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Insecticidal activity of essential oils to the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura
Fitoterapia 72 Ž2001. 65᎐68
Short report
Insecticidal activity of essential oils to the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura Murray B. Isman a,U , Andrew J. Wana , Claus M. Passreiter b a
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Uni¨ ersity of British Columbia, Vancou¨ er, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 b Institut fur ¨ Pharmazeutische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Uni¨ ersitat, ¨ D-40225, Dusseldorf, ¨ Germany
Received 29 March 2000; accepted in revised form 7 July 2000
Abstract Twenty-one essential oils were tested for insecticidal activity via topical administration to third instar larvae of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Oils of Satureia hortensis, Thymus serpyllum and Origanum creticum produced ) 90% larval mortality at 24 h at a dose of 100 g per larva. The LD50 value for S. hortensis Ž48.4 g. was comparable to that for Thymus ¨ ulgaris Ž46.9 g.. The monoterpenoid phenols thymol and carvacrol, major constituents of the oils of Thymus and Satureia species, likely account for the insecticidal action of the species. 䊚 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Essential oils; Insecticidal activity; Spodoptera litura
Plants. See Table 1. Uses in traditional medicine. The essential oils have a wide range of medicinal uses, both internally and externally, as listed in the German ŽDeutsches Arzneibuch, DAC. and European ŽEuropaisches Arzneibuch, Ph.Eur.. Pharmacopoeias. ¨ U
Corresponding author. Tel.: q1-604-8222329; fax: q1-604-8228640. E-mail address: [email protected] ŽM.B. Isman.. 0367-326Xr01r$ - see front matter 䊚 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 6 7 - 3 2 6 X Ž 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 3 - 7
66
M.B. Isman et al. r Fitoterapia 72 (2001) 65᎐68
Previously isolated classes of constituents. The chemistries of these oils are well documented w1᎐17x, and include monoterpenes and biogenically related phenolics, as well as sesquiterpenes. Tested materials. The essential oils used in this study were purchased from Caesar & Loretz in Hilden, Germany. Thymus ¨ ulgaris Žwhite thyme. oil was obtained from Liberty Natural Products, Portland, OR, USA. Table 1 Toxicity of essential oils to 4th instar larvae of Spodoptera litura Oil
Species Žfamily.
Monograph
Mortality Ž%.a
LD50 Žgrlarva.b
Oleum Saturejae hortensis Oleum serpylli
Satureia hortensis L. ŽLamiaceae. Thymus serpyllum L. ŽLamiaceae. Origanum creticum L. ŽLamiaceae. Mentha ar¨ ensis L. var. piperascens Holmes ex Christy ŽLamiaceae. Mentha = piperita L. ŽLamiaceae. Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ŽPoaceae. Hyssopus officinalis L. ŽLamiaceae. Artemisia absinthium L. ŽAsteraceae. Sal¨ ia officinalis L ŽLamiaceae. La¨ andula angustifolia Miller ŽLamiaceae. La¨ andula angustifolia Miller ŽLamiaceae. Matricaria recutita L. ŽAsteraceae. La¨ andula latifolia Villars. ŽLamiaceae. Mentha spicata L. var. crispa Benth.; M. aquatica Hell. var. crispa Benth.; M. longifolia Nath. var. crispa Benth. ŽLamiaceae.
w1x
100.0 Ž0.0.
w2x
96.7 Ž3.3.
48.4 Ž44.2᎐53.1. ; 50c
w3x
93.3 Ž3.3.
w4x
50.0 Ž10.0.
66.0 Ž58.0᎐75.1. NDd
w5x
40.0 Ž5.8.
ND
w6x
36.7 Ž6.7.
ND
w7x
26.7 Ž8.8.
ND
w8x
26.7 Ž8.1.
ND
w9x
23.3 Ž3.3.
ND
w10x
20.0 Ž5.8.
ND
w10x
20.0 Ž5.8.
ND
w4x
20.0 Ž5.8.
ND
w11x
16.7 Ž6.7.
ND
w12x
10.0 Ž10.0.
ND
Oleum Origani cretici Menthae arvensis aetheroleum
Menthae piperitae aetheroleum Citronellae aetheroleum Hyssopi aetheroleum Oleum Absinthii Salviae aetheroleum Lavandulae aetheroleume Lavandulae aetherolcumf Matricariae aetheroleum Oleum Spicae Menthae crispae aetheroleum
M.B. Isman et al. r Fitoterapia 72 (2001) 65᎐68
67
Table 1 Ž Continued. Oil
Species Žfamily.
Monograph
Mortality Ž%.a
LD50 Žgrlarva.b
Limonis aetheroleum
Citrus limon ŽL.. Burman f. ŽRutaceae. Syzygium aromaticum ŽL. Merrill et Perry ŽMyrtaceae. Pinus mugo Turra ŽPinaceae . Cinnamomum ¨ erum J.S. Presl. ŽLauraceae . Cinnamomum cassia Blume ŽLauraceae . Cupressus semper¨ irens L. ŽCupressaceae.
w13x
10.0 Ž5.8.
ND
w14x
6.7 Ž3.3.
ND
w15x
6.7 Ž6.7.
ND
w12x
3.3 Ž3.3.
ND
w16x
0.0 Ž0.0.
ND
w17x
0.0 Ž0.0.
ND
Caryophylli floris aetheroleum Pini pumilionis aetheroleum Cinnamoni aetheroleum Oleum Cinnamomi Cassiae Oleum Cupressi a
Values are mean Ž"S.D.., n s 3 Ždetermined at 100 grlarva.. 95% Confidence limits in parentheses. c Estimated value; data from two experiments failed to adequately fit a linear dose᎐response model. d ND, not determined. e Quality 38᎐48% Mont Blanc. f Quality 38᎐48% Bareme. ˆ b
Studied activity. Larval mortality was recorded 24 h after topical administration of 100 g of essential oil delivered in 1 l acetone w18x. Controls received acetone alone. For each oil there were three replicates each with 10 larvae. LD50 values were determined by probit analysis, based on a range of 4᎐5 doses. Used insects. Fourth instar larvae Ž15᎐20 mg. of Spodoptera litura were obtained from a laboratory colony maintained on artificial medium for ) 50 generations. The colony was founded from individuals from laboratory colonies in Japan and South Korea. Results. Listed in Table 1. Conclusions. Three of the essential oils were highly toxic to the cutworm: oils of Satureia hortensis, Thymus serpyllum and Origanum creticum. Oil of Mentha ar¨ ensis was the only other oil producing at least 50% mortality. Oil of white thyme, Thymus ¨ ulgaris Žnot included in the first screening phase. w19x, was comparable in toxicity ŽLD50 s 46.7 grlarva. to oils of T. serpyllum and S. hortensis. Oil of O. creticum was significantly less toxic. The insecticidal action of Thymus and Satureia oils are likely due to their major constituents thymol and carvacrol, toxicities of which were previously established ŽLD50 s 25.5 and 42.7, respectively. w20x. Evaluation of 22 essential oils for insecticidal action against the bean beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus indicated that oils of T. serpyllum and O. marjorana were the
68
M.B. Isman et al. r Fitoterapia 72 (2001) 65᎐68
most toxic w21x. Oils of Satureia and Origanum are also toxic to larval and adult fruit flies Ž Drosophila auraria. w22x.
Acknowledgements We thank Ms Nancy Brard for rearing Spodoptera. Supported by grants from EcoSmart Technologies Inc. ŽFranklin, TN, USA. to M.B. Isman.
References w1x Stahl-Biskup E. In: Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler H, Schneider G, ¨ editors. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Supplement 3, Drogen L-Z . Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, 1998:523. w2x Stahl-Biskup E. In: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G, editors. Hagers Handbuch der ¨ Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 6. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, 1994:971. w3x Erganzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch 6. Ausgabe ŽErg.-B. 6., 1957:370. ¨ w4x Monograph ‘Minzol’ ¨ in: Deutsches Arzneibuch, 1999. w5x Europaisches Arzneibuch, 1997:1467᎐1469. ¨ w6x Pharmacopoiea Helvetica 8, 1997:221᎐222. w7x Winter C. In: Blaschek W, Hansel P, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler H, Schneider G, editors. ¨ Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Supplement 2, Drogen A-K. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, 1998:870. w8x Erganzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch 6. Ausgabe ŽErg.-B. 6., 1957:360. ¨ w9x Pharmacopoiea Helvetica 8, 1997:409᎐410. w10x Europaisches Arzneibuch, 2. Nachtrag, 1999:69᎐770. ¨ w11x Erganzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch 6. Ausgabe ŽErg.-B. 6., 1957:374. ¨ w12x Monograph ‘Krauseminzol’ ¨ in: Deutscher Arzneimittel Codex ŽDAC., 1999. w13x Europaisches Arzneibuch, 1997:727᎐728. ¨ w14x Europaisches Arzneibuch, 1997:1378᎐1380. ¨ w15x Pharmacopoiea Helvetica 8, 1997:23. w16x Erganzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch 6. Ausgabe ŽErg.-B. 6., 1957:365. ¨ w17x Erganzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch 6. Ausgabe ŽErg.-B. 6., 1957:366. ¨ w18x Lee S, Tsao R, Peterson C, Coats JR. J. Econ. Entomol. 1997;90:883. w19x Stahl-Biskup E. In: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G, editors. Hagers Handbuch der ¨ Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 6. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, 1994:976. w20x Isman MB. Pesticide Outlook 1999;10:68. w21x Regnault-Roger C, Hamraoui A, Holeman M, Theron E, Pinel R. J Chem Ecol 1993;19:1233. w22x Konstantopoulou I, Vassilopoulou L, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Scouras ZG. Experientia 1992;48:616.
Short report
Insecticidal activity of essential oils to the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura Murray B. Isman a,U , Andrew J. Wana , Claus M. Passreiter b a
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Uni¨ ersity of British Columbia, Vancou¨ er, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 b Institut fur ¨ Pharmazeutische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Uni¨ ersitat, ¨ D-40225, Dusseldorf, ¨ Germany
Received 29 March 2000; accepted in revised form 7 July 2000
Abstract Twenty-one essential oils were tested for insecticidal activity via topical administration to third instar larvae of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Oils of Satureia hortensis, Thymus serpyllum and Origanum creticum produced ) 90% larval mortality at 24 h at a dose of 100 g per larva. The LD50 value for S. hortensis Ž48.4 g. was comparable to that for Thymus ¨ ulgaris Ž46.9 g.. The monoterpenoid phenols thymol and carvacrol, major constituents of the oils of Thymus and Satureia species, likely account for the insecticidal action of the species. 䊚 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Essential oils; Insecticidal activity; Spodoptera litura
Plants. See Table 1. Uses in traditional medicine. The essential oils have a wide range of medicinal uses, both internally and externally, as listed in the German ŽDeutsches Arzneibuch, DAC. and European ŽEuropaisches Arzneibuch, Ph.Eur.. Pharmacopoeias. ¨ U
Corresponding author. Tel.: q1-604-8222329; fax: q1-604-8228640. E-mail address: [email protected] ŽM.B. Isman.. 0367-326Xr01r$ - see front matter 䊚 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 6 7 - 3 2 6 X Ž 0 0 . 0 0 2 5 3 - 7
66
M.B. Isman et al. r Fitoterapia 72 (2001) 65᎐68
Previously isolated classes of constituents. The chemistries of these oils are well documented w1᎐17x, and include monoterpenes and biogenically related phenolics, as well as sesquiterpenes. Tested materials. The essential oils used in this study were purchased from Caesar & Loretz in Hilden, Germany. Thymus ¨ ulgaris Žwhite thyme. oil was obtained from Liberty Natural Products, Portland, OR, USA. Table 1 Toxicity of essential oils to 4th instar larvae of Spodoptera litura Oil
Species Žfamily.
Monograph
Mortality Ž%.a
LD50 Žgrlarva.b
Oleum Saturejae hortensis Oleum serpylli
Satureia hortensis L. ŽLamiaceae. Thymus serpyllum L. ŽLamiaceae. Origanum creticum L. ŽLamiaceae. Mentha ar¨ ensis L. var. piperascens Holmes ex Christy ŽLamiaceae. Mentha = piperita L. ŽLamiaceae. Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ŽPoaceae. Hyssopus officinalis L. ŽLamiaceae. Artemisia absinthium L. ŽAsteraceae. Sal¨ ia officinalis L ŽLamiaceae. La¨ andula angustifolia Miller ŽLamiaceae. La¨ andula angustifolia Miller ŽLamiaceae. Matricaria recutita L. ŽAsteraceae. La¨ andula latifolia Villars. ŽLamiaceae. Mentha spicata L. var. crispa Benth.; M. aquatica Hell. var. crispa Benth.; M. longifolia Nath. var. crispa Benth. ŽLamiaceae.
w1x
100.0 Ž0.0.
w2x
96.7 Ž3.3.
48.4 Ž44.2᎐53.1. ; 50c
w3x
93.3 Ž3.3.
w4x
50.0 Ž10.0.
66.0 Ž58.0᎐75.1. NDd
w5x
40.0 Ž5.8.
ND
w6x
36.7 Ž6.7.
ND
w7x
26.7 Ž8.8.
ND
w8x
26.7 Ž8.1.
ND
w9x
23.3 Ž3.3.
ND
w10x
20.0 Ž5.8.
ND
w10x
20.0 Ž5.8.
ND
w4x
20.0 Ž5.8.
ND
w11x
16.7 Ž6.7.
ND
w12x
10.0 Ž10.0.
ND
Oleum Origani cretici Menthae arvensis aetheroleum
Menthae piperitae aetheroleum Citronellae aetheroleum Hyssopi aetheroleum Oleum Absinthii Salviae aetheroleum Lavandulae aetheroleume Lavandulae aetherolcumf Matricariae aetheroleum Oleum Spicae Menthae crispae aetheroleum
M.B. Isman et al. r Fitoterapia 72 (2001) 65᎐68
67
Table 1 Ž Continued. Oil
Species Žfamily.
Monograph
Mortality Ž%.a
LD50 Žgrlarva.b
Limonis aetheroleum
Citrus limon ŽL.. Burman f. ŽRutaceae. Syzygium aromaticum ŽL. Merrill et Perry ŽMyrtaceae. Pinus mugo Turra ŽPinaceae . Cinnamomum ¨ erum J.S. Presl. ŽLauraceae . Cinnamomum cassia Blume ŽLauraceae . Cupressus semper¨ irens L. ŽCupressaceae.
w13x
10.0 Ž5.8.
ND
w14x
6.7 Ž3.3.
ND
w15x
6.7 Ž6.7.
ND
w12x
3.3 Ž3.3.
ND
w16x
0.0 Ž0.0.
ND
w17x
0.0 Ž0.0.
ND
Caryophylli floris aetheroleum Pini pumilionis aetheroleum Cinnamoni aetheroleum Oleum Cinnamomi Cassiae Oleum Cupressi a
Values are mean Ž"S.D.., n s 3 Ždetermined at 100 grlarva.. 95% Confidence limits in parentheses. c Estimated value; data from two experiments failed to adequately fit a linear dose᎐response model. d ND, not determined. e Quality 38᎐48% Mont Blanc. f Quality 38᎐48% Bareme. ˆ b
Studied activity. Larval mortality was recorded 24 h after topical administration of 100 g of essential oil delivered in 1 l acetone w18x. Controls received acetone alone. For each oil there were three replicates each with 10 larvae. LD50 values were determined by probit analysis, based on a range of 4᎐5 doses. Used insects. Fourth instar larvae Ž15᎐20 mg. of Spodoptera litura were obtained from a laboratory colony maintained on artificial medium for ) 50 generations. The colony was founded from individuals from laboratory colonies in Japan and South Korea. Results. Listed in Table 1. Conclusions. Three of the essential oils were highly toxic to the cutworm: oils of Satureia hortensis, Thymus serpyllum and Origanum creticum. Oil of Mentha ar¨ ensis was the only other oil producing at least 50% mortality. Oil of white thyme, Thymus ¨ ulgaris Žnot included in the first screening phase. w19x, was comparable in toxicity ŽLD50 s 46.7 grlarva. to oils of T. serpyllum and S. hortensis. Oil of O. creticum was significantly less toxic. The insecticidal action of Thymus and Satureia oils are likely due to their major constituents thymol and carvacrol, toxicities of which were previously established ŽLD50 s 25.5 and 42.7, respectively. w20x. Evaluation of 22 essential oils for insecticidal action against the bean beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus indicated that oils of T. serpyllum and O. marjorana were the
68
M.B. Isman et al. r Fitoterapia 72 (2001) 65᎐68
most toxic w21x. Oils of Satureia and Origanum are also toxic to larval and adult fruit flies Ž Drosophila auraria. w22x.
Acknowledgements We thank Ms Nancy Brard for rearing Spodoptera. Supported by grants from EcoSmart Technologies Inc. ŽFranklin, TN, USA. to M.B. Isman.
References w1x Stahl-Biskup E. In: Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler H, Schneider G, ¨ editors. Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Supplement 3, Drogen L-Z . Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, 1998:523. w2x Stahl-Biskup E. In: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G, editors. Hagers Handbuch der ¨ Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 6. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, 1994:971. w3x Erganzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch 6. Ausgabe ŽErg.-B. 6., 1957:370. ¨ w4x Monograph ‘Minzol’ ¨ in: Deutsches Arzneibuch, 1999. w5x Europaisches Arzneibuch, 1997:1467᎐1469. ¨ w6x Pharmacopoiea Helvetica 8, 1997:221᎐222. w7x Winter C. In: Blaschek W, Hansel P, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler H, Schneider G, editors. ¨ Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Supplement 2, Drogen A-K. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, 1998:870. w8x Erganzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch 6. Ausgabe ŽErg.-B. 6., 1957:360. ¨ w9x Pharmacopoiea Helvetica 8, 1997:409᎐410. w10x Europaisches Arzneibuch, 2. Nachtrag, 1999:69᎐770. ¨ w11x Erganzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch 6. Ausgabe ŽErg.-B. 6., 1957:374. ¨ w12x Monograph ‘Krauseminzol’ ¨ in: Deutscher Arzneimittel Codex ŽDAC., 1999. w13x Europaisches Arzneibuch, 1997:727᎐728. ¨ w14x Europaisches Arzneibuch, 1997:1378᎐1380. ¨ w15x Pharmacopoiea Helvetica 8, 1997:23. w16x Erganzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch 6. Ausgabe ŽErg.-B. 6., 1957:365. ¨ w17x Erganzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch 6. Ausgabe ŽErg.-B. 6., 1957:366. ¨ w18x Lee S, Tsao R, Peterson C, Coats JR. J. Econ. Entomol. 1997;90:883. w19x Stahl-Biskup E. In: Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G, editors. Hagers Handbuch der ¨ Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 6. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag, 1994:976. w20x Isman MB. Pesticide Outlook 1999;10:68. w21x Regnault-Roger C, Hamraoui A, Holeman M, Theron E, Pinel R. J Chem Ecol 1993;19:1233. w22x Konstantopoulou I, Vassilopoulou L, Mavragani-Tsipidou P, Scouras ZG. Experientia 1992;48:616.