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Innovative Technologies for Assessment and Correction of the Driving Style
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
12th International Conference "Organization and Traffic Safety Management in large cities", SPbOTSIC-2016, 28-30 September 2016, St. Petersburg, Russia
Innovative Technologies for Assessment and Correction of the Driving Style Larisa Rogavichene1a,Ivan Garmonnikov1b 1
Saint Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 49 KronverkskyProsp., Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia a [email protected], [email protected] The publication was prepared within the framework of a research project supported by the RHF ʋ16-32-00008
Abstract The article considers the relevance of the assessment, monitoring, and correction of the driving style and suggests methods for its correction. The study originality lies in the system analysis of technologies for the assessment and correction of the driving style, development of the system of driving characteristics, driving style assessment and correction methods’ application algorithm at the automobile operating company (AOC). The study has shown the following scientific results: x correlation between indicators characterizing peculiarities of driving and sustainable development of the AOC has been revealed; x algorithm for the monitoring, assessment, and correction of the driving style has been suggested; x conclusion with regard to the fact that the considered driving style indicators, assessment and correction methods methodologically predetermine the regulation of AOC efficiency has been made. © Published by by Elsevier B.V.B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2017 2016The TheAuthors. Authors. Published Elsevier (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility ofthe organizing committee of the 12th International Conference "Organization and Traffic under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 12th International Conference “Organization and Traffic Safety Peer-review Safety Management in large cities". Management in large cities” Keywords:innovative technologies; driving style; transport; sustainable development; traffic safety
1. Main text In the year 2014, in the territory of the Russian Federation, more than 200 ths road traffic accidents (RTAs) were registered. During these accidents, 25.1 ths people died and 252.8 ths were injured. The analysis of historical data (Fig. 1) shows that the main reason of RTAs is non-observance of road traffic regulations by drivers in as much as 87% of the total number of accidents (173.9 ths RTAs). At that, almost 40% or 76.9 ths RTAs were caused by drivers which had been administratively liable on more than one occasion [1].
2352-1465 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 12th International Conference “Organization and Traffic Safety Management in large cities” doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2017.01.091
565
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
Driving style indicators
Reliability of carriage
Carriage securiti
Work and leisure conditions
Transport services quality indicators
Transport efficiency indicators
Reduction of fines amount
Timeliness of carriage
Cargo safety
Resource conservation
Working conditions improvement
Lower fuel and repair costs Road accident reduction Income increase
Competitive ability of transport company
Sustainable development of transport
2. Driving style influence at transport company operation
Tariff policy
Accident rate
1. Areas of driving style characteristicsinfluence
Driving style
3. Driving style influence at transport development
Fig. 1.Logical scheme of correlation between the driving style and sustainable development of the transport service market.
According to the statistics, multiple breaches are committed by a narrow group of individuals — in 2014, 4.2 ths physical persons and legal entities committed 100 and more breaches of road traffic regulations [2]. Multiple breaches of road traffic regulations are indicative of the formation of the driving style hazardous for other road users. To decrease the traffic accident rate and minimize accident consequences, it is required to assess and control the driving style as well as correct it in those drivers who regularly breach road traffic regulations. However, the difficulty of driving style determination, monitoring, and correction lies in the fact that, currently, in the Russian Federation, they are performed without application of innovative technologies which makes them labor consuming, expensive, and, therefore, of no interest for transport companies. The study is aimed at revealing the possibility of application of innovative technologies for driving style monitoring and correction. For this purpose, it is suggested to give the author’s vision of the issue with regard to determination of parameters for driving style assessment and respective correction methods to enhance the traffic safety in big cities alongside with enhancing AOC efficiency.
566
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
The following research methods were used in the work: system method, logical method, comparative analysis; statistical data analysis; decomposition, induction and deduction, graphic methods. Peculiarities of driving typical for various drivers directly influence the transport process results and may be assessed through environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety of driving [Millerand Taubman (2010)]. In scientific literature, the aggregate of general characteristics of driving activity and peculiarities of driving behavior is named as a driving style [Taubman and Yehiel (2012)]. Depending on his or her driving style, a driver may perform driving differently: with progressive or hard braking, turning with or without deceleration, etc. The aggregate nature of driving performance allows making a conclusion about the driving style of a driver [Naritsin (2006)]. In our opinion, the influence of the individual driving style on sustainable development may be represented in the form of the conceptual scheme given in Fig. 1. It shall be noted that the studied dependence acts indirectly through the influence on AOC operation efficiency and itscompetitive ability. To determine the driving style of a certain person, it is required to gather the information about his or her driving peculiarities, i.e. to define the way in which characteristics of the individual driving style manifest during driving [Lobanova (2014)]. Accordingly, it is required to specify the way it is possible to obtain the information about characteristics of the driving style of a certain person. Such methods as driving accompanied by a special person recording driving characteristics and drivers’ poll for a long time have been the most popular ways of obtaining such information. However, these methods are subjective and distort the results of undertaken studies. For example, a driver can make an intentional or occasional mistake while answering a question and an observer can rely on his or her subjective opinion while assessing the actions of ɚ driver. Given this, to define characteristics of the driving style of a driver, it is required to use objective control means such as innovative technologies of satellite monitoring, traffic surveillance, various sensors defining operating parameters of a vehicle as well as actions of a driver. The monitoring is understood as the continuous process of collection and analysis of the information about the values of the diagnostic parameters of an object. The vehicle monitoring process is mainly aimed at the control of the current condition and location of vehicles. Vehicles are equipped with satellite monitoring modules sending the data on the location and condition of a vehicle by means of satellite transmission of a signal to the server where the incoming data are processed with software. Monitoring means together with a tachograph and sensors of a vehicle allow to determine observance of the speed rate, work and rest schedule, acceleration and braking type. Due to the possibility of integration with monitoring modules of other equipment, the monitoring means represent one of the most meaningful information sources about the driving style. One of the innovative methods to obtain the information about the driving style is integration with the system of monitoring of dashboard cameras and radars. It allows for assessing additional characteristics such as keeping the pace and maintenance of lateral distances as well as confirmation of the information received from the satellite monitoring system using video sequence with registration of acts of breaching [8]. The other way to obtain the information about the driving style is the use of traffic surveillance means such as cameras or radars. These means also allow for obtaining the information about the movement mode of a vehicle, observance of marking and signs, the required speed rate. Another tool required to obtain the information about the driving style is represented with various sensors which can be installed on a vehicle and even integrated into monitoring modules. With use of such sensors, it is possible to obtain the information about acceleration modes, moving and braking of a vehicle, use of a seat belt or use of only one hand while driving. Table 1 shows the information about objective control means to be used to obtain the information about characteristics of the driving style.
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570 Table 1.Characteristics of the driving style and ways to obtain the information about their values. Driving style characteristic
Way to obtain the information
Overtaking
Traffic cameras
Assessment substantiation Number of overtaking acts for 1 operational km
Lane changing
Steering angle sensor
Emergency braking and/or steering input;
Speed sensor, steering angle sensor, monitoring data
Keeping the pace
Radar, traffic cameras
Keeping priorities while driving
Dashboard camera, traffic cameras
Braking type
Speed sensor, accelerometer
Acceleration type
Speed sensor, accelerometer
Steering speed change
Speed sensor, steering angle sensor, monitoring data
Criticism of other road users
Feedback (sticker with a phone number)
Speed rate observance
Speed sensor, monitoring data
Shift break rest regulatory compliance
Tachograph, monitoring data
Shift rest regulatory compliance
Tachograph, monitoring data
Observance of traffic lights / regulators
Dashboard camera, traffic cameras
Section 13 of the Road Traffic Regulations
Observance of marking and signs
Dashboard camera, traffic cameras
Appendices 1 and 2 to the Road Traffic Regulations
Use of a seat belt
Seat belt sensor
Observance of U-turn rules
Dashboard camera, traffic cameras
Vertical reset
Accelerometer
Engine running time during parking
Engine operation sensors
Number of lane changing acts for 1 operational km Cl. 10.5 of the Road Traffic Regulations [5] Cl. 9.10 of the Road Traffic Regulations Section 13 of the Road Traffic Regulations Emergency braking ratio to the total Hard acceleration ratio to the total Steering speed change and steering angle ratio Number of complaints about a driver Section 10 of the Road Traffic Regulations
Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 15 dated August 20, 2004. List of modificative documents (rev. No. 299 dated 13.10.2015) “On validation of the provision with regard to the work and rest schedule for drivers” [6]
Cl. 2.1.2 of the Road Traffic Regulations Cl. 8.11 of the Road Traffic Regulations Number of vertical resets Engine running time during parking
Thus, the information about all characteristics of the driving style can be collected with use of objective control means. At that, in case of integration of vehicle sensors with monitoring modules, it is possible to obtain the larger part of this data exclusively due to the monitoring system which facilitates the collection, processing, and analysis of the incoming information. Based on the information obtained this way, it is possible to determine the driving style of a certain person. However, consideration shall be given to the fact that the collection of data on the driving style with use of a dashboard camera is extremely labor consuming and demands time expenditures for the data processing, compatible with the labor time of a driver, which makes the assessment of individual driving characteristics inefficient.
567
568
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
Accordingly, to determine the driving style of a driver, it is reasonable to use only those driving style characteristics which can be expeditiously assessed or fixed. Labor resources of the enterprise
Definition of driving style parameter estimation Selection of driving style estimation methods Use of driving style definition methods
No
Driving style meets the requirements of sustainable development
Yes
Driving style correction Use of motivation system Positive
Concealing Traffic safety
Sanctions to the driver Negative
Indicators dynamics Positive improvement
Sustainable development Fig. 2 Algorithm for application of the methods for the assessment and correction of the driving style at an AOC.
To correct the driving style, the following technical means can be used: traffic surveillance and information means, driving with a supervisor, tachographs, monitoring modules, buzzers, radar-detector, GPS signal mufflers, advanced driving aid systems such as automatic parking systems, cruise control systems, systems for driver’s condition determination, collision avoidance systems, systems of automatic lane following or lane changing. The systems for correction of the driving style can be classified on the basis of the achieved result into three groups: • devices correcting the driving style by means of fixing breaches and sending the respective information to a driver by a feedback path; • devices correcting the information about the driving style due to difficulties in fixing breaches;
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
•
devices correcting the driving style by means of automatization of the driving process and partial performing of functions of a driver [7]. The classification of driving style correction systems is given in Fig. 3.
External objective control facilities
Correction through feedback
Monitoring modules Buzzers Driving with supervisor Tachograph
Driving style correction systems
Correction through complication of violations fixing
Radar detectors GPS signal mufflers Cruise control Collision avoidance system
Correction through vehicle control automation
Lane Assist systems Traffic Sign Recognition system
Fig. 3.Classification of driving style correction systems.
Thus, the correction of the driving style will allow making progress in several directions concurrently, namely: to decrease the accident rate and a number of victims in RTAs, to make the urban transport system safer for humans; to decrease original cost of transport services for account of decrease of POL and spare parts consumption, to enhance competitive ability of transport companies; to decrease the level of pollution resulted from vehicles’ use, which facilitates urban sustainable development. 2. Conclusion The performed analysis of statistical data allowed to emphasize raising of the transport safety and efficiency requirements. Based on the decomposition of the driving style, the correlation between indicators characterizing peculiarities of driving and the sustainable development of an AOC ɚs well as the influence of the driving style on the sustainable development of transport have been revealed. The author’s vision for solving the issue with regard to selection of criteria for the assessment of the driving style with consideration of the target indices of the sustainable development is suggested; the respective indices are given. The innovative technologies for the assessment and correctionof the driving style allowing enhancing the transport operation efficiency and urban traffic safety are given. The algorithm for the monitoring, assessment, and correction of the driving style allowing adapting the latter to the requirements and the target indices of the sustainable development is suggested. The considered indices of the driving style, performed analysis of the assessment and correction methods
569
570
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
methodologically predetermine the regulation of the indices of the sustainable development of transport. Complex implementation of means for the driving style assessment and correction is one of the transport improvement and development factors. References 1. 2. 3.
Vasilyev, V. (2015). Bus Russia — what is ahead? Avtomobil'nyj transport, No.12, pp. 38–44 (in Russian). Kuzmina, O.V. (2015). New traffic draft laws. Avtomobil'nyj transport, No.12, pp. 33–35 (in Russian). Naritsin, N. (2006). Psychology of safe driving [Psihologijabezopasnostivozhdenija].Ripol Classic Publishing House, Moscow, 256 p. (in Russian). 4. Lobanova, Yu. I. (2014).About the directions for optimization of the driving style [O napravlenijahoptimizacijastiljavozhdenija]. Science and education in modern society: the vector of the development [Naukaiobrazovanie v sovremennomobshhestve: vektorrazvitija]. Collection of scientific works following the proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, April 3, 2014.In 7 parts.Part 7.ARConsult, Moscow, pp. 86–89 (in Russian). 5. The Government of Russian Federation (2016). Road traffic regulations. Available at: http://www.pdd24.com (viewed on 10.03.2016) (in Russian). 6. Ministry of Transport (2015). Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 15 dated August 20, 2004. List of modificative documents (rev. No. 299 dated 13.10.2015) “On validation of the provision with regard to the work and rest schedule for drivers”. Available at: http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=187718 (viewed on 07.04.2016) (in Russian). 7. Mobileye Vision Technologies (1999). Emergency prevention system Mobileye. Available at: http://www.mobile-eye.ru/whatis.htm (viewed on 07.03.2016) (in Russian). 8. Scout (2005). Satellite monitoring of transport of SCOUT Group of Companies. Available at: https://www.scout-gps.ru (viewed on 09.03.2016) (in Russian). 9. Miller, G., Taubman, B.-A. O. (2010).Driving styles among young novice drivers.The contribution of parental driving styles and personal characteristics. Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 42, pp. 558–570. 10. Taubman, B.-A. O., Yehiel, D. (2012). Driving styles and their associations with personality and motivation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 45, pp. 416–422.
ScienceDirect Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
12th International Conference "Organization and Traffic Safety Management in large cities", SPbOTSIC-2016, 28-30 September 2016, St. Petersburg, Russia
Innovative Technologies for Assessment and Correction of the Driving Style Larisa Rogavichene1a,Ivan Garmonnikov1b 1
Saint Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 49 KronverkskyProsp., Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russia a [email protected], [email protected] The publication was prepared within the framework of a research project supported by the RHF ʋ16-32-00008
Abstract The article considers the relevance of the assessment, monitoring, and correction of the driving style and suggests methods for its correction. The study originality lies in the system analysis of technologies for the assessment and correction of the driving style, development of the system of driving characteristics, driving style assessment and correction methods’ application algorithm at the automobile operating company (AOC). The study has shown the following scientific results: x correlation between indicators characterizing peculiarities of driving and sustainable development of the AOC has been revealed; x algorithm for the monitoring, assessment, and correction of the driving style has been suggested; x conclusion with regard to the fact that the considered driving style indicators, assessment and correction methods methodologically predetermine the regulation of AOC efficiency has been made. © Published by by Elsevier B.V.B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2017 2016The TheAuthors. Authors. Published Elsevier (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility ofthe organizing committee of the 12th International Conference "Organization and Traffic under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 12th International Conference “Organization and Traffic Safety Peer-review Safety Management in large cities". Management in large cities” Keywords:innovative technologies; driving style; transport; sustainable development; traffic safety
1. Main text In the year 2014, in the territory of the Russian Federation, more than 200 ths road traffic accidents (RTAs) were registered. During these accidents, 25.1 ths people died and 252.8 ths were injured. The analysis of historical data (Fig. 1) shows that the main reason of RTAs is non-observance of road traffic regulations by drivers in as much as 87% of the total number of accidents (173.9 ths RTAs). At that, almost 40% or 76.9 ths RTAs were caused by drivers which had been administratively liable on more than one occasion [1].
2352-1465 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 12th International Conference “Organization and Traffic Safety Management in large cities” doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2017.01.091
565
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
Driving style indicators
Reliability of carriage
Carriage securiti
Work and leisure conditions
Transport services quality indicators
Transport efficiency indicators
Reduction of fines amount
Timeliness of carriage
Cargo safety
Resource conservation
Working conditions improvement
Lower fuel and repair costs Road accident reduction Income increase
Competitive ability of transport company
Sustainable development of transport
2. Driving style influence at transport company operation
Tariff policy
Accident rate
1. Areas of driving style characteristicsinfluence
Driving style
3. Driving style influence at transport development
Fig. 1.Logical scheme of correlation between the driving style and sustainable development of the transport service market.
According to the statistics, multiple breaches are committed by a narrow group of individuals — in 2014, 4.2 ths physical persons and legal entities committed 100 and more breaches of road traffic regulations [2]. Multiple breaches of road traffic regulations are indicative of the formation of the driving style hazardous for other road users. To decrease the traffic accident rate and minimize accident consequences, it is required to assess and control the driving style as well as correct it in those drivers who regularly breach road traffic regulations. However, the difficulty of driving style determination, monitoring, and correction lies in the fact that, currently, in the Russian Federation, they are performed without application of innovative technologies which makes them labor consuming, expensive, and, therefore, of no interest for transport companies. The study is aimed at revealing the possibility of application of innovative technologies for driving style monitoring and correction. For this purpose, it is suggested to give the author’s vision of the issue with regard to determination of parameters for driving style assessment and respective correction methods to enhance the traffic safety in big cities alongside with enhancing AOC efficiency.
566
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
The following research methods were used in the work: system method, logical method, comparative analysis; statistical data analysis; decomposition, induction and deduction, graphic methods. Peculiarities of driving typical for various drivers directly influence the transport process results and may be assessed through environmental compatibility, efficiency, and safety of driving [Millerand Taubman (2010)]. In scientific literature, the aggregate of general characteristics of driving activity and peculiarities of driving behavior is named as a driving style [Taubman and Yehiel (2012)]. Depending on his or her driving style, a driver may perform driving differently: with progressive or hard braking, turning with or without deceleration, etc. The aggregate nature of driving performance allows making a conclusion about the driving style of a driver [Naritsin (2006)]. In our opinion, the influence of the individual driving style on sustainable development may be represented in the form of the conceptual scheme given in Fig. 1. It shall be noted that the studied dependence acts indirectly through the influence on AOC operation efficiency and itscompetitive ability. To determine the driving style of a certain person, it is required to gather the information about his or her driving peculiarities, i.e. to define the way in which characteristics of the individual driving style manifest during driving [Lobanova (2014)]. Accordingly, it is required to specify the way it is possible to obtain the information about characteristics of the driving style of a certain person. Such methods as driving accompanied by a special person recording driving characteristics and drivers’ poll for a long time have been the most popular ways of obtaining such information. However, these methods are subjective and distort the results of undertaken studies. For example, a driver can make an intentional or occasional mistake while answering a question and an observer can rely on his or her subjective opinion while assessing the actions of ɚ driver. Given this, to define characteristics of the driving style of a driver, it is required to use objective control means such as innovative technologies of satellite monitoring, traffic surveillance, various sensors defining operating parameters of a vehicle as well as actions of a driver. The monitoring is understood as the continuous process of collection and analysis of the information about the values of the diagnostic parameters of an object. The vehicle monitoring process is mainly aimed at the control of the current condition and location of vehicles. Vehicles are equipped with satellite monitoring modules sending the data on the location and condition of a vehicle by means of satellite transmission of a signal to the server where the incoming data are processed with software. Monitoring means together with a tachograph and sensors of a vehicle allow to determine observance of the speed rate, work and rest schedule, acceleration and braking type. Due to the possibility of integration with monitoring modules of other equipment, the monitoring means represent one of the most meaningful information sources about the driving style. One of the innovative methods to obtain the information about the driving style is integration with the system of monitoring of dashboard cameras and radars. It allows for assessing additional characteristics such as keeping the pace and maintenance of lateral distances as well as confirmation of the information received from the satellite monitoring system using video sequence with registration of acts of breaching [8]. The other way to obtain the information about the driving style is the use of traffic surveillance means such as cameras or radars. These means also allow for obtaining the information about the movement mode of a vehicle, observance of marking and signs, the required speed rate. Another tool required to obtain the information about the driving style is represented with various sensors which can be installed on a vehicle and even integrated into monitoring modules. With use of such sensors, it is possible to obtain the information about acceleration modes, moving and braking of a vehicle, use of a seat belt or use of only one hand while driving. Table 1 shows the information about objective control means to be used to obtain the information about characteristics of the driving style.
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570 Table 1.Characteristics of the driving style and ways to obtain the information about their values. Driving style characteristic
Way to obtain the information
Overtaking
Traffic cameras
Assessment substantiation Number of overtaking acts for 1 operational km
Lane changing
Steering angle sensor
Emergency braking and/or steering input;
Speed sensor, steering angle sensor, monitoring data
Keeping the pace
Radar, traffic cameras
Keeping priorities while driving
Dashboard camera, traffic cameras
Braking type
Speed sensor, accelerometer
Acceleration type
Speed sensor, accelerometer
Steering speed change
Speed sensor, steering angle sensor, monitoring data
Criticism of other road users
Feedback (sticker with a phone number)
Speed rate observance
Speed sensor, monitoring data
Shift break rest regulatory compliance
Tachograph, monitoring data
Shift rest regulatory compliance
Tachograph, monitoring data
Observance of traffic lights / regulators
Dashboard camera, traffic cameras
Section 13 of the Road Traffic Regulations
Observance of marking and signs
Dashboard camera, traffic cameras
Appendices 1 and 2 to the Road Traffic Regulations
Use of a seat belt
Seat belt sensor
Observance of U-turn rules
Dashboard camera, traffic cameras
Vertical reset
Accelerometer
Engine running time during parking
Engine operation sensors
Number of lane changing acts for 1 operational km Cl. 10.5 of the Road Traffic Regulations [5] Cl. 9.10 of the Road Traffic Regulations Section 13 of the Road Traffic Regulations Emergency braking ratio to the total Hard acceleration ratio to the total Steering speed change and steering angle ratio Number of complaints about a driver Section 10 of the Road Traffic Regulations
Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 15 dated August 20, 2004. List of modificative documents (rev. No. 299 dated 13.10.2015) “On validation of the provision with regard to the work and rest schedule for drivers” [6]
Cl. 2.1.2 of the Road Traffic Regulations Cl. 8.11 of the Road Traffic Regulations Number of vertical resets Engine running time during parking
Thus, the information about all characteristics of the driving style can be collected with use of objective control means. At that, in case of integration of vehicle sensors with monitoring modules, it is possible to obtain the larger part of this data exclusively due to the monitoring system which facilitates the collection, processing, and analysis of the incoming information. Based on the information obtained this way, it is possible to determine the driving style of a certain person. However, consideration shall be given to the fact that the collection of data on the driving style with use of a dashboard camera is extremely labor consuming and demands time expenditures for the data processing, compatible with the labor time of a driver, which makes the assessment of individual driving characteristics inefficient.
567
568
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
Accordingly, to determine the driving style of a driver, it is reasonable to use only those driving style characteristics which can be expeditiously assessed or fixed. Labor resources of the enterprise
Definition of driving style parameter estimation Selection of driving style estimation methods Use of driving style definition methods
No
Driving style meets the requirements of sustainable development
Yes
Driving style correction Use of motivation system Positive
Concealing Traffic safety
Sanctions to the driver Negative
Indicators dynamics Positive improvement
Sustainable development Fig. 2 Algorithm for application of the methods for the assessment and correction of the driving style at an AOC.
To correct the driving style, the following technical means can be used: traffic surveillance and information means, driving with a supervisor, tachographs, monitoring modules, buzzers, radar-detector, GPS signal mufflers, advanced driving aid systems such as automatic parking systems, cruise control systems, systems for driver’s condition determination, collision avoidance systems, systems of automatic lane following or lane changing. The systems for correction of the driving style can be classified on the basis of the achieved result into three groups: • devices correcting the driving style by means of fixing breaches and sending the respective information to a driver by a feedback path; • devices correcting the information about the driving style due to difficulties in fixing breaches;
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
•
devices correcting the driving style by means of automatization of the driving process and partial performing of functions of a driver [7]. The classification of driving style correction systems is given in Fig. 3.
External objective control facilities
Correction through feedback
Monitoring modules Buzzers Driving with supervisor Tachograph
Driving style correction systems
Correction through complication of violations fixing
Radar detectors GPS signal mufflers Cruise control Collision avoidance system
Correction through vehicle control automation
Lane Assist systems Traffic Sign Recognition system
Fig. 3.Classification of driving style correction systems.
Thus, the correction of the driving style will allow making progress in several directions concurrently, namely: to decrease the accident rate and a number of victims in RTAs, to make the urban transport system safer for humans; to decrease original cost of transport services for account of decrease of POL and spare parts consumption, to enhance competitive ability of transport companies; to decrease the level of pollution resulted from vehicles’ use, which facilitates urban sustainable development. 2. Conclusion The performed analysis of statistical data allowed to emphasize raising of the transport safety and efficiency requirements. Based on the decomposition of the driving style, the correlation between indicators characterizing peculiarities of driving and the sustainable development of an AOC ɚs well as the influence of the driving style on the sustainable development of transport have been revealed. The author’s vision for solving the issue with regard to selection of criteria for the assessment of the driving style with consideration of the target indices of the sustainable development is suggested; the respective indices are given. The innovative technologies for the assessment and correctionof the driving style allowing enhancing the transport operation efficiency and urban traffic safety are given. The algorithm for the monitoring, assessment, and correction of the driving style allowing adapting the latter to the requirements and the target indices of the sustainable development is suggested. The considered indices of the driving style, performed analysis of the assessment and correction methods
569
570
Larisa Rogavichene and Ivan Garmonnikov / Transportation Research Procedia 20 (2017) 564 – 570
methodologically predetermine the regulation of the indices of the sustainable development of transport. Complex implementation of means for the driving style assessment and correction is one of the transport improvement and development factors. References 1. 2. 3.
Vasilyev, V. (2015). Bus Russia — what is ahead? Avtomobil'nyj transport, No.12, pp. 38–44 (in Russian). Kuzmina, O.V. (2015). New traffic draft laws. Avtomobil'nyj transport, No.12, pp. 33–35 (in Russian). Naritsin, N. (2006). Psychology of safe driving [Psihologijabezopasnostivozhdenija].Ripol Classic Publishing House, Moscow, 256 p. (in Russian). 4. Lobanova, Yu. I. (2014).About the directions for optimization of the driving style [O napravlenijahoptimizacijastiljavozhdenija]. Science and education in modern society: the vector of the development [Naukaiobrazovanie v sovremennomobshhestve: vektorrazvitija]. Collection of scientific works following the proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, April 3, 2014.In 7 parts.Part 7.ARConsult, Moscow, pp. 86–89 (in Russian). 5. The Government of Russian Federation (2016). Road traffic regulations. Available at: http://www.pdd24.com (viewed on 10.03.2016) (in Russian). 6. Ministry of Transport (2015). Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 15 dated August 20, 2004. List of modificative documents (rev. No. 299 dated 13.10.2015) “On validation of the provision with regard to the work and rest schedule for drivers”. Available at: http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=187718 (viewed on 07.04.2016) (in Russian). 7. Mobileye Vision Technologies (1999). Emergency prevention system Mobileye. Available at: http://www.mobile-eye.ru/whatis.htm (viewed on 07.03.2016) (in Russian). 8. Scout (2005). Satellite monitoring of transport of SCOUT Group of Companies. Available at: https://www.scout-gps.ru (viewed on 09.03.2016) (in Russian). 9. Miller, G., Taubman, B.-A. O. (2010).Driving styles among young novice drivers.The contribution of parental driving styles and personal characteristics. Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 42, pp. 558–570. 10. Taubman, B.-A. O., Yehiel, D. (2012). Driving styles and their associations with personality and motivation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 45, pp. 416–422.