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Initiatives to respond to climate change concerns
15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety)
96/03237 lEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme: Full fuel cycle studies Audus, H. Energy Converso Mgmt., Juri-Aug. 1996,37, (6), 837-842. The lEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme is an international collaboration supported by 16 countries and several industrial organisations. Its purpose is to evaluate technologies for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. In the first 3 years of work, the programme concentrated on CO 2 emissions from power stations. The main types of power plant and various technologies for capturing CO 2 were examined. Storage and utilisation options for CO 2 were assessed. The work culminated in the life cycle assessment reported in this paper of 3 fossil fuel based power generation cyles in which CO 2 was captured and stored. For each fuel cycle, one natural gas and two coal based, a full 'cradle-to-grave' analysis of emissions was made. Discusses the logic behind the assumptions, and limitations in the data and methodology. 96/03238 IKARUS - A fundamental concept for national GHG-mltlgatlon strategies Markewitz, P. et al., Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 777-782. Within the frame of the Germany IKARUS project (Instruments for Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies) a bottomup energy optimization model and a macroeconomic simulation model based on the input-output approach have been developed. Under the restriction to reduce energy related CO 2 emissions by 25% until 2005, first model runs have been done for the Germany Previous States. The aim of the project is to provide tools for developing strategies to reduce-energy related emissions of greenhouse gases in Germany. 96/03239 The impact of fossil generation advances on the emissions of CO2 In the United States Armor, A. F. and Preston, G. T. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 671-677. Today, 72% of electric power in the United States is generated from fossil fuels. Additional capacity being brought online to satisfy increasing demand will be almost entirely fossil-based in the next 10-15 years, despite technological advances in renewables and nuclear generation. The paper reviews opportunities for efficiency improvement in existing fossil-fuel plants and the likely deployment of new generation options designed to improve plant efficiency and reduce emissions. 96/03240 The important role of organic matter cycling for the biological fixation of CO2 In coral reefs Suzuki, Y. et al., Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Sep. 1995, 36, (6), 737-740. The role or organic matter cycling in increasing biological fixation of cal. in coral reef has been studied at Miyako Island in Japan (RITE project 01 coral reef study). The carbon and nitrogen contents of dissolved and particulate forms of organic matter in coral reef water and in various living organisms were measured. It was found that the concentrations of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the reef are lower than those of open ocean, despite the higher gross productivity area in the world ocean. Calculations from the temporal changes of organic carbon and inorganic carbon in the water column revealed that there is an imbalance between production and consumption. 96/03241 Improved evaluation of on-line networks for measuring local gamma dose rates Hehn, G. et al., Kernteehnik, Feb. 1996, 61, (1), 34-39. Reliable data on local gamma dose rates which are based on measurements are a prerequisite for well-founded decisions on emergency measures to protect the public in the case of a severe reactor accident. Since the local density of on-line dose rate monitors is restricted, interpolations between the detector locations must be performed in real time using advanced emergency codes. The local fine structure of the gamma dose rate originating from cloud and ground radiation is determined with refined dose modules. Correlations factors between maximum and mean doses and the gamma dose rates measured at the detector locations are defined. Absolute release terms need not be known since relative quantities are sufficient to calculate the correlation factors. Results are given for the site of the nuclear plant of Obrigheim. 96/03242 Improvement and control of air-conditioning systems In coal mines Schlotte, W. Glueckauj-Forschungsh., 1995,56, (2), 59-63. (In German) Investigations into increased capacity and regulation of air cooling systems have yielded important findings about the feasibility of regulatory and control interventions. Extensive investigations were carried out using meters and regulator valves as possible component parts in a control circuit.
96/03243 Improvement of coal tailings disposal via understanding of clay chemistry De Kretser, R. G. and Boger, D. V. Publ. Australas. lnst. Min. Metall., 1995, 149-153. The paper examines the coal tailings from a Hunger Valley colliery where the tailings properties are influenced significantly by the presence of montmorillonite clay. Results indicate that the initial electrolyte concentration of the washwater in a coal washery is the critical factor controlling the dewaterability of clay tailings and the handleability of the dewatered product rather than the actual act of coagulating with the Ca ion. The results presented are of clear practical significance and indicate how coal tailings problems where clay dominates the rheology can be improved considerably by knowledge of the surface chemistry. 96/03244 Indian mining Industry and concern about ecology Choudukhri, S. and Ali, S. V. Ugol, 1995, (4), 57-60. (In Russian) The paper discusses the environmental issues of ore and coal mining in India. 96/03245 Indoor radon from building material remedial action using adsorptive wallpapers Kames, J. and Lind, O. Int. Can! on Health Buildings in Mild Climate, Milan, Sep. 1995, ISBN 88-900086-00-1, 1995,2,689-693. The paper describes a new remediation concept for dwellings whose building materials emit radon. Describes how a house in Sweden had its radonemitting walls and ceilings covered with a composite material. 96/03246 INES five-years on Taylor, R. H. and Mortin, S. 1. Nuclear Engineering lnt., Mar. 1996,41, (500), 40-41. INES - the International Nuclear Event Scale, has now been successfully communicating nuclear risks to the public for five years. Despite being created as a communication tool, its firm scientific base has given it credibility and is responsible, at least in part, for its success. Further improvements in its use are still being made, while keeping in mind the scale's main communication role and the need to respond rapidly to events. 96/03247 Inflammatory and fibrotic mediator release byalveolar macrophages from coal miners Kuhn, D. et al., 1. Toxieol. Environ. Health, 1995,46, (1), 9-21. Eicosanoids and cytokines produced by alveolar macrophages (AM) are key mediators of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The authors determined if eicosanoid production and cytokine production are altered in AM obtained from coal miners. The results of these studies suggest that occupational inhalation of coal dust may increase total lung eicosanoid and cytokine levels and reduce the reactivity of AM to bacterial endotoxin. Furthermore, coal dust-induced changes in both eicosanoid and cytokine release may be subject to pharmacological modulation. 96/03248 Information on environmental performance of distribution materials Van Nifterik, G. Gas (Netherlands), Mar. 1996, 116, (3), 20·21. (In Flemish) In constructing new gas pipelines energy distribution companies are increasingly dealing with the question of which material has the lowest environmental impact. The answer to that question was not easy to find, however, since the necessary data was lacking. Gastec and the 'Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden' (Centre for Environmental Studies of Leiden State University) studied and compared the environmental aspects of materials. The study covered the entire life cycle from raw materials production through digging and welding or fusion jointing to the moment the materials are discarded as waste. 96/03249 Initiatives to respond to climate change concerns Koch, H. 1. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996,37, (6), 653-657. Discusses the concerns over the potential impacts of enhanced global warming and climate change which has led to a number of initiatives related to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, notably from the energy sector. The most significant is the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change signed in Rio in 1992. Others include the Climate Technology Initiative, announced at the FCCC Conference of the Parties in Berlin in April 1995 and endorsed by 23 OECD/IEA countries and the European Commission. 96/03250 An input-output analysis of carbon diOXide emissions for the UK Hetherington, R. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 979-984. Climate change is one of a growing number of potential global environmental problems. One of the main contributors to climate change is the release of carbon dioxide (CO,) into the atmosphere and the resultant greenhouse effect. Within the UK, the majority of CO z is released through the burning of fossil fuels to meet energy demands. These demands are both direct, for heating, lighting etc., and indirect arising out of the demand for goods and services requiring energy consumption in their delivery. The paper presents results, in the form of CO 2 intensities which measure total (direct and indirect) CO z emissions for each pound sterling of output from 101 industry groups in the UK.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996 223
96/03237 lEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme: Full fuel cycle studies Audus, H. Energy Converso Mgmt., Juri-Aug. 1996,37, (6), 837-842. The lEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme is an international collaboration supported by 16 countries and several industrial organisations. Its purpose is to evaluate technologies for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. In the first 3 years of work, the programme concentrated on CO 2 emissions from power stations. The main types of power plant and various technologies for capturing CO 2 were examined. Storage and utilisation options for CO 2 were assessed. The work culminated in the life cycle assessment reported in this paper of 3 fossil fuel based power generation cyles in which CO 2 was captured and stored. For each fuel cycle, one natural gas and two coal based, a full 'cradle-to-grave' analysis of emissions was made. Discusses the logic behind the assumptions, and limitations in the data and methodology. 96/03238 IKARUS - A fundamental concept for national GHG-mltlgatlon strategies Markewitz, P. et al., Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 777-782. Within the frame of the Germany IKARUS project (Instruments for Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies) a bottomup energy optimization model and a macroeconomic simulation model based on the input-output approach have been developed. Under the restriction to reduce energy related CO 2 emissions by 25% until 2005, first model runs have been done for the Germany Previous States. The aim of the project is to provide tools for developing strategies to reduce-energy related emissions of greenhouse gases in Germany. 96/03239 The impact of fossil generation advances on the emissions of CO2 In the United States Armor, A. F. and Preston, G. T. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 671-677. Today, 72% of electric power in the United States is generated from fossil fuels. Additional capacity being brought online to satisfy increasing demand will be almost entirely fossil-based in the next 10-15 years, despite technological advances in renewables and nuclear generation. The paper reviews opportunities for efficiency improvement in existing fossil-fuel plants and the likely deployment of new generation options designed to improve plant efficiency and reduce emissions. 96/03240 The important role of organic matter cycling for the biological fixation of CO2 In coral reefs Suzuki, Y. et al., Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Sep. 1995, 36, (6), 737-740. The role or organic matter cycling in increasing biological fixation of cal. in coral reef has been studied at Miyako Island in Japan (RITE project 01 coral reef study). The carbon and nitrogen contents of dissolved and particulate forms of organic matter in coral reef water and in various living organisms were measured. It was found that the concentrations of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the reef are lower than those of open ocean, despite the higher gross productivity area in the world ocean. Calculations from the temporal changes of organic carbon and inorganic carbon in the water column revealed that there is an imbalance between production and consumption. 96/03241 Improved evaluation of on-line networks for measuring local gamma dose rates Hehn, G. et al., Kernteehnik, Feb. 1996, 61, (1), 34-39. Reliable data on local gamma dose rates which are based on measurements are a prerequisite for well-founded decisions on emergency measures to protect the public in the case of a severe reactor accident. Since the local density of on-line dose rate monitors is restricted, interpolations between the detector locations must be performed in real time using advanced emergency codes. The local fine structure of the gamma dose rate originating from cloud and ground radiation is determined with refined dose modules. Correlations factors between maximum and mean doses and the gamma dose rates measured at the detector locations are defined. Absolute release terms need not be known since relative quantities are sufficient to calculate the correlation factors. Results are given for the site of the nuclear plant of Obrigheim. 96/03242 Improvement and control of air-conditioning systems In coal mines Schlotte, W. Glueckauj-Forschungsh., 1995,56, (2), 59-63. (In German) Investigations into increased capacity and regulation of air cooling systems have yielded important findings about the feasibility of regulatory and control interventions. Extensive investigations were carried out using meters and regulator valves as possible component parts in a control circuit.
96/03243 Improvement of coal tailings disposal via understanding of clay chemistry De Kretser, R. G. and Boger, D. V. Publ. Australas. lnst. Min. Metall., 1995, 149-153. The paper examines the coal tailings from a Hunger Valley colliery where the tailings properties are influenced significantly by the presence of montmorillonite clay. Results indicate that the initial electrolyte concentration of the washwater in a coal washery is the critical factor controlling the dewaterability of clay tailings and the handleability of the dewatered product rather than the actual act of coagulating with the Ca ion. The results presented are of clear practical significance and indicate how coal tailings problems where clay dominates the rheology can be improved considerably by knowledge of the surface chemistry. 96/03244 Indian mining Industry and concern about ecology Choudukhri, S. and Ali, S. V. Ugol, 1995, (4), 57-60. (In Russian) The paper discusses the environmental issues of ore and coal mining in India. 96/03245 Indoor radon from building material remedial action using adsorptive wallpapers Kames, J. and Lind, O. Int. Can! on Health Buildings in Mild Climate, Milan, Sep. 1995, ISBN 88-900086-00-1, 1995,2,689-693. The paper describes a new remediation concept for dwellings whose building materials emit radon. Describes how a house in Sweden had its radonemitting walls and ceilings covered with a composite material. 96/03246 INES five-years on Taylor, R. H. and Mortin, S. 1. Nuclear Engineering lnt., Mar. 1996,41, (500), 40-41. INES - the International Nuclear Event Scale, has now been successfully communicating nuclear risks to the public for five years. Despite being created as a communication tool, its firm scientific base has given it credibility and is responsible, at least in part, for its success. Further improvements in its use are still being made, while keeping in mind the scale's main communication role and the need to respond rapidly to events. 96/03247 Inflammatory and fibrotic mediator release byalveolar macrophages from coal miners Kuhn, D. et al., 1. Toxieol. Environ. Health, 1995,46, (1), 9-21. Eicosanoids and cytokines produced by alveolar macrophages (AM) are key mediators of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The authors determined if eicosanoid production and cytokine production are altered in AM obtained from coal miners. The results of these studies suggest that occupational inhalation of coal dust may increase total lung eicosanoid and cytokine levels and reduce the reactivity of AM to bacterial endotoxin. Furthermore, coal dust-induced changes in both eicosanoid and cytokine release may be subject to pharmacological modulation. 96/03248 Information on environmental performance of distribution materials Van Nifterik, G. Gas (Netherlands), Mar. 1996, 116, (3), 20·21. (In Flemish) In constructing new gas pipelines energy distribution companies are increasingly dealing with the question of which material has the lowest environmental impact. The answer to that question was not easy to find, however, since the necessary data was lacking. Gastec and the 'Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden' (Centre for Environmental Studies of Leiden State University) studied and compared the environmental aspects of materials. The study covered the entire life cycle from raw materials production through digging and welding or fusion jointing to the moment the materials are discarded as waste. 96/03249 Initiatives to respond to climate change concerns Koch, H. 1. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996,37, (6), 653-657. Discusses the concerns over the potential impacts of enhanced global warming and climate change which has led to a number of initiatives related to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, notably from the energy sector. The most significant is the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change signed in Rio in 1992. Others include the Climate Technology Initiative, announced at the FCCC Conference of the Parties in Berlin in April 1995 and endorsed by 23 OECD/IEA countries and the European Commission. 96/03250 An input-output analysis of carbon diOXide emissions for the UK Hetherington, R. Energy Converso Mgmt., Jun.-Aug. 1996, 37, (6), 979-984. Climate change is one of a growing number of potential global environmental problems. One of the main contributors to climate change is the release of carbon dioxide (CO,) into the atmosphere and the resultant greenhouse effect. Within the UK, the majority of CO z is released through the burning of fossil fuels to meet energy demands. These demands are both direct, for heating, lighting etc., and indirect arising out of the demand for goods and services requiring energy consumption in their delivery. The paper presents results, in the form of CO 2 intensities which measure total (direct and indirect) CO z emissions for each pound sterling of output from 101 industry groups in the UK.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996 223