- Email: [email protected]
Integration of renewable energy into local and regional power supply
WREC 1996
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY INTO LOCAL AND REGIONAL P O W E R SUPPLY
Per Lundsager DanREC - Danish Renewable Energy Consultants Ltd. P.O.Box 30, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
ABSTRACT There is a need for continued Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) efforts within Renewable Energy (RE). To contribute towards operational strategies the EUREC Agency has issued position papers on each RE technology and on the application of these RE technologies in an integrated systems approach. Based on the Integration Position paper, adapted to an international framework, this paper deals with the application of RE technologies in integrated systems, i.e. RE supply systems that apply more than one RE technology. The intention is to concentrate on the integration issues, and therefore issues related to any specific RE technology are not dealt with here. The paper formulates a set of realistic goals for R, D & D in terms oftechnogical and economical performance as well as the practical measures necessary for the realization of the goals in terms of actions within RD&D and associated fields. The paper outlines a strategy for the development and gives recommendations as to how the strategy may be realized.
KEYWORDS
Renewable Energy; Power Supply; Systems; Integration; Goals; Measures; Strategy;
INTRODUCTION Renewable Energy (RE) technologies are developing rapidly and it is generally anticipated that the new RE technologies (Wind, PV, Solar Thermal, Biofuels etc) will be increasingly economic competitive with fossil and nuclear plants. However, when used on their own each of the RE technologies have shortcomings when compared to the ability of traditional fossil fuel based generation technologies to supply firm power with accepted high capacity value. Therefore, in order to utilize the full potential of RE technologies and to ensure firm and reliable power they must be used together in an integrated way with RE generating technologies in combination with other RE technologies and energy storage and/or power conditioning technologies The paper formulates a set of realistic goals for R, D & D in terms of technogical and economical performance as well as the practical measures necessary for the realization of the goals in terms of actions within RD&D and associated fields. The paper outlines a strategy for the development and gives recommendations as to how the strategy may be realized.
117
WREC 1996 PRESENT SITUATION Basic Issues. There is a growing global awareness of the fact, that the energy supply of the future must rely to a very high degree on 'clean' and renewable energy technologies, and that a failure to attain this may have very serious consequences. A very significant increase in global energy consumption is happening, partly as a consequence of national policies for a significant increase in standards of living for a large part of the worlds population. This increase cannot in the long run be met by a fossil fuel based power supply without very serious consequences for the global environment. It is therefore necessary to develop, within a time horizon of less than, say, 50 years, a sustainable global energy supply concept that ultimately is based on 'clean' and renewable energy in a scale sufficient to meet the demands. Strategies to support this development should be developed and applied by relevant national, regional and international bodies. The development itself must be driven by those who can afford to do so, i.e. the industrialized countries. RE Technologies. Renewable Energy (RE) technologies are developing rapidly, but when used on their own each of the RE technologies have shortcomings when compared to the ability of traditional fossil fuel based generation technologies to supply firm power with accepted high capacity value. Therefore, in order to utilize the full potential of RE technologies they must be used together in an integrated way, in generating units or schemes that may be termed Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy (IHRE) systems or RE Cogeneration Schemes, depending on whether they are concentrated systems for local power supply or dispersed schemes for regional power supply. IHRE Systems and RE Cogeneration Schemes consist of RE generating technologies in combination with other RE technologies including passive designs, energy management and energy storage and/or power conditioning technologies. Layouts should be adapted to the conditions and possibilities of each specific location in order to ensure firm and reliable power. As a concept IHRE systems and RE Cogeneration Schemes are envisaged to consist of RE technologies only, and purposes should be both up to 100% local power supply from concentrated IHRE systems and integration of dispersed RE Cogeneration schemes into existing power supply. In practice the power supply will often include fossil fuel energy sources for support and backup, in particular when IHRE systems and RE Cogeneration Schemes are introduced in supply systems with existing fossil fuel power plants. Status. There is presently a significant increase in the interest shown by governments, planners, utilities and private investors for including RE technologies in the energy supply portfolio. Today's most promising RE technologies are based on hydro, wind, biomass & biofuels, and solar energy, in electricity production as well as heat production. RE applications mostly deal with one RE technology at a time such as wind parks, PV systems etc. So far international R&D in hybrid RE systems has mostly concentrated on wind diesel systems. It is envisaged that future R&D programmes will concentrate more on IHRE's, systems in which several RE technologies are integrated. RE technologies are not yet fully competitive with traditional energy supply technologies on purely commercial conditions, i.e. when externalities are not included in the comparison. However, it is generally anticipated that the new RE technologies (Wind, PV, Solar Thermal, Biofuels etc) will be increasingly economic competitive with fossil and nuclear plants. Within a time horizon of 10 to 20 years some of the RE technologies, such as Wind, will be fully economic competitive while others, such as PV, will be closing in.
118
WREC 1996 Today few manufacturers aim specifically at IHRE systems, but there are suppliers of hybrid WD systems (i.e. systems with wind and diesel generation together with another RE technology, typically PV) with development strategies that aim at IHRE systems. The development and application of IHRE systems presently aims at the supply of electricity to grids, heat for use in (district) heating and process heat, and energy carriers such as biogas and biofuels (and in the long run hydrogen from electrolysis). There is a simultaneous development of planning tools in terms of system models on various levels, predicting resources and output, but practically no standards or agreed evaluation criteria exist.
REALISTIC GOALS The Vision. The visions in terms of long term objectives should be 1) To ensure a sustainable energy supply in the long run, i.e. an energy supply concept based almost entirely on RE technologies, 2) To ensure a controlled and well planned transition from the present fossil fuel based energy supply to the future sustainable one, and 3) To contribute in a global scale to the implementation world wide of RE technologies in the form of IHRE systems & technology developed in Europe as an offspring of European development.
The corresponding vision for an energy RD&D policy should be 4) To establish a framework for continued, increased R&D and Demonstration of large scale application and integration of RE technologies. The strategy should be 5) To develop tools for planning, design, implementation & evaluation of IHRE technology, and 6) To implement pilot and demonstration IHRE systems. Strategic goals. Overall strategic goals should be 1) Development of IHRE systems for up to 100% electricity production (or combined heat & power production) and 2) Development of RE Coproduction schemes for integration of RE into existing power supply systems. This should include development oflHRE technology giving same power supply reliability and power quality as a conventional system. In developed countries this development should concentrate on 3) Development of regions with up to 100% RE power supply and 4) Development of smaller IHRE systems for isolated/remote areas.
Technology should be developed and implemented to meet the needs in the developing world in order to avoid conflicts and other consequences of an increasing use of fossil fuels. On a global level the development should concentrate on 5) Development of sustainable and competitive power for developing countries and 6) Ensuring that a substantial part of global increase in energy demand is covered by IHRE and RE Cogeneration technology This development will ensure that an increasing proportion of 3rd world energy demand will be supplied by IHRE and RE Cogeneration technology and it will include the development of a competitive technical-economical performance. In the end it will contribute to limiting the (growth in) global CO2 emissions. Goals and Measures for a European R, D & D Strategy. Specific goals for the development of IHRE technology could be 1) 100 electric supply regions within EU with operational up to 100% RE based electricity supply systems, and 2) 100 IHRE systems in operation in developing countries. These regions and systems should be fully operational no later than in the year 2010. It is necessary to have clearly stated goals, but as implementation proceeds and experience is gained the numbers may have to be adjusted. Maybe actual 100% RE based power supply will only be possible in a few cases, but on the other hand the time limit of 2010 may turn out to be pessimistic.
119
WREC 1996 In order to reach the goals a number of dependent goals must be reached, and in order to do this a number of measures must be implemented. In order to define the actions necessary and to monitor progress a strategy must be defined that includes schedules, priorities and players. The strategic and dependent goals and the associated measures are shown in the table in Appendix B and they are outlined below. There are four groups of dependent goals leading to seven means or measures ,4) SECURE MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION. Goals should be a) a significant number (100's) of power supply grids and regions with operational power supply systems based up to 100% on RE technologies. Means are." 1) Develop and demonstrate proven and cost effective concepts, principles & solutions for RE cogeneration and IHRE systems, including flexibility of integration; 2) Improve support technologies, e.g. energy conversion & management technologies. B) INCREASE CREDIBILITY & PREDICTABILITY. Goals should be to b) Increase the technical and economical credibility as well as the predictability of the IHRE and RE Cogeneration technology; c) Increase the integration into grids and regions of developed countries. Means are: 3) Flexible, modular & updateable tools for planning, design & evaluation; 4) Ensure necessary quality of deliverables (power, reliability, predictability). C) INCREASE COMPATIBILITY AND COLLABORATION. Goals should be." d) Free operation of the markets for RE Cogeneration and IHRE Technology; e) Increased industrial collaboration and coproduction oflHRE systems; Means: 5) Harmonized International Standards, legal structures and institutional framework. D) INCREASE INTERNATIONAL ACCEPTANCE AND APPLICATION. Goals should be." t) Acceptance by implementing agencies, donor organizations & other international flnancers; g) Application of RE Cogeneration and IHRE technology outside developed countries including developing countries; Means." 6) Agreed rates & principles for the quantitative evaluation of IHRE technology including externalities; 7) Proven and competitive applications of RE Cogeneration and IHRE technology within year 2010.
MEASURES The measures to be implemented in order to achieve the goals are briefly described below. Develop and demonstrate proven and cost effective concepts, principles & solutions for RE cogeneration and IHRE systems. Cost effective concepts and solutions should be developed and demonstrated. Development efforts should include work on configuration and architecture of both concentrated IHRE systems and dispersed RE Cogeneration schemes. Concrete solutions applied for specific cases should be demonstrated and monitored. Improve support technologies, e.g. energy conversion & management technologies. In order to improve the ability of IHRE systems and RE Cogeneration schemes to supply firm and reliable power, support technologies such as energy conversion, storage and management technologies should be developed and/or improved. An important issue is to develop, include and manage secondary loads such as water (including water desalination), heat, cold, freeze etc. Flexible, modular & updateable tools for planning, design & evaluation. A precondition for the increased integration of RE technologies into power supply grids and regions will be the acceptance of the IHRE and RE cogeneration technologies by decision makers, financers etc. This means that both technical and economical credibility should be increased and substantiated. In important part of this will be the development of flexible, modular and updateable tools for planning, design and evaluation of such systems and schemes. 120
WREC 1996 Ensure necessary quality of deliverables (power, reliability, predictability). The necessary quality of the deliverables from such systems and schemes should be ensured. Examples of deliverables in this context are power, reliability and predictability. This includes work on 1) interface and interaction between systems, components and users, 2) verification and documentation and 3) monitoring of actual installations. Harmonized international standards, legal structures and institutional framework. It is necessary to ensure a free operation of of the markets for such systems and schemes. A major part of this will be to work for an international harmonization of 1) standards for a) Protocols and interface between components and users, b) Testing and measurement procedures, c) Technical and economical performance; 2) Legal structures such as certification, planning permits, noise limits etc. 3) Institutional issues such as insurance, financing etc. Agreed rates & principles for the quantitative evaluation of IHRE technology. This is a precondition for acceptance by implementing agencies, donor organizations and other international fmancers and decision makers. This work includes agreements on 1) Energy accounting principles and rates, 2) Economic assesment principles and methods, 3) Quantification in economic terms of emission reduction effects and socio-economic effects. Proven and competitive applications of RE Cogeneration and IHRE technology within 2010. This is very much a matter of successful demonstration and application. It may be necessary to include issues such as I) Subsidies and policies, 2) Establishing of manufacturing capabilities and 3) Formation of networks for resources including Manufacturers, R&D institutions, advisors and consultants etc. Some of these issues include components of policy and politics.
STRATEGY Integration of Renewable Energy involves both technical issues and non-technical issues such as planning and policies, and therefore the strategy includes the four main issues described briefly below. Policy & Politics. Overall guidelines & priorities should reflect a policy of actively promoting and supporting the development towards a high degree of integration of RE into the international power supply. On a political & strategic level this could include 1) support for strategic work like a complete reasoning & argumentation for IHRE and RE cogeneration technology ("white paper") in regional and global context, 2) implementation & incentive initiatives and 3) market developments. This issue also includes a policy for the utilization in and transfer to the 2nd and 3rd world of the capabilities of developed countries in terms of technology and experience acquired through their R, D & D efforts. Priorities & Schedules. Each separate RE technology is presently developing at a rapid and steady pace. Development needs for IHRE and RE Cogeneration technology are primarily in the development of tools for planning and assessment of systems & schemes, and in establishing agreed rates & criteria for their evaluation, including externalities and other social costs~values. The equally important demonstration needs are primarily for carefully designed, well executed and closely monitored demonstrations of systems & schemes for local & regional integration of RE technologies. A number of "demand side" issues should have high priority, such as harmonizing standards and increasing technical-economical credibility of the IHRE and RE cogeneration technology.
121
WREC 1996 Technology & concepts exist today that are suitable for application, and a short term priority should be to identify some presently working concepts and implement them in several demonstration projects aimed at starting the (positive) track record. In the long run development programmes should be implemented to improve tools and other capabilities, and demonstration programmes should be implemented to demonstrate improved concepts and/or applications as they become available. Competent & critical review of the systems developed & demonstrated is a precondition for a qualified feed-back to the R&D programmes for both integrated systems and for specific RE technologies. High priority should be given to projects with the potential to cover the entire range from prefeasibility study, feasibility study and demonstration phase (mainly programme financed), to large scale implementation with (mainly) commercial international financing, also in countries outside EU. Key Players. Main contractors on the development part should typically be major (national) institutes while main contractors on the demonstration part typically should be industry based (manufacturers) or end-users (communities, utilities). Implementation of the goals, means and measures in the framework of any national or international body would benefit from the combined expertise of staff of the body/bodies and of the international RE resource base. It might be advantageous to establish a forum where representatives for the bodies in question interact with representatives from the international resource base for the IHRE and RE Cogeneration technology. This process would also be useful if and when new programme and/or project structures are to be considered. In this context it should be utilized that integration projects and programmes may be able to provide very useful feed-back and directions to the specific RE technology programmes. Cross National, Cross Discipline and Cross Sector cooperation should be facilitated as an important part of building international capabilities, but operational projects should also be a high priority. It would seem preferable to implement several manageable projects, even if they appear to overlap each other, rather than implementing a few large "white elephant" projects encompassing everything and everybody.
R E F E R E N C E S
*
EUREC Agency Integration Position Paper, 1995 Edited by DanREC and Rise National Laboratory
*
TERES Study (MADRID Declaration, 1994) Working Group Documents
*
World Energy Council Energy for Tomorrows World (1993) New Renewable Energy Sources (1994) -
*
WorldWatch Institute Electricity for A Developing World: New Directions. Paper 70 (1986) The Power Surge (1994) -
*
CEC DGVII - A Strategy for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies to Local Authorities (1993) 122
INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY INTO LOCAL AND REGIONAL P O W E R SUPPLY
Per Lundsager DanREC - Danish Renewable Energy Consultants Ltd. P.O.Box 30, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
ABSTRACT There is a need for continued Research, Development and Demonstration (RD&D) efforts within Renewable Energy (RE). To contribute towards operational strategies the EUREC Agency has issued position papers on each RE technology and on the application of these RE technologies in an integrated systems approach. Based on the Integration Position paper, adapted to an international framework, this paper deals with the application of RE technologies in integrated systems, i.e. RE supply systems that apply more than one RE technology. The intention is to concentrate on the integration issues, and therefore issues related to any specific RE technology are not dealt with here. The paper formulates a set of realistic goals for R, D & D in terms oftechnogical and economical performance as well as the practical measures necessary for the realization of the goals in terms of actions within RD&D and associated fields. The paper outlines a strategy for the development and gives recommendations as to how the strategy may be realized.
KEYWORDS
Renewable Energy; Power Supply; Systems; Integration; Goals; Measures; Strategy;
INTRODUCTION Renewable Energy (RE) technologies are developing rapidly and it is generally anticipated that the new RE technologies (Wind, PV, Solar Thermal, Biofuels etc) will be increasingly economic competitive with fossil and nuclear plants. However, when used on their own each of the RE technologies have shortcomings when compared to the ability of traditional fossil fuel based generation technologies to supply firm power with accepted high capacity value. Therefore, in order to utilize the full potential of RE technologies and to ensure firm and reliable power they must be used together in an integrated way with RE generating technologies in combination with other RE technologies and energy storage and/or power conditioning technologies The paper formulates a set of realistic goals for R, D & D in terms of technogical and economical performance as well as the practical measures necessary for the realization of the goals in terms of actions within RD&D and associated fields. The paper outlines a strategy for the development and gives recommendations as to how the strategy may be realized.
117
WREC 1996 PRESENT SITUATION Basic Issues. There is a growing global awareness of the fact, that the energy supply of the future must rely to a very high degree on 'clean' and renewable energy technologies, and that a failure to attain this may have very serious consequences. A very significant increase in global energy consumption is happening, partly as a consequence of national policies for a significant increase in standards of living for a large part of the worlds population. This increase cannot in the long run be met by a fossil fuel based power supply without very serious consequences for the global environment. It is therefore necessary to develop, within a time horizon of less than, say, 50 years, a sustainable global energy supply concept that ultimately is based on 'clean' and renewable energy in a scale sufficient to meet the demands. Strategies to support this development should be developed and applied by relevant national, regional and international bodies. The development itself must be driven by those who can afford to do so, i.e. the industrialized countries. RE Technologies. Renewable Energy (RE) technologies are developing rapidly, but when used on their own each of the RE technologies have shortcomings when compared to the ability of traditional fossil fuel based generation technologies to supply firm power with accepted high capacity value. Therefore, in order to utilize the full potential of RE technologies they must be used together in an integrated way, in generating units or schemes that may be termed Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy (IHRE) systems or RE Cogeneration Schemes, depending on whether they are concentrated systems for local power supply or dispersed schemes for regional power supply. IHRE Systems and RE Cogeneration Schemes consist of RE generating technologies in combination with other RE technologies including passive designs, energy management and energy storage and/or power conditioning technologies. Layouts should be adapted to the conditions and possibilities of each specific location in order to ensure firm and reliable power. As a concept IHRE systems and RE Cogeneration Schemes are envisaged to consist of RE technologies only, and purposes should be both up to 100% local power supply from concentrated IHRE systems and integration of dispersed RE Cogeneration schemes into existing power supply. In practice the power supply will often include fossil fuel energy sources for support and backup, in particular when IHRE systems and RE Cogeneration Schemes are introduced in supply systems with existing fossil fuel power plants. Status. There is presently a significant increase in the interest shown by governments, planners, utilities and private investors for including RE technologies in the energy supply portfolio. Today's most promising RE technologies are based on hydro, wind, biomass & biofuels, and solar energy, in electricity production as well as heat production. RE applications mostly deal with one RE technology at a time such as wind parks, PV systems etc. So far international R&D in hybrid RE systems has mostly concentrated on wind diesel systems. It is envisaged that future R&D programmes will concentrate more on IHRE's, systems in which several RE technologies are integrated. RE technologies are not yet fully competitive with traditional energy supply technologies on purely commercial conditions, i.e. when externalities are not included in the comparison. However, it is generally anticipated that the new RE technologies (Wind, PV, Solar Thermal, Biofuels etc) will be increasingly economic competitive with fossil and nuclear plants. Within a time horizon of 10 to 20 years some of the RE technologies, such as Wind, will be fully economic competitive while others, such as PV, will be closing in.
118
WREC 1996 Today few manufacturers aim specifically at IHRE systems, but there are suppliers of hybrid WD systems (i.e. systems with wind and diesel generation together with another RE technology, typically PV) with development strategies that aim at IHRE systems. The development and application of IHRE systems presently aims at the supply of electricity to grids, heat for use in (district) heating and process heat, and energy carriers such as biogas and biofuels (and in the long run hydrogen from electrolysis). There is a simultaneous development of planning tools in terms of system models on various levels, predicting resources and output, but practically no standards or agreed evaluation criteria exist.
REALISTIC GOALS The Vision. The visions in terms of long term objectives should be 1) To ensure a sustainable energy supply in the long run, i.e. an energy supply concept based almost entirely on RE technologies, 2) To ensure a controlled and well planned transition from the present fossil fuel based energy supply to the future sustainable one, and 3) To contribute in a global scale to the implementation world wide of RE technologies in the form of IHRE systems & technology developed in Europe as an offspring of European development.
The corresponding vision for an energy RD&D policy should be 4) To establish a framework for continued, increased R&D and Demonstration of large scale application and integration of RE technologies. The strategy should be 5) To develop tools for planning, design, implementation & evaluation of IHRE technology, and 6) To implement pilot and demonstration IHRE systems. Strategic goals. Overall strategic goals should be 1) Development of IHRE systems for up to 100% electricity production (or combined heat & power production) and 2) Development of RE Coproduction schemes for integration of RE into existing power supply systems. This should include development oflHRE technology giving same power supply reliability and power quality as a conventional system. In developed countries this development should concentrate on 3) Development of regions with up to 100% RE power supply and 4) Development of smaller IHRE systems for isolated/remote areas.
Technology should be developed and implemented to meet the needs in the developing world in order to avoid conflicts and other consequences of an increasing use of fossil fuels. On a global level the development should concentrate on 5) Development of sustainable and competitive power for developing countries and 6) Ensuring that a substantial part of global increase in energy demand is covered by IHRE and RE Cogeneration technology This development will ensure that an increasing proportion of 3rd world energy demand will be supplied by IHRE and RE Cogeneration technology and it will include the development of a competitive technical-economical performance. In the end it will contribute to limiting the (growth in) global CO2 emissions. Goals and Measures for a European R, D & D Strategy. Specific goals for the development of IHRE technology could be 1) 100 electric supply regions within EU with operational up to 100% RE based electricity supply systems, and 2) 100 IHRE systems in operation in developing countries. These regions and systems should be fully operational no later than in the year 2010. It is necessary to have clearly stated goals, but as implementation proceeds and experience is gained the numbers may have to be adjusted. Maybe actual 100% RE based power supply will only be possible in a few cases, but on the other hand the time limit of 2010 may turn out to be pessimistic.
119
WREC 1996 In order to reach the goals a number of dependent goals must be reached, and in order to do this a number of measures must be implemented. In order to define the actions necessary and to monitor progress a strategy must be defined that includes schedules, priorities and players. The strategic and dependent goals and the associated measures are shown in the table in Appendix B and they are outlined below. There are four groups of dependent goals leading to seven means or measures ,4) SECURE MANUFACTURE AND APPLICATION. Goals should be a) a significant number (100's) of power supply grids and regions with operational power supply systems based up to 100% on RE technologies. Means are." 1) Develop and demonstrate proven and cost effective concepts, principles & solutions for RE cogeneration and IHRE systems, including flexibility of integration; 2) Improve support technologies, e.g. energy conversion & management technologies. B) INCREASE CREDIBILITY & PREDICTABILITY. Goals should be to b) Increase the technical and economical credibility as well as the predictability of the IHRE and RE Cogeneration technology; c) Increase the integration into grids and regions of developed countries. Means are: 3) Flexible, modular & updateable tools for planning, design & evaluation; 4) Ensure necessary quality of deliverables (power, reliability, predictability). C) INCREASE COMPATIBILITY AND COLLABORATION. Goals should be." d) Free operation of the markets for RE Cogeneration and IHRE Technology; e) Increased industrial collaboration and coproduction oflHRE systems; Means: 5) Harmonized International Standards, legal structures and institutional framework. D) INCREASE INTERNATIONAL ACCEPTANCE AND APPLICATION. Goals should be." t) Acceptance by implementing agencies, donor organizations & other international flnancers; g) Application of RE Cogeneration and IHRE technology outside developed countries including developing countries; Means." 6) Agreed rates & principles for the quantitative evaluation of IHRE technology including externalities; 7) Proven and competitive applications of RE Cogeneration and IHRE technology within year 2010.
MEASURES The measures to be implemented in order to achieve the goals are briefly described below. Develop and demonstrate proven and cost effective concepts, principles & solutions for RE cogeneration and IHRE systems. Cost effective concepts and solutions should be developed and demonstrated. Development efforts should include work on configuration and architecture of both concentrated IHRE systems and dispersed RE Cogeneration schemes. Concrete solutions applied for specific cases should be demonstrated and monitored. Improve support technologies, e.g. energy conversion & management technologies. In order to improve the ability of IHRE systems and RE Cogeneration schemes to supply firm and reliable power, support technologies such as energy conversion, storage and management technologies should be developed and/or improved. An important issue is to develop, include and manage secondary loads such as water (including water desalination), heat, cold, freeze etc. Flexible, modular & updateable tools for planning, design & evaluation. A precondition for the increased integration of RE technologies into power supply grids and regions will be the acceptance of the IHRE and RE cogeneration technologies by decision makers, financers etc. This means that both technical and economical credibility should be increased and substantiated. In important part of this will be the development of flexible, modular and updateable tools for planning, design and evaluation of such systems and schemes. 120
WREC 1996 Ensure necessary quality of deliverables (power, reliability, predictability). The necessary quality of the deliverables from such systems and schemes should be ensured. Examples of deliverables in this context are power, reliability and predictability. This includes work on 1) interface and interaction between systems, components and users, 2) verification and documentation and 3) monitoring of actual installations. Harmonized international standards, legal structures and institutional framework. It is necessary to ensure a free operation of of the markets for such systems and schemes. A major part of this will be to work for an international harmonization of 1) standards for a) Protocols and interface between components and users, b) Testing and measurement procedures, c) Technical and economical performance; 2) Legal structures such as certification, planning permits, noise limits etc. 3) Institutional issues such as insurance, financing etc. Agreed rates & principles for the quantitative evaluation of IHRE technology. This is a precondition for acceptance by implementing agencies, donor organizations and other international fmancers and decision makers. This work includes agreements on 1) Energy accounting principles and rates, 2) Economic assesment principles and methods, 3) Quantification in economic terms of emission reduction effects and socio-economic effects. Proven and competitive applications of RE Cogeneration and IHRE technology within 2010. This is very much a matter of successful demonstration and application. It may be necessary to include issues such as I) Subsidies and policies, 2) Establishing of manufacturing capabilities and 3) Formation of networks for resources including Manufacturers, R&D institutions, advisors and consultants etc. Some of these issues include components of policy and politics.
STRATEGY Integration of Renewable Energy involves both technical issues and non-technical issues such as planning and policies, and therefore the strategy includes the four main issues described briefly below. Policy & Politics. Overall guidelines & priorities should reflect a policy of actively promoting and supporting the development towards a high degree of integration of RE into the international power supply. On a political & strategic level this could include 1) support for strategic work like a complete reasoning & argumentation for IHRE and RE cogeneration technology ("white paper") in regional and global context, 2) implementation & incentive initiatives and 3) market developments. This issue also includes a policy for the utilization in and transfer to the 2nd and 3rd world of the capabilities of developed countries in terms of technology and experience acquired through their R, D & D efforts. Priorities & Schedules. Each separate RE technology is presently developing at a rapid and steady pace. Development needs for IHRE and RE Cogeneration technology are primarily in the development of tools for planning and assessment of systems & schemes, and in establishing agreed rates & criteria for their evaluation, including externalities and other social costs~values. The equally important demonstration needs are primarily for carefully designed, well executed and closely monitored demonstrations of systems & schemes for local & regional integration of RE technologies. A number of "demand side" issues should have high priority, such as harmonizing standards and increasing technical-economical credibility of the IHRE and RE cogeneration technology.
121
WREC 1996 Technology & concepts exist today that are suitable for application, and a short term priority should be to identify some presently working concepts and implement them in several demonstration projects aimed at starting the (positive) track record. In the long run development programmes should be implemented to improve tools and other capabilities, and demonstration programmes should be implemented to demonstrate improved concepts and/or applications as they become available. Competent & critical review of the systems developed & demonstrated is a precondition for a qualified feed-back to the R&D programmes for both integrated systems and for specific RE technologies. High priority should be given to projects with the potential to cover the entire range from prefeasibility study, feasibility study and demonstration phase (mainly programme financed), to large scale implementation with (mainly) commercial international financing, also in countries outside EU. Key Players. Main contractors on the development part should typically be major (national) institutes while main contractors on the demonstration part typically should be industry based (manufacturers) or end-users (communities, utilities). Implementation of the goals, means and measures in the framework of any national or international body would benefit from the combined expertise of staff of the body/bodies and of the international RE resource base. It might be advantageous to establish a forum where representatives for the bodies in question interact with representatives from the international resource base for the IHRE and RE Cogeneration technology. This process would also be useful if and when new programme and/or project structures are to be considered. In this context it should be utilized that integration projects and programmes may be able to provide very useful feed-back and directions to the specific RE technology programmes. Cross National, Cross Discipline and Cross Sector cooperation should be facilitated as an important part of building international capabilities, but operational projects should also be a high priority. It would seem preferable to implement several manageable projects, even if they appear to overlap each other, rather than implementing a few large "white elephant" projects encompassing everything and everybody.
R E F E R E N C E S
*
EUREC Agency Integration Position Paper, 1995 Edited by DanREC and Rise National Laboratory
*
TERES Study (MADRID Declaration, 1994) Working Group Documents
*
World Energy Council Energy for Tomorrows World (1993) New Renewable Energy Sources (1994) -
*
WorldWatch Institute Electricity for A Developing World: New Directions. Paper 70 (1986) The Power Surge (1994) -
*
CEC DGVII - A Strategy for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies to Local Authorities (1993) 122