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Insect and rodent elimination in food factories
S H U M , Y. F. Ultrasonic method of testing the strength of keramzite 0mydite) concrete. Beton et Zelezobeton, 12, No. 6, p. 15 (1966) A method of ndt of c o n c r e t e panels (approximately 35cm thick) or other c o n c r e t e p r o d u c t s as p a r t of a continuous production line is d e s c r i b e d . It u s e s s t a n d a r d equipment and the technique is b a s e d on m e a s u r e m e n t of u l t r a s o n i c velocity in the panels and c o m p a r i n g it to s t a n d a r d s of known quality
(3 figures) (Ultrasonics 1967,abstract 633)
THOMAS, I. D. I n s e c t and rodent e l i m i n a t i o n in food f a c t o r i e s . Food T r a d e Review, 36, No. 9, p. 50 (1966) A s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n of the Sona-guard, an u l t r a s o n i c r o d e n t c o n t r o l unit. The mains o p e r a t e d equipment is self contained and c o n s i s t s of a f r a c t i o n a l h o r s e p o w e r m o t o r , c o m p r e s s o r and an u l t r a s o n i c pneumatic t r a n s d u c e r . The f r e q u e n c y of the the u l t r a s o n i c waves v a r i e s continuously and this p r o v e s int o l e r a b l e to r a t s and mice. Independent t r i a l s have e s t a b l i s h ed that the unit is effective both indoors and outdoors. (1 figure, 1 r e f e r e n c e ) (Ultrasonics 1967, a b s t r a c t 634)
THORKILDSEN, R. E. and RICH, S. R. C e n t r i f u g a l - s o n i c defoaming of coatings. T A P P I 49, No. 9, p. 95A (1966) Continuous defoaming and d e a e r a t i n g of solutions u s e d in p a p e r coatings is a c c o m p l i s h e d by combining low a c c e l e r a tion c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e and u l t r a s o n i c e n e r g y . This p r o c e s s c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e s c h e m i c a l d e f o a m e r s , does not affect the c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the m a t e r i a l and can be u s e d in continuous production. The machine, called the Sontifuge u s e s five a i r - and s t e a m - p o w e r e d t r a n s d u c e r s and has a throughput of 60gal/min. The machine has brought continuous e c o n o m i e s in time and m a t e r i a l s and has c o n s i d e r a b l y d e c r e a s e d the r e j e c t rate due to oil s p o t s , f i s h eye winking etc. The p r o c e s s is applicable in o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s (5 f i g u r e s , 1 r e f e r e n c e ) (Ultrasonics 1967, a b s t r a c t 635)
VYBORNOV, B. I. Method of i n t e r p r e t i n g o s c i l l o g r a m s in u R r a s o n i c t e s t i n g of t u r b i n e and c o m p r e s s o r b l a d e s . Zavodskaia L a b o r a t i a , 32, No. 5, p. 560 (1966) Detailed p r o c e d u r e is given for d e t e r m i n i n g the location and the significance of s u r f a c e c r a c k s in power g e n e r a t i n g m a c h i n e r y . P r i s m a t i c p r o b e s g e n e r a t i n g Rayleigh waves at 2.5MHz a r e d i s c u s s e d a s well as coupling and scanning methods. Some common e r r o r s of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a r i s i n g f r o m i n h o m o g e n e t i e s of m a t e r i a l s a r e shown (5 f i g u r e s ) (Ultrasonics 1967, a b s t r a c t 636)
WELLS, C. D. A c l o s e r look a t u R r a s o n i c flaw d e t e c t i o n calibration. B r i t i s h J o u r n a l of N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e Testing, 8, No. 4, p. 84 (1966) A g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n of the p u r p o s e s and limitations of the t i m e , l i n e a r i t y and amplitude c a l i b r a t i o n used in ndt. Special e m p h a s i s is placed on wall t h i c k n e s s m e a s u r e m e n t s , weld resting and the selection of p r o b e s and f r e q u e n c i e s . Notes for guidance on d e c i b e l s a r e given and tables and graphs i l l u s t r a t e the p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d with angle p r o b e s (11 f i g u r e s , 2 tables) (Ultrasonics 1967, a b s t r a c t 637)
N o n - d e s t r u c t i v e tube inspection. The E n g i n e e r , 222, No. 5778,p. 593 (1966) A new range of u l t r a s o n i c equipment developed by S t e w a r t s and Lloyds and made by Davy and United I n s t r u m e n t s is d e s c r i b e d . It is continuous on-line equipment intended for tubes welded by the e l e c t r i c r e s i s t a n c e p r o c e s s . Coupled to r e c o r d i n g and a l a r m d e v i c e s it gives instantaneous i n f o r m a tion to allow the o p e r a t o r to make n e c e s s a r y a d j u s t m e n t s 132
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during the p r o c e s s . Two or m o r e w a t e r - j e t - c o u p l e d p r o b e s with s p e c i a l l y developed scanning equipment can i n s p e c t tubes of d i a m e t e r 1 . 2 - 4 5 c m for l a m i n a r and radial d e f e c t s and m e a s u r e the wall t h i c k n e s s . (2 f i g u r e s ) ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1967, a b s t r a c t 638)
U l t r a s o n i c p r o c e s s s p e e d s tube d r a w i n g . Steel, 159, No. 20, p. 38 (1966) An u l t r a s o n i c a l l y v i b r a t e d m a n d r e l r e d u c e s the time needed for the cold drawing of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l tubing by 36~/o. The f i x e d - p l u g m a n d r e l was used for t h i n - w a l l e d 316 tubing of 0 . 2 5 m m (0.01 in.) wall t h i c k n e s s and 4 . 7 6 m m (0. 1875 in) outside d i a m e t e r at t o l e r a n c e s 2.5~m (0.0Olin). In addition to the higher s p e e d s achieved, longer m a n d r e l life and b e t t e r s u r f a c e finish a r e r e p o r t e d . Different c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l s h a p e s and s i z e s in a v a r i e t y of m e t a l s can be p r o c e s s e d by u l t r a s o n i c s without any d e t e r i o r a t i o n in t h e i r quality. Another s h o r t a r t i c l e in the s a m e i s s u e ' U l t r a s o n i c unit m e a s u r e s s t r e s s in p a r t s ' , d e s c r i b e s a new i n s t r u m e n t for m e a s u r i n g the amount of r e s i d u a l or applied s t r e s s on the s u r f a c e of m e t a l s . It is p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e s t r e s s to within 1001b/in 2 (2 f i g u r e s ) (Ultrasonics 1 9 6 7 , a b s t r a c t 639)
Ultrasonics: Big noise in aluminium joining. Welding Engineer, 51, No. 12, p. 39 (1966) Ultrasonic welding is the best available process for producing reliable bonds between aluminium parts or between parts made of aluminium and parts made from other materials (e.g. stainless steel). This fact emerges from a c o m prehensive paper based on a book shortly to be published. Ultrasonics is a solid state process,produces no heat and gives bond strength of 60-100% of parent metal. With available equipment, spot, continuous-seam and ring welds are possible in material up to 3.2ram thick. (5 figures, 3 tables) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 640)
NDT--'Sound' r e a s o n s for the use of u l t r a s o n i c s . Welding E n g i n e e r , 41, No. 6, p. 48 (1966) The a r t i c l e is p a r t of a survey of ndt methods. Basic p r i n ciples of u l t r a s o n i c s , r e l a t i v e cost of this technique and its applicability and advantages a r e examined. Out of this s u r vey a d i s c u s s i o n is developed of the p r i n c i p l e s and m e r i t s of an u l t r a s o n i c image c o n v e r s i o n s y s t e m has been p u b l i s h ed in the s a m e journal (51, No. l l , p . 44, 1966) ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1967, a b s t r a c t 641)
Ultrasonics plus diamonds for machining glass and ceramics. Design and Components in Engineering, 8, No. 12, p. 6 (1966) C o m p r e h e n s i v e d e s c r i p t i o n and working d e t a i l s of the new automatically c o n t r o l l e d rotating u l t r a s o n i c t r a n s d u c e r head. It u s e s d i a m o n d - i m p r e g n a t e d tool bits, thus c o m p l e t e l y e l i minating the conventional a b r a s i v e s l u r r y . Depth of holes and t o l e r a n c e s achieved a r e much b e t t e r than p r e v i o u s l y p o s s i b l e , e.g. in g l a s s , c e r a m i c s or aluminium 0 . 7 5 m m (0.03in) with an a c c u r a c y of +0.025mm (0. 001in) p r e s e n t s no difficulty. Slotting, dovetailing, e n d - m i l l i n g and t h r e a d f o r m i n g a r e other machining o p e r a t i o n s on which useful inf o r m a t i o n is given. (6 f i g u r e s , 1 table) (Ultrasonics 1967, a b s t r a c t 642)
Ultrasonic leak detector, Instruments and Control Engineering, 66, No. 11, P. 42 (1966) A comprehensive paper on the increasing number of applications for the ultrasonic translator-detector. The instrument senses the inaudible noises generated by the collision of gas molecules, friction in solids or corona discharge. A m o n g new applications mentioned are detectors of gysoscopic friction and as an aid in mass spectroscopy. It is simple to use, gives an instantaneous indication, and can be used in explosive atmospheres (12 figures) (URrasonic 1967, abstract 643)
~Produced by ~ISEOPRIST at The Gresham Press, Unwin Brothers Limited, Woking, Surrey
(3 figures) (Ultrasonics 1967,abstract 633)
THOMAS, I. D. I n s e c t and rodent e l i m i n a t i o n in food f a c t o r i e s . Food T r a d e Review, 36, No. 9, p. 50 (1966) A s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n of the Sona-guard, an u l t r a s o n i c r o d e n t c o n t r o l unit. The mains o p e r a t e d equipment is self contained and c o n s i s t s of a f r a c t i o n a l h o r s e p o w e r m o t o r , c o m p r e s s o r and an u l t r a s o n i c pneumatic t r a n s d u c e r . The f r e q u e n c y of the the u l t r a s o n i c waves v a r i e s continuously and this p r o v e s int o l e r a b l e to r a t s and mice. Independent t r i a l s have e s t a b l i s h ed that the unit is effective both indoors and outdoors. (1 figure, 1 r e f e r e n c e ) (Ultrasonics 1967, a b s t r a c t 634)
THORKILDSEN, R. E. and RICH, S. R. C e n t r i f u g a l - s o n i c defoaming of coatings. T A P P I 49, No. 9, p. 95A (1966) Continuous defoaming and d e a e r a t i n g of solutions u s e d in p a p e r coatings is a c c o m p l i s h e d by combining low a c c e l e r a tion c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e and u l t r a s o n i c e n e r g y . This p r o c e s s c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e s c h e m i c a l d e f o a m e r s , does not affect the c h e m i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the m a t e r i a l and can be u s e d in continuous production. The machine, called the Sontifuge u s e s five a i r - and s t e a m - p o w e r e d t r a n s d u c e r s and has a throughput of 60gal/min. The machine has brought continuous e c o n o m i e s in time and m a t e r i a l s and has c o n s i d e r a b l y d e c r e a s e d the r e j e c t rate due to oil s p o t s , f i s h eye winking etc. The p r o c e s s is applicable in o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s (5 f i g u r e s , 1 r e f e r e n c e ) (Ultrasonics 1967, a b s t r a c t 635)
VYBORNOV, B. I. Method of i n t e r p r e t i n g o s c i l l o g r a m s in u R r a s o n i c t e s t i n g of t u r b i n e and c o m p r e s s o r b l a d e s . Zavodskaia L a b o r a t i a , 32, No. 5, p. 560 (1966) Detailed p r o c e d u r e is given for d e t e r m i n i n g the location and the significance of s u r f a c e c r a c k s in power g e n e r a t i n g m a c h i n e r y . P r i s m a t i c p r o b e s g e n e r a t i n g Rayleigh waves at 2.5MHz a r e d i s c u s s e d a s well as coupling and scanning methods. Some common e r r o r s of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n a r i s i n g f r o m i n h o m o g e n e t i e s of m a t e r i a l s a r e shown (5 f i g u r e s ) (Ultrasonics 1967, a b s t r a c t 636)
WELLS, C. D. A c l o s e r look a t u R r a s o n i c flaw d e t e c t i o n calibration. B r i t i s h J o u r n a l of N o n - D e s t r u c t i v e Testing, 8, No. 4, p. 84 (1966) A g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n of the p u r p o s e s and limitations of the t i m e , l i n e a r i t y and amplitude c a l i b r a t i o n used in ndt. Special e m p h a s i s is placed on wall t h i c k n e s s m e a s u r e m e n t s , weld resting and the selection of p r o b e s and f r e q u e n c i e s . Notes for guidance on d e c i b e l s a r e given and tables and graphs i l l u s t r a t e the p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d with angle p r o b e s (11 f i g u r e s , 2 tables) (Ultrasonics 1967, a b s t r a c t 637)
N o n - d e s t r u c t i v e tube inspection. The E n g i n e e r , 222, No. 5778,p. 593 (1966) A new range of u l t r a s o n i c equipment developed by S t e w a r t s and Lloyds and made by Davy and United I n s t r u m e n t s is d e s c r i b e d . It is continuous on-line equipment intended for tubes welded by the e l e c t r i c r e s i s t a n c e p r o c e s s . Coupled to r e c o r d i n g and a l a r m d e v i c e s it gives instantaneous i n f o r m a tion to allow the o p e r a t o r to make n e c e s s a r y a d j u s t m e n t s 132
ULTRASONICS
April 1967
during the p r o c e s s . Two or m o r e w a t e r - j e t - c o u p l e d p r o b e s with s p e c i a l l y developed scanning equipment can i n s p e c t tubes of d i a m e t e r 1 . 2 - 4 5 c m for l a m i n a r and radial d e f e c t s and m e a s u r e the wall t h i c k n e s s . (2 f i g u r e s ) ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1967, a b s t r a c t 638)
U l t r a s o n i c p r o c e s s s p e e d s tube d r a w i n g . Steel, 159, No. 20, p. 38 (1966) An u l t r a s o n i c a l l y v i b r a t e d m a n d r e l r e d u c e s the time needed for the cold drawing of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l tubing by 36~/o. The f i x e d - p l u g m a n d r e l was used for t h i n - w a l l e d 316 tubing of 0 . 2 5 m m (0.01 in.) wall t h i c k n e s s and 4 . 7 6 m m (0. 1875 in) outside d i a m e t e r at t o l e r a n c e s 2.5~m (0.0Olin). In addition to the higher s p e e d s achieved, longer m a n d r e l life and b e t t e r s u r f a c e finish a r e r e p o r t e d . Different c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l s h a p e s and s i z e s in a v a r i e t y of m e t a l s can be p r o c e s s e d by u l t r a s o n i c s without any d e t e r i o r a t i o n in t h e i r quality. Another s h o r t a r t i c l e in the s a m e i s s u e ' U l t r a s o n i c unit m e a s u r e s s t r e s s in p a r t s ' , d e s c r i b e s a new i n s t r u m e n t for m e a s u r i n g the amount of r e s i d u a l or applied s t r e s s on the s u r f a c e of m e t a l s . It is p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e s t r e s s to within 1001b/in 2 (2 f i g u r e s ) (Ultrasonics 1 9 6 7 , a b s t r a c t 639)
Ultrasonics: Big noise in aluminium joining. Welding Engineer, 51, No. 12, p. 39 (1966) Ultrasonic welding is the best available process for producing reliable bonds between aluminium parts or between parts made of aluminium and parts made from other materials (e.g. stainless steel). This fact emerges from a c o m prehensive paper based on a book shortly to be published. Ultrasonics is a solid state process,produces no heat and gives bond strength of 60-100% of parent metal. With available equipment, spot, continuous-seam and ring welds are possible in material up to 3.2ram thick. (5 figures, 3 tables) (Ultrasonics 1967, abstract 640)
NDT--'Sound' r e a s o n s for the use of u l t r a s o n i c s . Welding E n g i n e e r , 41, No. 6, p. 48 (1966) The a r t i c l e is p a r t of a survey of ndt methods. Basic p r i n ciples of u l t r a s o n i c s , r e l a t i v e cost of this technique and its applicability and advantages a r e examined. Out of this s u r vey a d i s c u s s i o n is developed of the p r i n c i p l e s and m e r i t s of an u l t r a s o n i c image c o n v e r s i o n s y s t e m has been p u b l i s h ed in the s a m e journal (51, No. l l , p . 44, 1966) ( U l t r a s o n i c s 1967, a b s t r a c t 641)
Ultrasonics plus diamonds for machining glass and ceramics. Design and Components in Engineering, 8, No. 12, p. 6 (1966) C o m p r e h e n s i v e d e s c r i p t i o n and working d e t a i l s of the new automatically c o n t r o l l e d rotating u l t r a s o n i c t r a n s d u c e r head. It u s e s d i a m o n d - i m p r e g n a t e d tool bits, thus c o m p l e t e l y e l i minating the conventional a b r a s i v e s l u r r y . Depth of holes and t o l e r a n c e s achieved a r e much b e t t e r than p r e v i o u s l y p o s s i b l e , e.g. in g l a s s , c e r a m i c s or aluminium 0 . 7 5 m m (0.03in) with an a c c u r a c y of +0.025mm (0. 001in) p r e s e n t s no difficulty. Slotting, dovetailing, e n d - m i l l i n g and t h r e a d f o r m i n g a r e other machining o p e r a t i o n s on which useful inf o r m a t i o n is given. (6 f i g u r e s , 1 table) (Ultrasonics 1967, a b s t r a c t 642)
Ultrasonic leak detector, Instruments and Control Engineering, 66, No. 11, P. 42 (1966) A comprehensive paper on the increasing number of applications for the ultrasonic translator-detector. The instrument senses the inaudible noises generated by the collision of gas molecules, friction in solids or corona discharge. A m o n g new applications mentioned are detectors of gysoscopic friction and as an aid in mass spectroscopy. It is simple to use, gives an instantaneous indication, and can be used in explosive atmospheres (12 figures) (URrasonic 1967, abstract 643)
~Produced by ~ISEOPRIST at The Gresham Press, Unwin Brothers Limited, Woking, Surrey