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Information on data fields
2 Information on data fields The fields used in the databook are listed in alphabetical order. The information on data in a particular field includes glossary of term, unit of measurement, typical methods used to measure quantities available in the databook. A Acceptor number, AN, is a quantitative measure or Lewis acidity as devised by Gutmann. A A specific type of equilibrium constant that indicates the extent of dissociation of hydrogen ions from an acid. While strong acids dissociate practically completely in solution and consequently have large acidity constants, weak acids do not fully dissociate and generally have acidity constants far less than 1. A Twenty-five grams of a solvent is placed in 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask and 50 ml alcohol is added to dissolve the sample. If the sample is not completely soluble, 50 ml of equal amounts of alcohol and acetone are used. This sample is titrated with 0.01N NaOH or KOH in the presence of bromothymol blue used as an indicator. ISO standard uses a method of titration similar to just described ASTM standard but phenolphthalein is used as an indicator and 0.1 N NaOH is used as a titrating agent. The results are expressed in mg KOH per 1 g of sample. A Abbreviations of solvent names can be found in the standard terminology (ASTM D160014 Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics). ISO standard has a separate section for symbols used for additives (ISO 1043-3:1996 Plastics -- Symbols and abbreviated terms -- Part 3: Additives). In addition to the abbreviations for individual additives, Annex A contains a list of symbols for solvent components (alcohol part, acid part, and other elements of composition). Abbreviations of solvents used in rubber are given in a separate standard (ISO 6472:2010 Rubber compounding ingredients -- Abbreviations). A Method of solvent application (e.g., spraying, dipping, etc.). ADR/RID A number corresponding to one of the eight classes of cargo defined in the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) or the International Regulations concerning the Transport of Dangerous goods by Rail (RID). A , Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects resulting from a single exposure to a substance. Typical methods of measurement include LD50 which is the amount of a solid or liquid material that is required to kill 50% of test animals in one dose.
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A The minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of aniline and the sample under test. Products containing aromatics or naphthenes have lower aniline points than products containing paraffins. A A constant of Antoine equation: log10(P) = A − [B / (T + C)], where P is vapor pressure in bars, T is temperature in Kelvin, and A, B, C are constants. The Antoine equation is a simple 3-parameter fit to experimental vapor pressures measured over a restricted temperature range. Sublimation and vaporization of the same substance have separate sets of Antoine coefficients, as do components in mixtures. The Antoine equation is accurate to a few percent for most volatile substances (with vapor pressures over 10 Torr). A The range of temperatures in which given set of constants gives correct values. A The adverse effects to marine life (aquatic organisms) that result from exposure to a toxic substance. Aquatic toxicity can be expressed as the lethal concentration of a chemical substance in miligrams per liter that caused death to 50% population of aquatic species (LC50) during a time of experiment (usually 24, 48 or 96 hours). A The time required for the concentration of a pollutant or reactant to fall to one-half of its initial value. A The lowest temperature at which a material will ignite and sustain combustion in the absence of a spark or flame. The properties of liquid can be tested by standardized methods (ASTM E659-14 Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals). The ignition temperature is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the substance shows spontaneous combustion when touching hot bodies. B It is the ratio of a substance’s concentration in tissue of an aquatic organism to its concentration in the ambient water, in situations where the organism is exposed through the water only and the ratio does not change substantially over time B The probability that an organic substance will biodegrade under aerobic conditions. This field includes the general statements regarding biodegradation probability of solvents. Experimental data are included in the following fields: Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Theoretical Oxygen Demand. B O D The biological oxygen demand, BOD, is the mass concentration of dissolved oxygen consumed under specific conditions in a given time (e.g., BOD-5 stands for 5 days test) by the aerobic biological oxidation of a chemical or organic matter in water. BOD is an empirical test, which evaluates the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in water. Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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The following ISO standards can be applied: ISO 10708:1997 Water quality -- Evaluation in an aqueous medium of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds -- Determination of biochemical oxygen demand in a two-phase closed bottle test and ISO 58151:2003 Water quality -- Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days, BODn. B The boiling point is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the substance undergoes transition from the liquid into the gaseous phase under normal pressure.
B In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfish, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specified number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 percent of the test organisms). C A carcinogenic material is one that is known to cause cancer. The process of forming cancer cells from normal cells or carcinomas is called carcinogenesis. A summary of findings included in this field is based on general principles of material assessment, which includes: a There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans. A cause and effect interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations such as chance, bias, other variables etc. cannot be ruled out. Again, science can never prove a hypothesis, only disprove one. Scientific “facts” are established only when a preponderance of the evidence supports a hypothesis and there is 1) no evidence to disprove it and 2) no equally viable alternative hypotheses. b There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals, which indicates there is an increased incidence of malignant and/or a combination of malignant and benign tumors (1) in multiple species or at multiple tissue sites, or (2) by multiple routes of exposure, or (3) to an unusual degree with regard to incidence, site, or type of tumor, or age at onset. c There is less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or laboratory animals; however, the substance is structurally related to other materials that are either human carcinogens or reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. d There is convincing relevant information that the material acts through mechanisms that are likely to cause cancer in humans. Carcinogenicity lists are maintained by NTP, IARC, and OSHA. CAS A number assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service that uniquely identifies a chemical substance. C Non-systematic classification of solvents based on their main component. C Amount of oxygen required for the chemical oxidation or decomposition of compounds in water.
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C A chronic health effect is an adverse health effect resulting from long-term exposure to a substance. The effects could be a skin rash, bronchitis, cancer or any other medical condition. The term is also applied to a persistent (months, years or permanent) adverse health effect resulting from a short-term (acute) exposure. C The ratio of the weight of an object being moved along a surface and the force that maintains contact between the object and the surface. C The coefficient of thermal expansion is a fractional increase in volume per unit rise in temperature. C () Concentration of pure sovent used for a particular purpose. C This field gives a description of color that is typical of commercial product or pure specimen. C Many solvents have commercial names (see under label – Name). This frequently does not permit to recognize chemical composition of the solvent. Common name helps in recognition of chemical nature of material. C Common synonym has similar application as the Common name. It is used to help in identification of chemical nature of the product. C Aqueous material that has a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5, meets the definition of “characteristic of corrosivity” as defined in 40 CFR 261.22. A material with a pH below 2 is strongly acidic, while a material with a pH above 12.5 is strongly basic. Liquid material that corrodes steel at a rate greater than 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) per year is also defined as corrosive.
D In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfish, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specified number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 percent of the test organisms).
Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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D Davies scale or the hydrophile-lipophile balance, HLB, is an empirical, parameter. HLB number = (hydrophilic groups) + (lipophilic groups) + 7. The HLB was originally developed as a scale to classify the relative effectiveness of nonionic surfactants at forming stable emulsions at room temperature. Surfactants with HLB values between 0 and 4 are water/oil emulsifiers, surfactants with HLB values between 6 and 10 are wetting agents, and surfactants with HLB values between 12 and 18+ are oil/water emulsifiers. D Donor number, DN, is a qualitative measure of Lewis basicity. A donor number is defined as the negative enthalpy value for the 1:1 adduct formation between a Lewis base and the standard Lewis acid SbCl5 (antimony pentachloride), in dilute solution in the noncoordinating solvent 1,2-dichloroethane with a zero DN. The units are kilocalories per mole for historical reasons. The donor number is a measure of the ability of a solvent to solvate cations and Lewis acids. The method was developed by Gutman. DOT Transportation instructions require DOT Hazard Class in which materials are divided into the following classes: 1 – Explosives, 2 – Gases, 3 – Flammable and combustible liquids, 4 – Flammable spontaneously combustible solids, 5 – Oxidizers & organic peroxides, 6 – Poisonous & infectious materials, 7 – Radioactive materials, 8 – Corrosives, 9 – Miscellaneous. In addition UN number and packaging group is also given. EC Number assigned by the EU commission to a substance (previously EINECS and ELINCS) which to identify a compound. E A measure of the ability of a material to conduct an electric current between electrodes placed in it. It is usually expressed in microsiemens or picosiemens per centimeter. E The empirical formula is the molecular formula of a chemical compound. The order of atoms follows the Hill system which is utilized by the Chemical Abstracts Services and by the Beilstein Institute. Within the empirical formula C is the first element symbol, H is the second, the other element symbols are added in alphabetical order. The empirical formula does not take into account of any crystal water content. Using this field for searches requires that the above guidelines are strictly followed. E Enthalpy is a thermodynamic function of a system, equivalent to the sum of the internal energy of the system plus the product of its volume multiplied by the pressure exerted on it by its surroundings. Conversion into vapor, requires the absorption of the enthalpy of vaporization. E Internal energy of the system changes with temperature therefore the value of enthalpy of evaporation also depends on temperature.
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E An evaporation rate is the rate at which a material will vaporize (evaporate, change from liquid to vapor) compared to the rate of vaporization of a specific known material (butyl acetate and ether typical reference liquids). This quantity is a ratio, therefore it is unitless. E , , LEL The explosion limits are the lower and the upper border concentration in volume percent of a flammable gas or vapor mixed with air between which the mixture can be made to explode by heating or by a spark. E , , UEL The explosion limits are the lower and the upper border concentration in volume percent of a flammable gas or vapor mixed with air between which the mixture can be made to explode by heating or by a spark. E The information included in this field comes from existing human experience, animal observations related to the potential irritation of human eye, and in vitro studies.
F In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfish, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specified number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 percent of the test organisms). F A list of features provided by an solvent and benefits of its use as suggested in manufacturer’s literature. F Emergency treatment administered to an injured or sick person before professional medical care is available. F The flash point is the lowest temperature in degrees Centigrade at which so much vapor develops under normal pressure that it results in a flammable mixture together with the air over the liquid level. Different methods are used in the test with Cleveland cup being the most suitable method for testing solvents. Cleveland open cup is used to determine flash and fire points of liquids with flash point above 79oC and below 400oC, such as solvents (ASTM D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup). Standard gives the methods of determination using manual and automatic Cleveland open cup apparatus. About 70 ml of test liquid is heated first rapidly then slowly on approaching an expected flash point. Test flame is applied to surface to ignite vapors. Test flame is natural or bottled gas flame (full description included in the standard). Test flame is applied first when the temperature is 28oC below expected flash point and then in 2oC intervals. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which vapors are ignited by the test flame. Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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F The following abbreviations are used to describe the method that was used for the data included in the field “Flash point”: CC – closed cup, CCTC – closed cup tag closed, COC – Cleveland open cup, OC – open cup, PMCC - Pensky-Martens closed cup, TCC- tag closed cup, TOC – tag open cup F The temperature at which the liquid and solid phases of a substance of specified composition are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. G The ratio of the warming caused by a substance to the warming caused by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. H The total Hildebrand solubility parameter is obtained by addition of the three types of polar interactions: dispersion, polar and hydrogen interactions. Hansen determined the numerical values for the three parameters in the following way: First, the dispersion force is calculated using the homomorph method. The homomorph of a polar molecule is the non-polar molecule most closely resembling it in size and structure. The Hildebrand value for the nonpolar homomorph is assigned to the polar molecule as its dispersion component value. This dispersion value is then subtracted from the Hildebrand value and the remainder designated as a value representing the total polar interaction of the molecule. Through trial and error experimentation on numerous solvents and polymers, Hansen separated the polar value into polar and hydrogen bonding component parameters best reflecting empirical evidence. H It is the quantity of heat liberated per unitary weight when a substance undergoes complete oxidation. It is expressed in MJ per kg. H ’ The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution. Henry law constant is a proportionality factor of this relationship. H The square root of the cohesive energy density as a numerical value indicating the solvency behavior of a specific solvent. HMIS A rating system (HMIS - Hazardous Materials Identification System) has been devised by The National Paint Coatings Association to assist emergency responders. The following are the simple explanations of numerical symbols. Health: 0 – Like ordinary material, 1 – Slightly hazardous, 2 – Hazardous – use breathing apparatus, 3 – Extremely dangerous – use full protective clothing, 4 – Too dangerous to enter – vapor or liquid. Flammability: 0 – Will not burn, 1 – Must be preheated to burn, 2 – Ignites when moderately heated, 3 – Ignites at normal temperature, 4 - Extremely flammable. Reactivity: 0 – Normally stable, 1 – Unstable if heated – use normal precaution, 2 – Violent chemical change possible – use hose from distance, 3 – Strong shock or heat may detonate – use monitors, 4 – May detonate – evacuate area if materials are exposed to fire. Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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H It is hydroxyl rate constant of reaction with ozone in the atmosphere. ICAO/IATA Classification for transport by cargo aircraft. The statements are based on the Dangerous Goods Regulation issued by IATA (International Air Transport Association). The class and the packaging group are stated. No account is taken of special regulations stipulated by individual countries or airlines. IMDG This field contains the hazard classification for transport by sea. I Ingestion is the act of taking something (food, medicine, liquid, poison, etc.) into a body through the mouth. Synonyms include “swallowing”, “taking internally”, or “eating”. I Inhalation is the drawing of air or other substances (fumes, mists, vapor, dust, etc.) into lungs (the respiratory system). Common synonym is “breathing in”. IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, standardized names of organic compounds and created a systematic naming system which is given here. K The Kauri-butanol number, KB, is defined as the number of milliliters of a liquid at 20°C required to reach the cloud point when titrated against 20 gram of a standard 20% Kauri resin (polar nature) solution. LC50 Lethal Concentration 50, LC50, is the concentration of a chemical which kills 50% test animal population. This measure is generally used when test animals are exposed to a test chemical in form of gas or mist. LD50 Lethal Dose 50, LD50, is the dose of a chemical which kills 50% of a sample population. In full reporting, the dose, treatment and observation period should be given. Further, LD50, LC50, ED50 and similar figures are strictly only comparable when the age, sex and nutritional state of the animals is specified. M The name of manufacturer is given for commercial solvents having a particular brand name. For generic compounds the name of manufacturer(s) is also frequently suggested. M Information helps to distinguish between solvent composed of a single component or mixture of chemical compounds.
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M Moisture concentration in a commercial solvent as declared by its manufacturer. M Molar volume is equal to the atomic weight divided by the density. M Indicated whether substance is included or not in Montreal protocol to be eliminated. M The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule. The weight of a molecule of any gas or vapor as compared with the hydrogen atom as a standard. M The capacity of a chemical or physical agent to cause permanent alteration of the genetic material within living cells. Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests. N A proper name is used, which, in the case of commercial product, is a brand name given by manufacturer, and the most commonly used name in the case of generic compounds. NFPA classification A rating system has been devised by the National Fire Protection Association, NFPA, to assist emergency responders. The following are the simple explanations of numerical symbols. Health: 0 – Like ordinary material, 1 – Slightly hazardous, 2 – Hazardous – use breathing apparatus, 3 – Extremely dangerous – use full protective clothing, 4 – Too dangerous to enter – vapor or liquid. Flammability: 0 – Will not burn, 1 – Must be preheated to burn, 2 – Ignites when moderately heated, 3 – Ignites at normal temperature, 4 - Extremely flammable. Reactivity: 0 – Normally stable, 1 – Unstable if heated – use normal precaution, 2 – Violent chemical change possible – use hose from distance, 3 – Strong shock or heat may detonate – use monitors, 4 – May detonate – evacuate area if materials are exposed to fire. NIOSH-IDHL Concentration Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health, defined by the NIOSH as follows: “that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment.” IDLH values are often used for the selection of breathing apparatus that must be available to workers or firefighters in a given situation. NIOSH REL National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH, recommended exposure limits (RELs) will be based on risk evaluations using human or animal health effects data, and on an assessment of what levels can be feasibly achieved by engineering controls and measured by analytical techniques. The RELs are given in either mg/m3 or ppm.
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O Any property detected by the olfactory system. In the case of chemical materials and particularly solvents it helps to distinguish different materials and select non-intrusive materials for application. O Odor threshold is a mean detection threshold, which identifies the concentration at which 50 percent of a human (or animal) panel can identify the presence of an odor or odorant without characterizing the stimulus. OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Administration, OSHA, provided a definition of hazardous and non-hazardous substances as per OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200. OSHA PEL A Permissible Exposure Limit, PEL, is the maximum amount or concentration of a chemical that a worker may be exposed to under the U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration, OSHA, regulations. The PELs are given mg/m3 or ppm. O Any properties which may be useful in evaluation or application of material O The most important properties, which may help in selection for application. O Ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) provide a relative measure of the expected impact on stratospheric ozone per unit mass emission of a gas, as compared to that expected from the same mass emission of CFC-11 integrated over time. O The rate constant for the reaction of ozone with an organic compound. P The organic carbon adsorption coefficient, Koc, is only applicable for individual substances. The Koc can generally be calculated from the octanol/water partition coefficient, Kow. The following equation can be used: log Koc = 0.937 (log Kow) - 0.006. The log Kow is determined in a laboratory without the use of organisms. It is a measure of how polar the substance is by determining whether the substance partitions primarily to water or to octanol. Substances that partition primarily to octanol are likely to bioaccumulate in the fat of organisms. pH The pH value is the negative decadic logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions (dimensionless). P An empirical scale of solvent polarity, which includes meanwhile a large number of molecular solvents and solvent mixtures. Polarity parameter is determined by the position of the maximum absorption band of the betaine dye in the presence of tested substance. Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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P This field is used primarily in the case of solvents to suggest substitutes having lower toxicity, being more friendly to environment, lowering energy use, or coming from sources which do not deplete resources P Manufacturers recommendations are given. P Components of formulated products are given if available. P A shipping name of product as defined by the US Department of Transportation, which can be found in Hazardous Materials Table (Title CFR49).
R In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfish, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specified number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 percent of the test organisms). R Manufacturers recommendations are given as to the product application for manufactured goods. R Manufacturers recommendations are given in this field. R The ratio of the velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum to its velocity in the medium. It is a parameter that helps to identify chemical compounds and means of their selection for use in compositions having predesigned optical properties. Refractive index has been measured at two temperatures 20 and 25oC unless otherwise indicated. R The dielectric constant is a measure of the behavior of the substance when introduced into an electric field (it indicates the multiple to which the capacity of a condenser increases if the substance is between the plates instead of vacuum). R / Reproduction toxicity represents any effect on fertility and reproduction that can adversely affect the continuation of the species. Developmental toxicity is any adverse effect induced during the developmental period, i.e. from conception through puberty. The major manifestations of developmental toxicity include death of the developing organism, structural
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abnormalities, altered growth and functional deficiencies. Developmental toxicity can be considered a component of reproductive toxicity, and sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between effects mediated through the parents versus direct interaction with developmental processes. R The method by which a material enters the body; includes absorption (eye or skin contact), ingestion, and inhalation. RTECS The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS®) is a comprehensive database of basic toxicity information for over 150,000 chemical substances including: prescription and non-prescription drugs, food additives, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, solvents, diluents, chemical wastes, reaction products of chemical waste, and substances used in both industrial and household situations. Reports of the toxic effects of each compound are cited. In addition to toxic effects and general toxicology reviews, data on skin and/or eye irritation, mutation, reproductive consequences and tumorigenicity are provided. Federal standards and regulations, NIOSH recommended exposure limits and information on the activities of the EPA, NIOSH, NTP, and OSHA regarding the substance are also included. The toxic effects are linked to literature citations from both published and unpublished governmental reports, and published articles from the scientific literature. The database corresponds to the print version of the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, formerly known as the Toxic Substances List started in 1971. Originally prepared by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the RTECS® database is now produced and distributed by MDL Information Systems, Inc. S Although several mammalian species may be used, the albino rabbit is the preferred species. Exposure duration normally is four hours. S It is a constant of absorption rate of chemical material by soil. Sometimes it is called a constant of Freundlich equation. S t The concentration of solid material in solution weight percent. S Information on solubility of solvent in water. S Several methods are used to determine specific gravity of the solvents, such as hydrometer, digital density meter, displacement, and pycnometer methods. S The temperature in which specific gravity was determined.
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S The amount of heat in Jules needed to raise the temperature of one mol of a substance by one degree of Kelvin. S State of solvents at room temperature are contained in this field. STEL A Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) is defined by ACGIH as the concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without suffering from irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency. S The force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending to minimize the area of the surface; quantitatively, the force that appears to act across a line of unit length on the surface. Also known as interfacial force; interfacial tension; surface tensity. S Chemical or common name of the same product T Most chemicals that produce systemic toxicity do not cause a similar degree of toxicity in all organs but usually produce the major toxicity to one or more organs. These are referred to as target organs of toxicity for that chemical. TDG Any class as defined by Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations (federal) and associated provincial/territorial legislation of Canada. T Calculated amount of oxygen required to oxidize a compound to its final oxidation products. However, there are some differences between standard methods that can influence the results obtained: for example, some calculations assume that nitrogen released from organics is generated as ammonia, whereas others allow for ammonia oxidation to nitrate. Therefore in expressing results, the calculation assumptions should always be stated. T The thermal conductivity, λ, is the quantity of heat transmitted, due to unit temperature gradient, in unitary time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of unit area, when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient. TLV-TWA 8h The time-weighted average concentration for a conventional 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek exposure to a substance, to which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse health effects. The data are given after American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, ACGIH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH, and Occupational Safety & Health Administration, OSHA. Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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UN The UN number is a four-digit number assigned to a potentially hazardous material. These numbers are used by firefighters and other emergency response personnel for identification of materials during transportation emergencies. UN (United Nations) numbers are internationally recognized. UN A list of numbers of risk phrases compiled by UN which characterize behavior of a particular compound UN A list of numbers of safety phrases compiled by UN which should be followed during transportation of a particular compound UN/NA A four digit number representing a particular chemical or group of chemicals. These numbers are assigned by the United Nations (UN Numbers), the U.S. Department of Transportation (NA Numbers), or Transport Canada (NA Numbers). These numbers are commonly used throughout the world to aid in the quick identification of the materials contained within bulk containers (such as rail cars, semi-trailers and intermodal containers). U Ozone formation potential by a chemical material assuming that C2H2 has potential equal 1. UV Major absorption peaks in the UV range are listed. V The density of a gas relative to the density of air. V Vapor pressure is a fundamental thermodynamic property of a solid or liquid. It is the pressure generated at a particular temperature by pure component which has liquid (or solid) and vapor in equilibrium in a closed vessel. Its units are the usual units of pressure (e.g., kPa). The vapor pressure of a liquid increases with temperature between the triple point and the critical point. V The temperature at which vapor pressure was measured. V It is a ratio of shear stress and shear strain expressed in mPa s. V The temperature at which given value of viscosity was measured.
Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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A The minimum temperature for complete miscibility of equal volumes of aniline and the sample under test. Products containing aromatics or naphthenes have lower aniline points than products containing paraffins. A A constant of Antoine equation: log10(P) = A − [B / (T + C)], where P is vapor pressure in bars, T is temperature in Kelvin, and A, B, C are constants. The Antoine equation is a simple 3-parameter fit to experimental vapor pressures measured over a restricted temperature range. Sublimation and vaporization of the same substance have separate sets of Antoine coefficients, as do components in mixtures. The Antoine equation is accurate to a few percent for most volatile substances (with vapor pressures over 10 Torr). A The range of temperatures in which given set of constants gives correct values. A The adverse effects to marine life (aquatic organisms) that result from exposure to a toxic substance. Aquatic toxicity can be expressed as the lethal concentration of a chemical substance in miligrams per liter that caused death to 50% population of aquatic species (LC50) during a time of experiment (usually 24, 48 or 96 hours). A The time required for the concentration of a pollutant or reactant to fall to one-half of its initial value. A The lowest temperature at which a material will ignite and sustain combustion in the absence of a spark or flame. The properties of liquid can be tested by standardized methods (ASTM E659-14 Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals). The ignition temperature is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the substance shows spontaneous combustion when touching hot bodies. B It is the ratio of a substance’s concentration in tissue of an aquatic organism to its concentration in the ambient water, in situations where the organism is exposed through the water only and the ratio does not change substantially over time B The probability that an organic substance will biodegrade under aerobic conditions. This field includes the general statements regarding biodegradation probability of solvents. Experimental data are included in the following fields: Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Theoretical Oxygen Demand. B O D The biological oxygen demand, BOD, is the mass concentration of dissolved oxygen consumed under specific conditions in a given time (e.g., BOD-5 stands for 5 days test) by the aerobic biological oxidation of a chemical or organic matter in water. BOD is an empirical test, which evaluates the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds in water. Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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The following ISO standards can be applied: ISO 10708:1997 Water quality -- Evaluation in an aqueous medium of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of organic compounds -- Determination of biochemical oxygen demand in a two-phase closed bottle test and ISO 58151:2003 Water quality -- Determination of biochemical oxygen demand after n days, BODn. B The boiling point is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the substance undergoes transition from the liquid into the gaseous phase under normal pressure.
B In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfish, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specified number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 percent of the test organisms). C A carcinogenic material is one that is known to cause cancer. The process of forming cancer cells from normal cells or carcinomas is called carcinogenesis. A summary of findings included in this field is based on general principles of material assessment, which includes: a There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans. A cause and effect interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations such as chance, bias, other variables etc. cannot be ruled out. Again, science can never prove a hypothesis, only disprove one. Scientific “facts” are established only when a preponderance of the evidence supports a hypothesis and there is 1) no evidence to disprove it and 2) no equally viable alternative hypotheses. b There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals, which indicates there is an increased incidence of malignant and/or a combination of malignant and benign tumors (1) in multiple species or at multiple tissue sites, or (2) by multiple routes of exposure, or (3) to an unusual degree with regard to incidence, site, or type of tumor, or age at onset. c There is less than sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans or laboratory animals; however, the substance is structurally related to other materials that are either human carcinogens or reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. d There is convincing relevant information that the material acts through mechanisms that are likely to cause cancer in humans. Carcinogenicity lists are maintained by NTP, IARC, and OSHA. CAS A number assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service that uniquely identifies a chemical substance. C Non-systematic classification of solvents based on their main component. C Amount of oxygen required for the chemical oxidation or decomposition of compounds in water.
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C A chronic health effect is an adverse health effect resulting from long-term exposure to a substance. The effects could be a skin rash, bronchitis, cancer or any other medical condition. The term is also applied to a persistent (months, years or permanent) adverse health effect resulting from a short-term (acute) exposure. C The ratio of the weight of an object being moved along a surface and the force that maintains contact between the object and the surface. C The coefficient of thermal expansion is a fractional increase in volume per unit rise in temperature. C () Concentration of pure sovent used for a particular purpose. C This field gives a description of color that is typical of commercial product or pure specimen. C Many solvents have commercial names (see under label – Name). This frequently does not permit to recognize chemical composition of the solvent. Common name helps in recognition of chemical nature of material. C Common synonym has similar application as the Common name. It is used to help in identification of chemical nature of the product. C Aqueous material that has a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5, meets the definition of “characteristic of corrosivity” as defined in 40 CFR 261.22. A material with a pH below 2 is strongly acidic, while a material with a pH above 12.5 is strongly basic. Liquid material that corrodes steel at a rate greater than 6.35 mm (0.250 inch) per year is also defined as corrosive.
D In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfish, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specified number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 percent of the test organisms).
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D Davies scale or the hydrophile-lipophile balance, HLB, is an empirical, parameter. HLB number = (hydrophilic groups) + (lipophilic groups) + 7. The HLB was originally developed as a scale to classify the relative effectiveness of nonionic surfactants at forming stable emulsions at room temperature. Surfactants with HLB values between 0 and 4 are water/oil emulsifiers, surfactants with HLB values between 6 and 10 are wetting agents, and surfactants with HLB values between 12 and 18+ are oil/water emulsifiers. D Donor number, DN, is a qualitative measure of Lewis basicity. A donor number is defined as the negative enthalpy value for the 1:1 adduct formation between a Lewis base and the standard Lewis acid SbCl5 (antimony pentachloride), in dilute solution in the noncoordinating solvent 1,2-dichloroethane with a zero DN. The units are kilocalories per mole for historical reasons. The donor number is a measure of the ability of a solvent to solvate cations and Lewis acids. The method was developed by Gutman. DOT Transportation instructions require DOT Hazard Class in which materials are divided into the following classes: 1 – Explosives, 2 – Gases, 3 – Flammable and combustible liquids, 4 – Flammable spontaneously combustible solids, 5 – Oxidizers & organic peroxides, 6 – Poisonous & infectious materials, 7 – Radioactive materials, 8 – Corrosives, 9 – Miscellaneous. In addition UN number and packaging group is also given. EC Number assigned by the EU commission to a substance (previously EINECS and ELINCS) which to identify a compound. E A measure of the ability of a material to conduct an electric current between electrodes placed in it. It is usually expressed in microsiemens or picosiemens per centimeter. E The empirical formula is the molecular formula of a chemical compound. The order of atoms follows the Hill system which is utilized by the Chemical Abstracts Services and by the Beilstein Institute. Within the empirical formula C is the first element symbol, H is the second, the other element symbols are added in alphabetical order. The empirical formula does not take into account of any crystal water content. Using this field for searches requires that the above guidelines are strictly followed. E Enthalpy is a thermodynamic function of a system, equivalent to the sum of the internal energy of the system plus the product of its volume multiplied by the pressure exerted on it by its surroundings. Conversion into vapor, requires the absorption of the enthalpy of vaporization. E Internal energy of the system changes with temperature therefore the value of enthalpy of evaporation also depends on temperature.
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E An evaporation rate is the rate at which a material will vaporize (evaporate, change from liquid to vapor) compared to the rate of vaporization of a specific known material (butyl acetate and ether typical reference liquids). This quantity is a ratio, therefore it is unitless. E , , LEL The explosion limits are the lower and the upper border concentration in volume percent of a flammable gas or vapor mixed with air between which the mixture can be made to explode by heating or by a spark. E , , UEL The explosion limits are the lower and the upper border concentration in volume percent of a flammable gas or vapor mixed with air between which the mixture can be made to explode by heating or by a spark. E The information included in this field comes from existing human experience, animal observations related to the potential irritation of human eye, and in vitro studies.
F In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfish, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specified number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 percent of the test organisms). F A list of features provided by an solvent and benefits of its use as suggested in manufacturer’s literature. F Emergency treatment administered to an injured or sick person before professional medical care is available. F The flash point is the lowest temperature in degrees Centigrade at which so much vapor develops under normal pressure that it results in a flammable mixture together with the air over the liquid level. Different methods are used in the test with Cleveland cup being the most suitable method for testing solvents. Cleveland open cup is used to determine flash and fire points of liquids with flash point above 79oC and below 400oC, such as solvents (ASTM D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup). Standard gives the methods of determination using manual and automatic Cleveland open cup apparatus. About 70 ml of test liquid is heated first rapidly then slowly on approaching an expected flash point. Test flame is applied to surface to ignite vapors. Test flame is natural or bottled gas flame (full description included in the standard). Test flame is applied first when the temperature is 28oC below expected flash point and then in 2oC intervals. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which vapors are ignited by the test flame. Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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F The following abbreviations are used to describe the method that was used for the data included in the field “Flash point”: CC – closed cup, CCTC – closed cup tag closed, COC – Cleveland open cup, OC – open cup, PMCC - Pensky-Martens closed cup, TCC- tag closed cup, TOC – tag open cup F The temperature at which the liquid and solid phases of a substance of specified composition are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. G The ratio of the warming caused by a substance to the warming caused by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. H The total Hildebrand solubility parameter is obtained by addition of the three types of polar interactions: dispersion, polar and hydrogen interactions. Hansen determined the numerical values for the three parameters in the following way: First, the dispersion force is calculated using the homomorph method. The homomorph of a polar molecule is the non-polar molecule most closely resembling it in size and structure. The Hildebrand value for the nonpolar homomorph is assigned to the polar molecule as its dispersion component value. This dispersion value is then subtracted from the Hildebrand value and the remainder designated as a value representing the total polar interaction of the molecule. Through trial and error experimentation on numerous solvents and polymers, Hansen separated the polar value into polar and hydrogen bonding component parameters best reflecting empirical evidence. H It is the quantity of heat liberated per unitary weight when a substance undergoes complete oxidation. It is expressed in MJ per kg. H ’ The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution. Henry law constant is a proportionality factor of this relationship. H The square root of the cohesive energy density as a numerical value indicating the solvency behavior of a specific solvent. HMIS A rating system (HMIS - Hazardous Materials Identification System) has been devised by The National Paint Coatings Association to assist emergency responders. The following are the simple explanations of numerical symbols. Health: 0 – Like ordinary material, 1 – Slightly hazardous, 2 – Hazardous – use breathing apparatus, 3 – Extremely dangerous – use full protective clothing, 4 – Too dangerous to enter – vapor or liquid. Flammability: 0 – Will not burn, 1 – Must be preheated to burn, 2 – Ignites when moderately heated, 3 – Ignites at normal temperature, 4 - Extremely flammable. Reactivity: 0 – Normally stable, 1 – Unstable if heated – use normal precaution, 2 – Violent chemical change possible – use hose from distance, 3 – Strong shock or heat may detonate – use monitors, 4 – May detonate – evacuate area if materials are exposed to fire. Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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H It is hydroxyl rate constant of reaction with ozone in the atmosphere. ICAO/IATA Classification for transport by cargo aircraft. The statements are based on the Dangerous Goods Regulation issued by IATA (International Air Transport Association). The class and the packaging group are stated. No account is taken of special regulations stipulated by individual countries or airlines. IMDG This field contains the hazard classification for transport by sea. I Ingestion is the act of taking something (food, medicine, liquid, poison, etc.) into a body through the mouth. Synonyms include “swallowing”, “taking internally”, or “eating”. I Inhalation is the drawing of air or other substances (fumes, mists, vapor, dust, etc.) into lungs (the respiratory system). Common synonym is “breathing in”. IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, standardized names of organic compounds and created a systematic naming system which is given here. K The Kauri-butanol number, KB, is defined as the number of milliliters of a liquid at 20°C required to reach the cloud point when titrated against 20 gram of a standard 20% Kauri resin (polar nature) solution. LC50 Lethal Concentration 50, LC50, is the concentration of a chemical which kills 50% test animal population. This measure is generally used when test animals are exposed to a test chemical in form of gas or mist. LD50 Lethal Dose 50, LD50, is the dose of a chemical which kills 50% of a sample population. In full reporting, the dose, treatment and observation period should be given. Further, LD50, LC50, ED50 and similar figures are strictly only comparable when the age, sex and nutritional state of the animals is specified. M The name of manufacturer is given for commercial solvents having a particular brand name. For generic compounds the name of manufacturer(s) is also frequently suggested. M Information helps to distinguish between solvent composed of a single component or mixture of chemical compounds.
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M Moisture concentration in a commercial solvent as declared by its manufacturer. M Molar volume is equal to the atomic weight divided by the density. M Indicated whether substance is included or not in Montreal protocol to be eliminated. M The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule. The weight of a molecule of any gas or vapor as compared with the hydrogen atom as a standard. M The capacity of a chemical or physical agent to cause permanent alteration of the genetic material within living cells. Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests. N A proper name is used, which, in the case of commercial product, is a brand name given by manufacturer, and the most commonly used name in the case of generic compounds. NFPA classification A rating system has been devised by the National Fire Protection Association, NFPA, to assist emergency responders. The following are the simple explanations of numerical symbols. Health: 0 – Like ordinary material, 1 – Slightly hazardous, 2 – Hazardous – use breathing apparatus, 3 – Extremely dangerous – use full protective clothing, 4 – Too dangerous to enter – vapor or liquid. Flammability: 0 – Will not burn, 1 – Must be preheated to burn, 2 – Ignites when moderately heated, 3 – Ignites at normal temperature, 4 - Extremely flammable. Reactivity: 0 – Normally stable, 1 – Unstable if heated – use normal precaution, 2 – Violent chemical change possible – use hose from distance, 3 – Strong shock or heat may detonate – use monitors, 4 – May detonate – evacuate area if materials are exposed to fire. NIOSH-IDHL Concentration Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health, defined by the NIOSH as follows: “that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment.” IDLH values are often used for the selection of breathing apparatus that must be available to workers or firefighters in a given situation. NIOSH REL National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH, recommended exposure limits (RELs) will be based on risk evaluations using human or animal health effects data, and on an assessment of what levels can be feasibly achieved by engineering controls and measured by analytical techniques. The RELs are given in either mg/m3 or ppm.
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O Any property detected by the olfactory system. In the case of chemical materials and particularly solvents it helps to distinguish different materials and select non-intrusive materials for application. O Odor threshold is a mean detection threshold, which identifies the concentration at which 50 percent of a human (or animal) panel can identify the presence of an odor or odorant without characterizing the stimulus. OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Administration, OSHA, provided a definition of hazardous and non-hazardous substances as per OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200. OSHA PEL A Permissible Exposure Limit, PEL, is the maximum amount or concentration of a chemical that a worker may be exposed to under the U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration, OSHA, regulations. The PELs are given mg/m3 or ppm. O Any properties which may be useful in evaluation or application of material O The most important properties, which may help in selection for application. O Ozone depletion potentials (ODPs) provide a relative measure of the expected impact on stratospheric ozone per unit mass emission of a gas, as compared to that expected from the same mass emission of CFC-11 integrated over time. O The rate constant for the reaction of ozone with an organic compound. P The organic carbon adsorption coefficient, Koc, is only applicable for individual substances. The Koc can generally be calculated from the octanol/water partition coefficient, Kow. The following equation can be used: log Koc = 0.937 (log Kow) - 0.006. The log Kow is determined in a laboratory without the use of organisms. It is a measure of how polar the substance is by determining whether the substance partitions primarily to water or to octanol. Substances that partition primarily to octanol are likely to bioaccumulate in the fat of organisms. pH The pH value is the negative decadic logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions (dimensionless). P An empirical scale of solvent polarity, which includes meanwhile a large number of molecular solvents and solvent mixtures. Polarity parameter is determined by the position of the maximum absorption band of the betaine dye in the presence of tested substance. Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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P This field is used primarily in the case of solvents to suggest substitutes having lower toxicity, being more friendly to environment, lowering energy use, or coming from sources which do not deplete resources P Manufacturers recommendations are given. P Components of formulated products are given if available. P A shipping name of product as defined by the US Department of Transportation, which can be found in Hazardous Materials Table (Title CFR49).
R In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfish, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a specified number of hours. If deleterious effects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50 value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 percent of the test organisms). R Manufacturers recommendations are given as to the product application for manufactured goods. R Manufacturers recommendations are given in this field. R The ratio of the velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum to its velocity in the medium. It is a parameter that helps to identify chemical compounds and means of their selection for use in compositions having predesigned optical properties. Refractive index has been measured at two temperatures 20 and 25oC unless otherwise indicated. R The dielectric constant is a measure of the behavior of the substance when introduced into an electric field (it indicates the multiple to which the capacity of a condenser increases if the substance is between the plates instead of vacuum). R / Reproduction toxicity represents any effect on fertility and reproduction that can adversely affect the continuation of the species. Developmental toxicity is any adverse effect induced during the developmental period, i.e. from conception through puberty. The major manifestations of developmental toxicity include death of the developing organism, structural
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abnormalities, altered growth and functional deficiencies. Developmental toxicity can be considered a component of reproductive toxicity, and sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between effects mediated through the parents versus direct interaction with developmental processes. R The method by which a material enters the body; includes absorption (eye or skin contact), ingestion, and inhalation. RTECS The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS®) is a comprehensive database of basic toxicity information for over 150,000 chemical substances including: prescription and non-prescription drugs, food additives, pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, solvents, diluents, chemical wastes, reaction products of chemical waste, and substances used in both industrial and household situations. Reports of the toxic effects of each compound are cited. In addition to toxic effects and general toxicology reviews, data on skin and/or eye irritation, mutation, reproductive consequences and tumorigenicity are provided. Federal standards and regulations, NIOSH recommended exposure limits and information on the activities of the EPA, NIOSH, NTP, and OSHA regarding the substance are also included. The toxic effects are linked to literature citations from both published and unpublished governmental reports, and published articles from the scientific literature. The database corresponds to the print version of the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, formerly known as the Toxic Substances List started in 1971. Originally prepared by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the RTECS® database is now produced and distributed by MDL Information Systems, Inc. S Although several mammalian species may be used, the albino rabbit is the preferred species. Exposure duration normally is four hours. S It is a constant of absorption rate of chemical material by soil. Sometimes it is called a constant of Freundlich equation. S t The concentration of solid material in solution weight percent. S Information on solubility of solvent in water. S Several methods are used to determine specific gravity of the solvents, such as hydrometer, digital density meter, displacement, and pycnometer methods. S The temperature in which specific gravity was determined.
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S The amount of heat in Jules needed to raise the temperature of one mol of a substance by one degree of Kelvin. S State of solvents at room temperature are contained in this field. STEL A Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) is defined by ACGIH as the concentration to which workers can be exposed continuously for a short period of time without suffering from irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency. S The force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending to minimize the area of the surface; quantitatively, the force that appears to act across a line of unit length on the surface. Also known as interfacial force; interfacial tension; surface tensity. S Chemical or common name of the same product T Most chemicals that produce systemic toxicity do not cause a similar degree of toxicity in all organs but usually produce the major toxicity to one or more organs. These are referred to as target organs of toxicity for that chemical. TDG Any class as defined by Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations (federal) and associated provincial/territorial legislation of Canada. T Calculated amount of oxygen required to oxidize a compound to its final oxidation products. However, there are some differences between standard methods that can influence the results obtained: for example, some calculations assume that nitrogen released from organics is generated as ammonia, whereas others allow for ammonia oxidation to nitrate. Therefore in expressing results, the calculation assumptions should always be stated. T The thermal conductivity, λ, is the quantity of heat transmitted, due to unit temperature gradient, in unitary time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of unit area, when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient. TLV-TWA 8h The time-weighted average concentration for a conventional 8-hour workday and 40-hour workweek exposure to a substance, to which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse health effects. The data are given after American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, ACGIH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH, and Occupational Safety & Health Administration, OSHA. Databook of Green Solvents, 2nd Edition/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing
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UN The UN number is a four-digit number assigned to a potentially hazardous material. These numbers are used by firefighters and other emergency response personnel for identification of materials during transportation emergencies. UN (United Nations) numbers are internationally recognized. UN A list of numbers of risk phrases compiled by UN which characterize behavior of a particular compound UN A list of numbers of safety phrases compiled by UN which should be followed during transportation of a particular compound UN/NA A four digit number representing a particular chemical or group of chemicals. These numbers are assigned by the United Nations (UN Numbers), the U.S. Department of Transportation (NA Numbers), or Transport Canada (NA Numbers). These numbers are commonly used throughout the world to aid in the quick identification of the materials contained within bulk containers (such as rail cars, semi-trailers and intermodal containers). U Ozone formation potential by a chemical material assuming that C2H2 has potential equal 1. UV Major absorption peaks in the UV range are listed. V The density of a gas relative to the density of air. V Vapor pressure is a fundamental thermodynamic property of a solid or liquid. It is the pressure generated at a particular temperature by pure component which has liquid (or solid) and vapor in equilibrium in a closed vessel. Its units are the usual units of pressure (e.g., kPa). The vapor pressure of a liquid increases with temperature between the triple point and the critical point. V The temperature at which vapor pressure was measured. V It is a ratio of shear stress and shear strain expressed in mPa s. V The temperature at which given value of viscosity was measured.
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