Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, performance and carcass traits of Santa Ines lamb fed with sunflower cake from biodiesel production

Accepted Manuscript Title: Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, performance and carcass traits of Santa Ines lamb fed with sunflower cake from biodiesel production Authors: A.G.V.O. Lima, T.M. Silva, L.R. Bezerra, E.S. Pereira, A.M. Barbosa, R.D.X. Ribeiro, T.C. Rocha, J.S. Trajano, R.L. Oliveira PII: DOI: Reference:

S0921-4488(18)30793-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.09.003 RUMIN 5749

To appear in:

Small Ruminant Research

Received date: Revised date: Accepted date:

21-7-2017 10-8-2018 5-9-2018

Please cite this article as: Lima AGVO, Silva TM, Bezerra LR, Pereira ES, Barbosa AM, Ribeiro RDX, Rocha TC, Trajano JS, Oliveira RL, Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, performance and carcass traits of Santa Ines lamb fed with sunflower cake from biodiesel production, Small Ruminant Research (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.09.003 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

1 Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, performance and carcass traits of Santa Ines lamb fed with sunflower cake from biodiesel production A. G. V. O. Limaa, T. M. Silvaa, L. R. Bezerrab, E. S. Pereirac, A. M. Barbosaa, R. D. X. Ribeiroa, T. C. Rochad, J. S. Trajanoa, R. L. Oliveiraa a

Federal University of Bahia, Department of Animal Science, Avenida Adhemar de Barros, 500,

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Ondina, 40170110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. b

Federal University of Campina Grande, Department of Animal Science, Avenida Universitária, s/n,

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Jatobá, 58708110, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil.

Federal University of Ceará, Department of Animal Science, Ac. Público, 825, Pici, 60021970,

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Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. d

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Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão, Rua Godofredo Viana, 1600, Centro,

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65900000, Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil.

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Corresponding author: [email protected] Highlights

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Abstract

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Nutrients intake, and DM and NFC digestibilities reduced in lambs fed with sunflower cake Sunflower cake in lamb’s diet increased EE intake and digestibility Final BW, total gain, ADG, FE and commercial cuts decreased by sunflower cake inclusion Sunflower cake in lamb’s diet decreased intake, fecal excretion, balance and retention of N Sunflower cake for the diets of the lambs is not recommended at levels studied

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    

This study was conducted to determine the impact of sunflower cake inclusion in the diets of Santa Ines lambs on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, performance and carcass characteristics. Forty male

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Santa Ines lambs with an average body weight of 20.9 ± 0.41 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatment diets containing sunflower cake at 0, 10, 20, and 30% of total dry matter (DM). The sunflower cake inclusion linearly reduced the intake of DM expressed as g/day, %BW and g/kg BW0.75, as well as the crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDF ap) of Santa Ines

2 lambs. However, ether extract (EE) intake linearly increased (P < 0.01) with sunflower cake inclusion. However, ether extract (EE) intake linearly increased (P < 0.01) with sunflower cake inclusion. The sunflower cake inclusion decreased the DM and NFC digestibility, an increased the EE digestibility (P < 0.01). Regarding the N, there was observed a linear decreased (g/day) in N intake, N fecal excretion, N balance, basal endogenous nitrogen and retained N (P < 0.05). Final body weight, total weight gain,

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average daily weight gain and feeding efficiency decreased with the inclusion of sunflower cake (P < 0.05). The morphometric measurements (cm) and conformation index decreased linearly with the

inclusion of sunflower cake in the lamb diet (P < 0.05), but sunflower cake did not affect (P > 0.05)

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wither height, rump height, thoracic perimeter and chest measurements, subcutaneous fat thickness (mm), or the carcass fattening degree. Including the sunflower cake in the diet of Santa Ines lambs

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reduced intake and impaired the performance and carcass characteristics. Therefore, the use of

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sunflower cake in the diets of lambs is not recommended at the levels that were studied.

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Keywords: byproduct; carcass yield; growth; hair sheep; morphometry

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1. Introduction

Sunflower cake is the third largest protein supplement source used for livestock behind

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soybean and rapeseed (canola) meals (U.S. Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agriculture Service, 2018). This biodiesel by-product obtained after the mechanical extraction of sunflower

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(Helianthus annuus) oil (Laudadio et al., 2013; Rodrigues et al., 2013; Gonzaga Neto et al.,

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2015) can reduce animal diet costs improving the producers’ profitability, without affecting animal performance (Medeiros et al., 2015; Moura et al., 2015; Cerutti et al., 2016; Costa et al., 2016). Sunflower cake has significant contents of lipids (± 16.5%), acid detergent lignin

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(±6.8%) and protein (± 25%), and it can be used in animal feed as an ingredient protein and energy for total or partial replacement of soybean meal and corn, which are most commonly used in animal diets (Fernandes Júnior et al., 2015; Gonzaga Neto et al., 2015). However, this large content of lipids, which is associated with the amount and quality of fiber in sunflower cake can decrease animal intake and affect the digestibility and performance due to interference

3 with fiber digestion or diet palatability (Fernandes Júnior et al., 2013; Alves et al., 2016). In addition, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) at concentrations greater than 12 g/kg body weight alters the physical mechanisms of intake because the low-quality fiber fills the rumen, reducing intake capacity (Mertens 1994; Palmquist and Mattos 2011; Bezerra et al., 2016). Therefore, sunflower cake can be included in ruminant diets to increase energy density and try to improve

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production performance, but also could have negative effects on fiber digestion. The aim was

nitrogenous balance, and carcass traits of Santa Ines lambs. 2. Material and methods

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to determine the effects of sunflower cake levels on the intake, performance, digestibility,

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This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Federal University of Bahia, which is located at km 174 of the BR 101 highway,

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at 12°23′58″ S and 38°52′44″ W, Bahia State, Brazil, according to the recommendations of the

(protocol number 02/2014).

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Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments Guide of the Federal University of Bahia

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2.1. Animals, diets and general procedures

Forty non-castrated male Santa Ines lambs with an average initial body weight (BW) of

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20.9 ± 0.41 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 treatments (n = 10). The experiment total period was 71 days with 15 days for animals’ adaptation to diets and stables and 56 days for

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data collection. During the adaptation period, all animals were treated for internal and external parasites with ivermectin (Ivomec gold; Merial, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil) and vaccinated

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against clostridiosis using Polivalente (Sintoxan; Merial, Sao Paulo, Brazil). The lambs have housed in individual stalls (1.0 by 1.0 m), that has equipped with slatted

wood floors, water troughs, and feed troughs. They received water ad libitum and have fed twice daily (09.00 and 16.00 h) with a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 50% hay (chopped Tifton-85) and 50% concentrate. The feed refusals have collected and weighed daily, and the

4 amount of feed offered has adjusted to allow a 5-10% refusal. Before the experiment, the feed components were chemically analyzed (Table 1 and 2) separately with triplicate samples. The concentrate mixture was composed of ground corn, soybean meal, mineral premix, and sunflower cake, being this ingredient included in the total diet or TMR (Table 2) at levels of 0, 10, 20, or 30% (DM basis). When increasing the sunflower cake, levels of soybean meal

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and ground corn have reduced. The formulated diets (Table 2) accord the NRC (2007) guidelines for an average daily gain (ADG) of 250 g.

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Samples of ingredients, refusals, and feces were pre-dried in a forced-air ventilation oven at 55°C for 72 h. Then, samples of ingredients and refusals were ground in a Wiley knife mill

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with a sieve size of 1 mm. The samples were stored in plastic jars with lids, labeled, and

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subjected to analyses to determine the dry matter (DM; method 967.03), ash (method 942.05),

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crude protein (CP; method 981.10), and ether extract (EE; method 920.29) contents (AOAC,

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1990).

The analyses for determination of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber

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(ADF) has done according to Van Soest et al. (1991) with changes proposed by Senger et al. (2008) to use an autoclave. The autoclave temperature was maintained at 110°C for a period

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of 40 minutes. The NDF residue was incinerated in an oven at 600°C for 4 h, and the protein correction was determined by subtracting the neutral detergent-insoluble nitrogen (NDIN). The

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NDIN and acid detergent-insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) contents were determined according to the methods of Licitra et al. (1996). Acid detergent lignin (ADL) was determined according to

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method 973.18 (AOAC, 2002), and ADF residue was treated with 72% sulfuric acid. The nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) were determined by the equation calculated by Hall (2000): NFC = 100 – [(CP – CP from urea + urea) + NDF + EE + Ash, with the value of NDF corrected for ash and protein (NDFap). 2.2. Intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance

5 The nutrient intake was estimated based on the difference between the total of each nutrient contained in the feed offered and the amount in the refusals. The chemical composition of the feed intake was estimated based on the ratio of the intake of each nutrient to the DM intake × 100. The digestibility assay was performed from 30 to 40 days of confinement by using the

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total collections of refusals and feces during this period. For collection of feces, appropriate canvas bags were attached to the animals using nylon strips. After a period of 4 d of adaptation

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to the canvas bags, two daily fecal collections were made in the morning (0800 h) and the afternoon (1600 h), and those collections were performed for seven consecutive days. The feces

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and refusals have dried in a forced-air oven at 55°C for 72 h. Then, the samples were ground

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in a Wiley knife mill with a sieve size of 1 mm to refusal samples and 3 mm to feces samples. The digestibility coefficients (DCs) of DM, CP, NDF, and EE were calculated through

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the equation DC = (kg of the portion ingested − kg of the portion excreted)/(kg of the portion ingested) × 100.

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TDN intake and TDN concentrations were calculated according to Sniffen et al. (1992) using the equation ITDN = (ICP − CPf) + 2.25 (IEE − EEf) + ITC − TCf), where ITDN, ICP,

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IEE, and ITC represent the intake of TDN, CP, EE, and total carbohydrates, respectively, and CPf, EEf, and TCf refer to CP, EE, and total carbohydrate excretion in the feces, respectively.

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The concentrations of TDN were obtained using the equation TDN (g/kg) = (ITDN/intake of DM) × 100.

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During the digestibility assay, days 32 and 37, spot urine samples were collected

approximately 4 h after feeding during spontaneous urination for measurement of urinary nitrogenous compounds. The urine has captured in disposable cups before it reaches the slatted floor, filtered through a triple cheesecloth layer and was mixed in a sulfuric acid solution to 0.036 N at a ratio of 1.00-part acid to 4.00-parts urine before it was frozen for subsequent

6 analysis. The nitrogenous compounds were analyzed using the Kjeldahl method 960.52 (AOAC, 1990). Urine volume was estimated based on urine creatinine content using a commercial kit and a spectrophotometer reading, using the equation urine volume (mL) = [(Body weight (kg) × 14.25) × 100]/ creatinine concentration (mg/dL), assuming that each lamb excreted 14.25 mg

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of creatinine per kg of body weight (Santos et al., 2015).

The nitrogen balance (NB) has calculated from amounts of nitrogen intake (g/day) and

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the nitrogen excreted in feces and urine. The N retention has calculated by the difference

between the NB and BEN (basal endogenous nitrogen). It was considered losses of endogenous tissue and dermal N to be 0.35 and 0.018 in metabolic weight, respectively (AFRC, 1993). The

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BEN was obtained using the equation BEN (g/day) = (0.018 + 0.35) × BW0.75.

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2.3. Performance and carcass traits

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Lambs were weighed at the beginning of the experiment (initial weight) and every 15 d to determine ADG as well as before slaughter to obtain the final weight and total weight gain.

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The animals were weighed in the morning after 16 hours of fasting and before the first feeding. In the slaughtering procedure, animals were stunned with stunners (Dal Pino®, Santo

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André, SP, Brazil) that promoted electronarcosis (220 V, 1.5 A for 10 seconds). Then, these carcasses have suspended and bled by the jugular vein and carotid artery before they have

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skinned and eviscerated, following to Federal Inspection Service (S.I.F.) recommendations advocated by the Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Food Supply (Brazil, 2000).

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The head and feet were removed, and the carcasses were weighed to determine the hot

carcass weight (HCW) and hot carcass yield (HCY) was calculated through the equation HCY = [HCW/live weight at slaughter (SLW)] × 100. Then, the carcasses were placed in a cold chamber (4°C) for 24 h and weighed for the determination of the cold carcass weight (CCW) and cold carcass yield (CCY) was calculated through the equation CCY = [CCW/SLW] × 100.

7 The carcasses were subjectively evaluated, in which the conformation index [1 = Poor (concave), 2 = Regular (subconcave), 3 = Good (straight), 4 = Very good (subconvex), 5 = Excellent (convex)] and the fattening degree (1 = Very thin, 2 = Thin, 3 = Median, 4 = Fat, 5 = Very fat) were determined, as described by Cezar and Sousa (2007). The carcass morphometric measurements were obtained according to Yáñez et al. (2004) based on the

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parameters length (external, internal and leg), rump perimeter, chest width, and depth of chest. The carcass compactness index (CCI) was calculated through the equation CCI = CCW/internal

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length. Body capacity (BC) was calculated through the equation BC = slaughter weight (kg)/body length (cm).

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After the 24 h slaughtering period, the carcasses were sectioned in commercial cuts,

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and the longissimus dorsi between the 12th and 13th vertebrae was cut to obtain the longissimus

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lumborum; the exposed cross sections were used to measure longissimus muscle area (LMA)

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and the subcutaneous fat thickness (mm) using calipers and following the recommendations of Cezar and Sousa (2007). The LMA was determined in square centimeters after scanning the

2.4. Statistical Analysis

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images.

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The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments and 10

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replicates per treatment. The following statistical model was used: Yij = μ + si +eij

where Yij = observed value; μ = overall mean; si = effect of sunflower cake level; and eij =

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effect of the experimental error. The command PROC GLM in SAS 9.1® (SAS, 2003) software was used. Polynomial contrasts

were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of the amount of sunflower cake inclusion. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.

3. Results

8 3.1. Intake, digestibility assay and N balance Sunflower cake inclusion replacing of soybean meal and ground corn linearly decreased the intake (g/day) of DM, CP, NFC, TDN (P < 0.01) and NDFap (P <0.05) as well as the DM intake in %BW and in g/kg BW0.75 (P <0.01) of Santa Ines lambs (Table 3). However, for EE intake in g/day and in g/kg BW0.75, there was a linear increase (P < 0.01) with the use of sunflower cake as a replacement

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for soybean meal and ground corn. There were no effects on NDFap intake as %BW (P = 0.69). Sunflower cake replacing soybean meal and ground corn linearly decreased the digestibility of

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DM (P < 0.01) and NFC and increased EE digestibility (P < 0.01). CP (P = 0.30) and NDFap (P = 0.48) digestibility in lamb were unaffected. There were a linear decrease in N intake (P < 0.01), N fecal

excretion (P < 0.01), N balance (P = 0.02), N basal endogenous (P < 0.01) and N retained (P = 0.03).

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The N urinary excretion was not changed (P = 0.94) by sunflower cake inclusion to the lamb diet.

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3.2. Performance and carcass characteristics

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There were a linear reduction (P < 0.01) on final body weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain and gain: feed ratio with the sunflower cake inclusion replacing soybean meal

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and ground corn in the diet of lamb (Table 4).

The morphometric measurements wither height, rump height, and body length, external

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length, internal length, leg length, depth of chest, and rump perimeter (all in cm), as well as the

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body capacity (kg/cm) were linearly reduced with the inclusion of sunflower cake to replace soybean meal and ground corn in the diets of lambs (P < 0.05). Chest width, rump width, thoracic perimeter and chest width of the lamb carcass were not affected by the sunflower

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inclusion cake in the lamb diet (P > 0.05). Internal length (−6.70 cm), rump perimeter (−5.80 cm), body length (−4.80 cm) and external length (−4.40 cm) were the most discrepant measures between the groups without sunflower cake inclusion and with sunflower cake at 30% total DM.

9 There were a linear decrease on CCI (kg/cm), SLW (kg), HCW (kg), CCW (kg), HCW (%), CCW (%), LMA (cm2) and carcass conformation index of lambs fed with sunflower cake replacing soybean meal and ground corn in the diet (P < 0.05). Subcutaneous fat thickness (mm) and carcass fattening degree were not affected by sunflower cake inclusion in the lamb diet (P > 0.05).

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4. Discussion

The animals' capacity to transform the diet intake into muscle has decreased along with

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a reduced final body weight, total weight gain, average daily weight gain, and gain: feed ratio with sunflower cake inclusion in the lambs' diet. The worse productive parameters registered

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are due to the increase fiber and lipid contents and a decrease of NFC in diets associated with

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DM and NFC digestibility reduction when the sunflower cake has included in the diet.

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The increase in daily intake and the digestibility EE affected negatively to the intake of

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DM, fiber, and NFC and digestibility of DM and NFC (Alves et al., 2016; Silva et al., 2016a). One possible cause of these results is the unsaturated fatty acid present in the vegetable oil

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from biodiesel byproducts, such sunflower cake (Costa et al., 2016; Silva et al., 2016b). This process is a "self-protection" of microorganisms against harmful unsaturated fatty acids effects,

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especially the polyunsaturated fatty acids (Palmquist and Mattos, 2011). The interaction between fatty acids (especially polyunsaturated) and the microbial cell membrane

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phospholipids inhibiting the ruminal microorganism development (Vargas et al., 2017). Another factor that contributes to reducing the animal rumen degradation are the food particles

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coated by the oil which hinders microbial adhesion (Ekeren et al., 1992; Toral et al., 2009). Thus, the use of oil and cake from vegetables when included in the ruminant diet above

the recommended amount (6 at 8% DM total) can promote reduction in DM intake, increase in EE intake and reduction in fiber digestibility which will negatively influence the production of milk or meat of the animals (Fernandes Júnior et al., 2015; Costa et al., 2016; Morais et al.,

10 2017; Dias et al., 2018). Rodrigues et al. (2013) studying the sunflower cake inclusion in lambs' diets reported increases in NDF and EE concentrations in the diet, as well as a reduction in intake and digestibility of DM which was also observed in the present study. Sunflower cake inclusion replacing soybean meal and ground corn in the diet decreased CP intake and affected the N balance, through the reduction in daily N intake, nitrogen balance

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and the N retention (Goes et al., 2010; Santos et al., 2016). Despite this reduction, all the experimental groups presented N balance positive. However, sunflower cake levels decreased

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the N endogenous, which consists of amino acids that are inevitably lost by the animal (Bezerra et al., 2013; Fernandes Júnior et al., 2015). This outcome indicates that N use efficiency was

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reduced with sunflower cake inclusion, likely because N lost through feces is associated with

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increased concentrations of NDIN and ADIN (Goes et al., 2010).

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The reductions in CP and NFC intake and digestibility resulted in lower ADG, which

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reduced the final BW, SLW and CCI. The posterior height and body length were lower by sunflower cake inclusion (Fernandes Júnior et al., 2013; Alves et al., 2016). This indicates that

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the animals presented less body development with the inclusion of sunflower cake at level 30%. Rodrigues et al., (2013) and Fernandes Júnior et al., (2015) also reported that the inclusion of

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sunflower cake in the diet adversely affected development of the animals and decreased measures such as final body weight, daily and total mean weight gains, and the longissimus

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muscle area, all of which were changes that were observed in the present study. The fattening degree ranged from 2.60 to 2.65. However, carcass conformation index

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reduced from 3.70 to 3.00 and LMA from 14.5 to 9.60 cm2 between lambs without and with 30% sunflower cake inclusion, respectively. These parameters quantify the carcass' muscular and fat distribution and determine edible part with the greatest financial return (Oliveira et al., 2015; Santos et al., 2016). Visual determination of fattening degree allows that providing carcasses with adequate fat cover for consumers, since, the ideal fat cover of the carcasses is a

11 desired characteristic by the consumer (Osorio and Osorio 2005). Conformation and fatness are criteria that define the carcass quality, since well-conformed and fattened carcasses are usually given higher prices at the sale, especially in countries where lamb production is traditional (Cirne et al., 2016; Cartaxo et al., 2017). The mean value of CCI observed in this

researching with Santa Ines lambs supplemented with confinement. 5. Conclusion

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study was 3.18 similar to Gomes et al., (2011) of 3.07 and Cartaxo et al., (2017) of 3.07

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Under conditions of this study, wherein sunflower cake diets had lower CP and NFC, and

more fiber than the control treatment, the use of sunflower cake for lambs is not recommended

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at the levels that have studied. However, the decision to use sunflower cake or not should

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include consideration of the profitability arising from the inclusion and the corresponding

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reductions in the amounts of expensive ingredients (corn and soybean) in the diet.

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Conflict of interest

There are no conflicts of interest issues concerning this submission

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological

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Development (CNPq-Brazil), by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES-Brazil) and by the Bahia State Research Foundation (FAPESB-Brazil).

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14 Hall, M.B., 2000. Neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates. Nutritional relevance and analysis: A Laborary Manual. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Laudadio, V., Bastoni, E., Introna, M., Tufarelli, V., 2013. Production of low-fiber sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) meal by micronization and air classification processes. CyTA. J. Food. 11(4), 398–403.

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17 Table 1 The chemical composition of main ingredients in the experimental diets Ingredients Chemical composition (g/kg DM)

Soybean

Sunflower

Tifton-85

corn

meal

cake

hay

Dry Matter (g/kg as fed)

901

879

890

854

Ash

12.8

65.8

60.7

59.3

Crude Protein

94.9

503

249

78.4

Ether extract

51.4

Neutral detergent fiberapa

112

Acid detergent fiber

23.2

Neutral detergent-insoluble nitrogen (g/kg CP)

Hemicellulose

Corrected for ash and protein.

A

CC E

a

PT

Non-fibrous carbohydrate

ED

Cellulose

SC R

13.7

103

318

720

71.3

232

397

120

53.4

127

589

2.97

0.44

26.8

34.2

0.65

1.32

67.7

60.8

22.6

70.0

165

336

88.5

32.1

86.0

324

729

311

210

129

U

162

N

M

Acid detergent lignin

17.4

A

Acid detergent-insoluble nitrogen (g/kg CP)

IP T

Ground

18 Table 2 Ingredient proportions and chemical composition of the experimental diets containing sunflower cake levels Sunflower cake levels (% total DM) Items 10

Ground corn

260

207

Soybean meal

220

173

Sunflower cake

0.00

Mineral mixturea

100

127

80.0

100

200

300

15.0

15.0

15.0

15.0

5.00

5.00

5.00

500

500

500

500

875

875

875

874

62.5

64.8

67.1

69.4

188

185

181

178

24.1

36.7

49.4

62.1

412

433

454

475

Acid detergent fiber

220

239

257

276

Neutral detergent-insoluble nitrogen (g/kg CP)

338

341

345

349

Acid detergent-insoluble nitrogen (g/kg CP)

18.0

20.5

23.0

25.5

Acid detergent lignin

30.8

37.5

44.2

50.9

Cellulose

189

201

213

225

Hemicellulose

192

194

197

199

Non-fibrous carbohydrate

322

290

257

225

SC R

153

Urea + ammonium sulfateb

N

5.00

A

Tifton-85 hay

Dry Matter (g/kg as fed)

Crude Protein

PT

Ether extract

ED

Ash

M

Chemical composition (g/kg DM)

CC E

Neutral detergent fiberapc

A

30

U

Ingredients (g/kg DM)

20

IP T

0

19 a

Guaranteed levels (for active elements): 120 g calcium, 87 g phosphorus, 147 g sodium, 18 g sulfur,

590 mg copper, 40 mg cobalt, 20 mg chrome, 1,800 mg iron, 80 mg iodine, 1,300 mg manganese, 15 mg selenium, 3,800 mg zinc, 300 mg molybdenum, and maximum 870 mg fluoride. Solubility of phosphorus citric acid: 2 to 95%. b

Mixture of urea and ammonium sulfate at a ratio of 9:1.

Corrected for ash and protein.

A

CC E

PT

ED

M

A

N

U

SC R

IP T

c

20 Table 3 Intake, digestibility, and nitrogen (N) balance of Santa Ines lambs fed diets with sunflower cake levels P-valueb

Sunflower cake (% DM) SEM

Linear

Quadratic

<0.01

0.73

<0.01

0.74

<0.01

0.09

22.1

0.02

0.88

15.8

<0.01

0.35

581

35.8

<0.01

0.50

A

Variables 0

10

20

30

Dry Matter

1200

1020

1000

860

52.7

Crude Protein

245

205

196

164

9.86

Ether extract

31.1

41.6

54.6

59.9

2.34

Neutral detergent fiberapc

441

395

414

381

Non-fibrous carbohydrate

418

319

273

202

Total digestible nutrients

822

697

660

Dry Matter

43.6

40.6

Neutral detergent fiberapc

16.0

a

39.2

35.2

1.05

<0.01

0.68

15.8

16.3

15.5

0.48

0.69

0.59

99.7

90.5

87.9

78.0

2.36

<0.01

0.89

2.59

3.70

4.82

5.46

0.11

<0.01

0.07

68.5

66.6

62.6

62.3

1.35

<0.01

0.65

Crude protein

77.1

79.3

77.7

76.4

0.98

0.30

0.08

Ether extract

73.5

82.7

85.9

89.2

1.55

<0.01

0.08

Neutral detergent fiberap3

48.4

45.0

43.5

45.8

2.82

0.48

0.34

Non-fibrous carbohydrate

86.6

86.3

80.3

81.7

1.35

0.01

0.59

41.1

34.1

30.7

19.2

1.77

<0.01

0.17

ED

Nutrient intake (g/kg BW0.75) Dry Matter

A

CC E

Dry matter

PT

Ether extract Digestibility (%)

M

SC R

U

N

Nutrient intake (% BW)

IP T

Nutrient intake (g/day)

Nitrogen (N) balance (g/day) Nitrogen intake

21 Fecal nitrogen

9.40

7.06

6.86

6.88

0.59

0.01

0.03

Urine nitrogen

4.82

7.72

4.13

5.83

1.69

0.94

0.76

Nitrogen balance

26.9

19.3

19.7

16.5

2.50

0.02

0.31

Basal endogenous nitrogen

5.01

4.79

4.62

4.38

0.17

<0.01

0.66

Nitrogen retention

21.9

14.5

15.1

12.1

2.50

0.03

0.32

1

IP T

Standard error of the mean; Significance at P < 0.05; 3 Corrected for ash and protein

A

CC E

PT

ED

M

A

N

U

SC R

2

22 Table 4 Performance, morphometric measurements and carcass traits of Santa Ines lambs fed diets supplemented with different levels of sunflower cake P-valueb

Sunflower cake (% DM) SEMa 0

10

20

30

Initial BW, kg

21.2

20.5

21.3

21.2

1.19

Final BW, kg

33.7

30.0

29.8

27.6

1.45

Total weight gain, kg

12.4

9.51

8.54

6.44

0.62

Average daily gain, kg

0.22

0.17

0.15

0.12

0.01

Gain: Feed, kg/kg

0.18

0.17

0.15

0.14

Wither height

65.7

62.9

63.6

62.1

Rump height

65.2

64.4

Chest width

22.4

22.1

Rump width

21.2

Thoracic perimeter

-

0.56

<0.01

0.53

<0.01

0.53

0.01

<0.01

0.86

1.40

0.05

0.70

63.9

61.9

0.99

<0.01

0.37

22.0

21.3

0.60

0.14

0.63

19.2

20.7

20.1

0.71

0.52

0.38

83.0

81.4

83.9

82.8

2.07

0.86

0.97

60.7

60.9

59.2

55.9

1.18

<0.01

0.03

Body capacity, kg/cm

0.55

0.49

0.50

0.49

0.02

<0.01

0.07

External length

57.6

55.2

54.0

53.2

1.11

<0.01

0.48

61.1

60.6

57.6

54.4

2.13

<0.01

0.49

Leg length

41.8

40.7

40.8

39.7

0.73

<0.01

0.79

Chest width

23.8

23.6

23.2

22.9

0.89

0.26

0.83

Depth of chest

24.8

24.7

24.1

23.5

0.61

<0.01

0.42

Rump perimeter

67.2

63.8

62.8

61.4

0.85

<0.01

0.04

0.23

0.22

0.21

0.19

0.01

<0.01

0.89

Slaughter weight, kg

33.7

30.3

29.3

27.5

1.46

<0.01

0.44

Hot carcass weight, kg

14.4

13.3

11.9

10.5

0.69

<0.01

0.44

Cold carcass weight, kg

14.3

13.3

11.9

10.5

0.69

<0.01

0.48

Hot carcass yield, %

42.7

43.9

40.6

38.2

1.01

<0.01

0.10

Cold carcass yield, %

42.4

43.9

40.6

38.2

1.01

<0.01

0.12

M

A

U

SC R

<0.01

N

Morphometric measurements (cm)

Linear Quadratic

IP T

Variables

CC E

PT

Internal length

ED

Body length

A

Carcass compactness index, kg/cm

23 Subcutaneous fat thickness, mm

1.35

1.33

1.45

1.06

0.22

0.57

0.48

Longissimus muscle area, cm2

14.5

13.0

12.5

9.60

0.55

<0.01

0.15

Carcass conformation indexc

3.70

2.80

3.20

3.00

0.22

0.04

0.09

Carcass fattening degreed

2.60

2.60

2.65

2.61

0.20

0.93

0.92

a

Standard error of the mean; Significance at P < 0.05 c Conformation index [1 = Poor (concave) to 5 = Excellent (convex)] according to Cezar and Sousa (2007) d Fattening degree (1 = Very thin to 5 = Very fat) as proposed by Cezar and Sousa (2007)

A

CC E

PT

ED

M

A

N

U

SC R

IP T

b