C for 125 days. Then teeth were prepared for SEM observation and morphology of the hybrid layer was observed and measured under 3 parameters: clear image of hybrid layer; presence of resin tags in tubules; and length of resin tags. A grade of either 0 or 1 was given to each parameter (not present and present). Data was analyzed with a Kruskal–Wallis test calculated at a 0.05 significance level. Results: Number of specimens graded “1” for each parameters in all study groups are listed in table. Treatment
Hybrid layer
Resin tags
Tags length
SB2 w/o CHX CHX
3 6
3 6
1 2
SEP w/o CHX CHX
3 6
3 4
2 4
Conclusions: The use of 2% clorhexidine before the application of the DBA improves the longevity of the hybrid layer but