Interaction of a synthetic hindered-phenol with natural fuel antioxidants in the autoxidation of paraffins

02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels) Anaerobic process of organic wastes transformation via biogas to methanol has been characterized. The capacity of the process for different sort of biomass is discussed. The technology of biogas transformation to a mixture of COz and Hz and then to methanol in three phase process reactor is described. 02/00221 Demonstration of natural gas-to-liquids (GTL) light paraffin fuel in an integrated fuel processing system Russell, B.J. er al. Sot. Automat. Eng., [Spec. Publ.] SP, 2000, SP1505, 27-3 1. Key to broad commercialization of fuel cells is development of fuels that are not only fuel cell reformer compatible, but are also power technology neutral and able to use the existing fuel distribution system with minimal investment. These fuels must permit the transition from present power technologies to ultra-clean power technologies approaching commercialization, including both fuel cell and advanced internal combustion engines. Tests of cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch (ET) light synthetic paraffin in an integrated fuel cell power system demonstrate the feasibility of a natural gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel for fuel cell applications. This paper discusses both experimental data that verifies the suitability of such fuels for fuel cell applications, and the broader ability of these fuels to support a common transition to clean power technologies. 02/00222 Development of liquefaction catalyst for the NEDOL process Hirano, K. er al. Sekiran Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1998, 35th, 435438. (In Japanese) Wet pulverized natural pyrite was specially developed for the liquefaction catalyst of the NEDOL process pilot plant. It is characterized by inexpensiveness, high activity and safe disposability. The pulverized pyrite exhibited expected performance on the pilot plant operation. However, it became clear that the wet pulverizing system is difficult to scale-up because of large pulverizing power and extreme wear from pyrite of hardness. Then, the catalyst production system of high extensibility was newly developed. It resulted that onpulverization method of coal and an iron-compound is of advantage to scale-up and characteristics of the prepared catalyst. 02100223 Development of liquefaction catalyst pulverized system for the pilot plant Miyake, Y. ef al. Sekiron Kagaku Kaigi Happy0 Ronbunshu, 1998, 35th, 439-442. (In Japanese) Natural pyrite was selected as a raw material of the liquefaction catalyst in the NEDOL process pilot plant (PP). Pyrite was pulverized less than micron sized to improve catalytic activity. Wet pulverizing method was applied to prevent from oxidation of pulverized pyrite. The catalyst production system ensured stable operation and the catalyst exhibited high activity. Engineering data of erosion and pulverizing power for designing a demonstration plant had been obtained through the operations. 02100224 Environmental load reduction fuel conversion technology Kamijo, T. et al. Sekiran Riyo Gijutsu Kaigi Koenshu, 1999, 9, 230-242. (In Japanese) Direct catalytic synthesis of d&Me ether (DME) in a slurry reactor from coal derived synthesis gas is studied. A 5 t/d bench plant is used to study the effect of medium oil selection, catalyst amount, catalyst concentration, gas flow rate, etc., on the performance of CO conversion. DME can be used as an alternative clean fuel. 02/00225 Estimation of forest area near deserts production of Global Bio-Methanol from solar energy Nishigami, Y. et a/. Applied Energy, 2000, 67, (4), 383-393. This paper proposes a new synthesis method for methanol as a future alternative fuel, by the combination of carbon supplied from wood and hydrogen supplied from the electrolysis of water using a solar power generation system in the desert. In the developed countries, more than half of the potential forest area has already been converted into other land uses, while existing forests are well organized and available for wood production. In the developing countries, potential forest sites are expected to be available for wood production, even though they are presently grasslands or secondary forests, while natural tropical forests will not be allowed to be converted into artificial forests. The area available for plantations within 500 km distant from deserts was estimated to be 65 Mha in the world, except for the mountain areas. Biomass production from these sites will be converted annually into 980 Mt methanol with hydrogen from the deserts. This amount is equal to 34% of the world’s fuel consumption by vehicles. 02/00226 Fermentations of pectin-rich biomass with recombinant bacteria to produce fuel ethanol Doran, J. er al. Appl. Biochem. Biorechnol, 2000, 84-86, 141-152.

Pectin-rich residues from sugar beet processing contain significant carbohydrates and insignificant amounts of lignin. Beet pulp was evaluated for conversion to ethanol using recombinant bacteria as biocatalysts. Hydrolysis of pectin-rich residues followed by ethanolic fermentations by yeasts has not been productive because galacturonic acid and arabinose are not fermentable to ethanol by these organisms. The three recombinant bacteria evaluated in this study, Escherichia coli strain KOll, Klebsiella oxyloca strain P2, and Erwinia chrysanthemi EC 16 pLOI 555, ferment carbohydrates in beet pulp with varying efficiencies. E. coli KOll is able to convert pure galacturonic acid to ethanol with minimal acetate production. Using an enzyme loading of 10.5 filter paper units of cellulase, 120.4 polygalacturonase units of pectinase, and 6.4 g of cellobiase (per gram of dry weight sugar beet pulp), with substrate addition after 24 h of fermentation, 40 g of ethanol/L was produced. Other recombinants exhibited lower ethanol yields with increases in acetate and succinate production. 02lOO227 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with nitrogen-rich syngas: an alternative to common processes? Jess, A., Hedden, K. Prepr. - Am. chemical Sot.. Div. Pet. chemical, 2000, 45, (2), 202-20s.

Experimental results of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with nitrogen-rich syngas indicate that nitrogen does not affect reaction kinetics provided the partial pressure of carbon monoxide and hydrogen are kept constant. 02/00228 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Compositional changes in an iron catalyst activation and use Liaw, S., Davis, B.H. Top. Caral., 2000, 10, (1,2), 133-139. The equilibrium phase compositions of iron have been calculated for gas compositions that could be encountered during the FischerTropsch synthesis. The gas compositions measured experimentally for CO conversion levels in the 30-90% range show that iron should be present as the carbide phase. However, experimental characterization of iron catalysts show that a significant fraction of the iron is present as Fe,Ol following synthesis for several days. A model that can account for the experimental catalyst phase composition and the gases present in the reactor would have a core of FejOa and an outer layer of iron carbides. Fluid dynamics of 150 t/d PP coal liquefaction 02lOO229 reactor Saegusa, H. et al. Sekilan Kagaku Koigi Happyo Ronbunshu, 1998, 35th, 45 l-454. (In Japanese) Fluid dynamics in a 150 t/d pilot-plant-scale Coal Liquefaction Reactor were studied using NAT (Neutron Attenuation Tracer) technique. The slurry diffusion in Reactor were not so high, against the author’s expectation. Most of the slurry flow were near plug flow rather than the complete mixing one. The Reactor 1 (R-01) has stronger plug flow tendency than the Reactor 3 (R-03). The mean residence time of slurry in R-01 were -30 min under the condition of Coal Liquefaction Operation. Graft copolymers as dispersants for CWM 02/00230 Yoshihara, H. Coal Prep. (Gordon & Breach), 1999, 21, (l), 93-103. We have been studying on the graft copolymers as an additive for preparing coal water mixture (CWM). Various graft copolymers were synthesized by the radical copolymerization using macro-monomers, for example, hydrophobic polymer with hydrophilic polymer side chain or hydrophilic polymer with hydrophobic polymer side chain. The effect as an additive was evaluated by measurements of the amount of adsorption, the viscosity and the stability of CWM. The graft copolymers of sodium-polyacrylic acid with polystyrene side chain showed higher adsorption on coal and lower viscosity of CWM. The graft copolymers are effective additives for preparing CWM. Interaction of a synthetic hindered-phenol with 02/00231 natural fuel antioxidants in the autoxidation of paraffins Jones, E.G., Balster, L.M. Energy Fuels, 2000, 14, (3), 64G-645. Changes in the liquid-phase oxidation of a cycloparaffinic/paraffinic solvent resulting from the introduction of natural and synthetic fuel antioxidants are studied by tracking the depletion of dissolved O2 in a closed system at 185°C and 3.2 MPa. A Jet-A fuel of reduced thermal stability is the source of natural fuel antioxidants that are introduced by making dilution (~20%) blends with the solvent. The synthetic hindered-phenol antioxidant BHT is added at concentrations of 3-50 mg/L. The individual and combined effects of natural and synthetic antioxidants on paraffin autoxidation are determined on the basis of increased reaction time required to deplete initial dissolved O2 by 50%. Synergistic effects of -40% are observed for certain antioxidant concentrations. The roles of natural and synthetic antioxidants in the liquid-phase oxidation of jet fuel are discussed. Fuel and Energy

Abstracts

January 2002

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