- Email: [email protected]
Interactive Effects of Lysine and Threonine on Live Performance and Breast Yield in Male Broilers
81999Applied Poultry Science, Inc
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF LYSINE AND THREONINE ON LIVE PERFORMANCE AND BREAST YIELD IN MALE BROILERS
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Poultry Producers
1
To whomcorrespondence should be addressed
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
B. J. KERR' Nubi-Quest, Inc., I400 Elbridge Payne Road Suite 110, Chestefleld MO 63017-8520 Phone: (636) 537-4057 F M : (636) 532-1710 E-mail: [email protected] M.T.KIDD Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 29762-9665 G. W. McWARD Global Poultry Consulting, Inc., 2602 Linhey Grace Lane, Buford GA 30519 C . L.QUARLES Colorado Quality Research, 400 East County Road 72, Wellington, CO 80549
LYSINE RESPONSES IN BROILERS
392
AND METHODS DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEMMATERIALS A total of 4680 day-old male Avian 34 X Avian broilers were allocated to 12 treatment groups across 72 pens in a closed-sided, positive-pressure ventilated house. There were six replications per treatment with 65 birds/pen (390 birddtreatment). Concrete floor pens measured 5.7 m2 and contained one automatic bell-type drinker and two tube feeders. W o cm of fresh wood shavings were layered over used shavings (12 cm) from a previous broiler experiment. All birds received Marek's, Newcastle, and Bronchitis vaccinations at the hatchery. All birds received a common crumble starter diet from 1 to 21 days of age containing 23% CP, 3200 ME kcal/kg, and 1.31% Lys, had ad libitum access to water, and were provided with 23 hr of incandescent light and 1 hr dark per day. The twelve treatments were factorially arranged, consisting of two levels of Lys and Six levels of Thr (six replications per treatment). The pelleted grower, finisher, and withdrawal experimental diets were fed from 21 to 42, 42 to 46,and 46 to 52 days, respectively (Table 1). Basal rations were formulated to be adequate in Lys and deficient in Thr (105% and 85% relative to the 1984 NRC, respectively). In addition, basal diets
& INGREDIENT I
21-42 DAYS 43.904 25.00 1150 750 5.30
Corn, 7.6% Wheat. 14.0%
' Peanut meal, 44.4% Poultry meal, 65.3%
soybean meal, 48.8%
L-lysine. HCI
3.35 1.60 0.40 0.35 0.20 0.32
L-tmtonhan
0.09
Poultry fat Defluorinated rock nhosnhate
-Limestone Sodium chloride DLmethionine
L-isoleucine
I
0.10
42-46 DAYS 52.407 21.25 10.00 8.00 2.90
I
2.90 1.35 0.35 0.28 0.09 0.22 0.01 0.04
L-valine
0.04
-
Choline chloride, 70%
0.078
Mineral premixA
0.075
0.075 0.075
46-52 DAYS 58.825 1750 8.50 8.50 2.30 2.35 1.00 0.35 0.27 0.09
0.22 0.02
I
0.05
0.025 -
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
A recent review of threonine metabolism and its limitation in feedstuffs has renewed the importance of threonine (Thr)in broiler nutrition [l].This aspect of nutrition is especially important since Thr is generally considered the third limiting amino acid in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet. The Thr requirement of young chicks has been extensively studied [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, lo]. Although research evaluating the Thr needs of broilers grown beyond 3 wk of age has been limited [4,11,12], recent research has supported the need to formulate to proper levels of dietary Thr in growing-finishing broiler rations [lo, 13,14,15,16]. Research reported by Kidd [16, 171 and Kerr [18] supports the consensus that levels of dietary lysine (Lys) above the NRC [19] recommendation are required to maximize broiler performance and breast meat yield. This research, along with the understanding of the ideal amino acid concept [20] and interactions between key limiting amino acids [16, 211, suggests that additional evidence is needed for understanding the relationship between dietary Thr and Lys. The current study was designed to evaluate deficient to excess levels of dietary Thr at adequate and plethoric levels of dietary Lys.
Research Report 393
KERRetal.
0.20
0.18
0.18
Analyzed
0.19
0.17
0.17
Valine Analyzed
0.91
0.81
0.79
1.03
0.88
0.81
Calcium
0.95
0.86
0.75
Total phosphorous
0.74
0.69
0.62
Available phosphorus
0.46
0.41
0.35
were formulated to 110% of the NRC [22] for all other amino acids except TSAA which were formulated to be approximately 120% of the NRC [22] recommendation since previous research has suggested that Lys and TSAA may interact to affect breast meat production [21]. Basal rations were supplemented with crystalline L-Lys*HCl to obtain dietary Lys
concentrations calculated to be 105 or 120% of the NRC [22] Lys recommendation, while crystalline L-Thr was supplemented to obtain dietary Thr levels of 85.0, 92.5, 100.0, 107.5, 115.0, or 122.5% of the NRC [22] Thr recommendations. Basal diets were analyzed for all amino acids and CP (Table 1) and Lys and Thr concentrations were analyzed
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
Tryptophan
LYSINE RESPONSES IN BROILERS
394
.
TABLE 2. Calculated and analyzed lysine (Lys) and threonine Fhr) composition of experimental diets 105% Lys TREATME"
'
ANALYSISB
I
PERIOD
Days
92S%Thr
CALIANL
CALIANL
107.5%Thr
115.0%Thr
122.S%Thr
cAL)ANL C A L I A N L
CALIANL
CALIANL
: 1 1 1 1 1.l I I I 1.11 1 1 I I 1 1.21
Thr
42-46
1.16
0.63
0.64
1.04
0.96
0.69
1.18
1.21
1.17
0.70
0.74
0.74
1.00
1.04
0.99
0.68
0.69
0.71
Days
Thr
OS9
0.62
46-52 Days
Lys -Thr
1.01
0.86
1.01
1.00
0.58
OS5
0.63
0.65
I
100.0%Thr
I
GROWTH
121-42
8S.O%Thr
0.64
I
I
1.01 0.68
1
1
0.91 0.68
0.80 0.75
I
1
1.14
1.21
1.18
1.21
1.20
0.80
0.86
0.83
0.91
0.92
0.97
1.04
1.03
1.04
1.03
0.74
0.80
0.81
0.85
0.88
1.01
0.94
1.01
I 0.90 1
1.01
0.73
0.74
0.78
0.76
0.83
I
I
I
I
0.95 0.80
*Crystalline Llysine.HC1 and L-threonine were added to the basal diet relative to a percentage of the NRC (221. v a l u e s refer to calculated (CAL) or analyzed (ANL) Lys or Thr levels.
I
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
facility (30 min), and individually weighed. After weighing, birds were stunned with an electric knife, bled for 1.5 min by severing the jugular vein, scalded in water for 1.5 min, and defeathered in a rotary picker for 1 min. Eviscera were removed and discarded while abdominal fat weights were obtained. Carcasses were chilled in an aerated ice bath for 35 min. Carcass data included cold carcass weight, breast meat weight (combined skinless and boneless Pectoralis major and Pectoralis minor), thigh weight (including skin and bone), and drumstick weight (including skin and bone). Data were analyzed as a factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design using the General Linear Models procedure of SAS [24] and the pen as the experimental unit. Analysis of linear, quadratic, and cubic responses in Thr treatments were calculated using orthogonal polynomials (251. All percentage data were subjected to arc sin square root transforma-
on composite samples of all experimental diets (Table 2). Crude protein was calculated as nitrogen (N) X 6.25; amino acid concentrations were determined following acid hydrolysis, tryptophan (Trp) concentration followed alkaline hydrolysis, and methionine (Met) and cystine (Cys) followed performic acid oxidation [23] using a high performance, cation exchange resin column (Beckman Systems, Inc., Fullerton, CA). Birds were weighed on a pen basis and began receiving treatments at 21 days of age. Broiler weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion (adjusted for mortality) were measured on a pen basis for the 21- to 52-day period. Mortality was recorded throughout the experiment. At 52 days of age, 10birds/pen were selected ( 2 5 % of the pen mean body weight with no visible abnormalities) for processing (60 birddtreatment). Feed was removed for 12 hr prior to catching for processing. Birds were subsequently cooped in the dark, transported to the pilot processing
Research Report 395
KERR et al. tions prior to analysis. This transformationdid not alter statistical interpretation; therefore, data are presented as actual percentages. Statements of statisticals d i c a n c e are based on P I .05.
I
lower than expected values for Lys and Met (Table 1).Analysis of each of the experimental diets indicated that Lys concentration was while ~ h conr about 5% less than centrations were similar to calculated concentrations for each growth period (Table 2). There were no interactions between di-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
120%
2.309
1.907
6.99
2.336
1.874
6.59
85.0%
2.282
1.917
6.85
92.5%
2.321
1.890
5.66
100.0%
2.320
1.895
7.88
1075%
2.357
1.872
6.49
115.0%
2.338
1.883
7.15
1225%
2.317
1.887
6.70
Lys
0.07
0.01
0.63
Thr linear
0.08
0.02
0.77
Thr quadratic
0.03
0.04
0.78
Thr cubic Lys x Thr
0.69 0.48
0.93 0.56
0.67 0.48
BCIystallineL-lysine*HCI and L-threonine were added to basel diets relative to a percentage of the NRC [22].
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
105%
396
lation of birds within the pen. In light of our selection process, however, Kidd [16] reported a similar interaction between Lys and Thr on BW gain, but not on live BW when buds were selected for processing randomly. Interestingly, application of true digestible coefficients [19] on the ingredients utilized in this experiment suggests the digestible Thr:Lys ratio may be near 0.70 as suggested previously [29]. Carcass yield was improved (P < .06) by increasing dietary Lys, but was unaffected by dietaryThr. Although threonine has been shown to improve carcass yield [15], this response has been inconsistent [lo, 161. The improvement in carcass yield by increasing dietary Lys has been more consistent [17, 181. Percentage abdominal fat was decreased by increasing dietary Lys (P< .06) and was affected in a cubic (P < .Ol) manner by dietary Thr. An increase in dietary Lys has been shown to reduce [17] or not affect [18] abdominal fat while abdominal fat measurements are relatively insensitive to dietary Thr [lo, 15, 16,301. Dietary Lys and Thr interacted on breast meat weight (P< .lo) so that 100.0% of the NRC recommendation for Thr was required to maximize breast meat deposition in broilers fed the 105% Lys diets, but 107.5% Thr was necessary to maximize breast meat in broilers fed the 120% Lys diets. The changes in breast meat weight are reflective of the differences observed in processing weights and equal a digestible Thr:Lys ratio of 0.70 when using tabular digestible Thr and Lys coefficients [19]. Others have also reported an increase in breast meat weight with increasing levels of dietary Thr [15]. Unlike our response noted in breast meat weight and data reported by Kidd [16], Lys and Thr failed to interact on breast meat yield. Increasing dietary Lys improved breast meat yield (P < .Ol), a finding which is consistent with past research evaluating dietary Lys [17, 18, 21, 261. Increasing dietary Thr increased breast meat yield in a linear (P < .Ol) and quadratic (P<.11) manner. This finding is supported by a recent Thr requirement assay conducted by Kidd [SI, but contrasts with their earlier finding [lo]. Dietary Lys and Thr failed to interact on thigh weight or yield, contrasting with data reported by Kidd [16]. Increasing dietary Lys had no effect on thigh weight but significantly
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
levels of dietary Lys and Thr. Interestingly, Hickling [21] did not report an interaction between higher than recommended levels of Lys and Met in broilers fed from one to42 days of age. Increasing dietary Lys from 105 to 120% of the NRC recommendation improved BW gain (P<.O7) and feed conversion (P< .Ol). The improvement in BW gain and feed conversion is supported by past research [18], but work by this same laboratory [16] failed to report improved BW gain due to an increase in dietary Lys slightly above NRC recommendations. The improved feed conversion due to elevation of dietary Lys has been reported previously [16,17, 181. Supplemental Thr improved BW gain (quadratic, P < .03) and feed conversion (quadratic, P < .04),although most of the improved performance responses were achieved by increasing dietary Thr from 85% to 92.5% of the NRC recommendation. The fact that BW gain and feed conversion were apparently optimized slightly below the NRC Thr recommendation was not surprising since previous work [lo, 15, 161 indicates that current recommendations [19] may be too high for maximizing performance criteria. Neither dietary Lys or Thr affected mortality. The lack of a Thr effect on mortality was expected since previous research has shown no effect of a slight Thr deficiency on mortality [lo, 15,161. Although past research has suggested that elevated levels of dietary Lys may negatively impact mortality [ l q , this response has been variable [18] to nonexistent [26,27l. Dietary Lys and Thr interacted on processing BW (P < .01) where broilers fed 105% of the NRC Lys recommendation responded to supplemental Thr up to 100.0% of the NRC recommendation, but up to 107.5% of the NRC Thr recommendation when 120% of the NRC Lys recommendation was fed (Table 4). This finding was surprising since pen BW gain from Day 21 to 54 was not affected in a similar manner. The slight depression in processing BW in broilers fed above 107.5% of the NRC recommendation when 105% of the NRC Lys recommendation was fed was unexpected since moderate levels of amino acid excess typically do not affect BW [B]. It may also be that our method of selecting birds for processing ( 2 5 % of the pen mean BW with no visible abnormalities) may have resulted in birds not completely representing the popu-
LYSINE RESPONSES IN BROILERS
Research Report KERRetal.
397
TABLE 4. Carcass characteristics of broilers fed graded levels of dietary lsyine (Lys) and threonine (Thr) from 21 to 52 days of ageA
X
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
'Data are means of six replicate pens of 10 male Avian 24
Avian broilers each.
Crystalline L-lysine*HCI and L-threonine were added to basal diets relative to a percentage of the NRC [22]. Carcass and abdominal fat yields are as a percentage of processing live body weight 'Breast meat weight represents skinless and boneless Pectoralis maior and Pectoralis percentage of cold carcass weight.
"hi rei&
a. Yield data are based as
and drumstick weights are inclusive of bone and skin. Yield data are based as a percentage of cold carcass
'Significant differences among treatments within a column (P< .OS).
JAPR LYSINE RESPONSES IN BROILERS
398
decreased thigh yield. Since 50% of edible protein in broilers is breast meat [31] and we noted an increase in breast meat weight and yield with increasingdietary Lys levels, yield of thighs were expected to decrease. Surprisingly, increasing dietary Thr increased thigh weight (linear and quadratic, P < .01) and yield (linear, P < .01). This effect is inconsistent among past findings [lo, 151. Dietary Lys
and Thr interacted on drumstick weight (P<.Ol) and is reflective of the differences observed in processing weights. Neither Lys nor Thr had an impact on drumstick yield. Threonine has been shown to have little effect on drumstick yield [lo, 151, while increasing dietary Lys has been shown to depress drumstick yield due to the concomitant increase in breast yield [18].
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS proves body weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield, breast meat weight, and breast meat yield. 2. Increasing the concentration of dietary threonine above NRC recommendations does not appear to improve growing-finishing broiler weight gain or feed conversion. Yields of carcass, breast, and thigh were marginally improved by increasing dietary threonine concentration. 3. Processing live weight, breast meat, and drumstick weights appeared to be affected by dietary lysine and threonine such that their weights were optimized when the digestible threonine:lysine ratio was approximately 0.70.
REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Kidd, M.T. and BJ. Kerr, 1996. Lthreonine for poultry: A review. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 5:358-367.
2. Thomas, O.P., P.V. Twlnlng,Jr., EH. Bossard, J.L Nicholson, and M. Rubln, 1979. Broiler chick studies with threonine and lysine. Pages4448 in: Proc. Maryland Nutr. Conf., Baltimore, MD. 3. Thomas, O.P., AI. Zuckerman, M. Farran, and C.B. Tamplin, 1986. U ated amino acid re uirements of broilers. Pa es 7 9 X n : Proc. Maryland &tr. Conf., Baltimore, M%. 4. Uzu, G., 1986. Threonine Re uirement for Broilers. AEC Information Poultry 252. d o n e Poulenc Animal Nutrition, 03600 Commentry, France.
10. Kidd, M.T., BJ. Kerr, J.D. Firman, and S.D. Boling, 1996. Growth and carcass characteristics of broilers fed low- rotein, threonine-supplemented diets. J. Appl. Poultry 5:180-190.
8s.
11. Penz, A.M., Jr., G.L Colnago, and LS. Jensen, 1991. Threonine requirement of broiler chickens from 3 to 6 wk of age. Poultry Sci. 7O(Suppl):93. 12. Thomas, O.P., T.A. Shellem, M. Sprague, and H.G. Kharlakian, 1995. Amino acid requirements during the withdrawal period. Pa es 71 75 in: Proc. Maryland Nutr. Conf., Baltimore, bib. 13. Kharlaktan, H.K., T.A. Shellem, O.P. Thomas, and C.K. Baer, 1996. Lysine, methionine, and threonine requirements in broilers durin the withdrawal period. Pa es 53-63 in: Proc. MarylandgNutr. Conf., Baltimore, ME.
5. Thomas, O.P., M. Farran, C.B. Tamplin, and AI. Zuckerman, 1987. Broiler starter studies. I. The threonine requirements of male and female broiler chicks. 11. The body composition of males fed varying levels of protein and energy. Page 38-42 in: Proc.Maryland Nutr. Conf., Baltimore, MD.
14. Webd, D.M., S.R. Fernandez, C.M. Parsons,and D.H. Baker, 1996. Digestible threonine requirement of broiler chickens during the period three to six and six to eight weeks posthatching. Poultry Sci. 75:1253-1257.
6. Robbins, KR, 1987. Threonine requirement of the broiler chick as affected by protein level and source. Poultly Sci. 66:1531-1534.
15. Kidd, M.T. and B.J. Kerr, 1997. Threonine responses in commercial broilers at 30 to 42 days. J. Appl. Poultry RH. 6342-367.
7. Smith, N.K., Jr. and P.W. Waldroup, 1988. Investigations of threonine requirements of broiler chicks fed diets based on grain sorghum and soybean meal. Poultry Sci. 67:108-112.
16. Kidd, M.T., BJ. Kerr, and N.B. Anthony, 1997. Dietary interactions between lysine and threonine in broilers. Poultry Sci. 76:608-614.
8. Rangcl-L~g~, M., CL SU,and RE. A u s U ~ 1994. Threonine requirements and threonine imbalance in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 73:670-681.
17. Kidd, M.T., B.J. Kerr, K.M. Halpin, G.W. McWard, andC.L Quarles, 1998.Lysine levels in starter and grower-finisher diets affect broiler performance and carcass traits. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 8:351-358.
9. Holsheimer, J.P., P.F.G. Vertijken, and J.B. Schutte, 1994. Response of broiler chicks to threoninesup lemented diets to 4 wk of age. Br. Poultry Sci.
18. Kerr, B.J., M.T. Kidd, K.M. Halpin, G.W. McWard, and C.L Qnarles, 1999. Supplemental levels of lysine increase live performance and breast meat yield in male broilers. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 8381-390.
?C.
PS 1-567.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
1. Feeding broilers diets containing 120% vs. 105% of NRC lysine recommendations im-
Research Report KERR et al.
399
19. National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Rev. Edition. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. 20. Emmert, J.L and D.H. Baker, 1997. Use of the ideal protein concept for precision formulation of amino acid levels in broiler diets. J. Appl. Poultry Res.6:462470.
21. Hickling, D.R, W. Guenkr, and M.E Jackson, 1990. The effects of dietary methionine and lysine on broiler chicken rfonnance and breast meat yield. 7Q673-678. Canadian J. Anim.
g.
22. National Research Council, 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 8th Rev. Edition. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC.
26. Bugul S.F., ET. Moran, Jr., and N. Acar, 1992. Strain-cross response of heavy males broilers to dietary lysine in the finisher feed: Live erformance and furtherprocessing yields. Poultry Sci. & S W 8 . 27. Gorman, I. and D. Balnave, 1995. The effect of dietary lysine and methionine concentrations on the h characteristics . and breast meat yields of Austraian broiler chickens. Australian J. Agric. Res, 461569-
y . isn.
28. Han, Y. and D.H. Baker, 1993. Effects of excess methionine or lysine for broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet. Poultry Sci. ~ 1 0 7 0 4 0 7 4 . 29. Baker, D.H., 1994. Ideal amino acid profile for maximal protein accretion and minimal nitrogen excretion in s a n e and poult Pages 134-139 in: Proc. Cornel1 Nutr. Conf., Ithaca, N?
24. S M Institute, 1985. SAWSTAT Guide for Personal Computers. Version 6 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC.
30. Pew, A.M., Jr., G . L Colnago, and LS. Jensen, 1997. Threonine supplementation of practical diets for 3- to 6-wk-old broilers. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 6:355-361.
25. Steel, RG.D. and J.H. Torrie, 1980. Ana ISof variance. 111: Factorial experiments. Pages 3%%6 in: Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY.
31. Summers, J.D., S. Leeson, and D. Sprall, 1988. Yield and composition of edible meat from male broilers as influenced by dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 68:241-248.
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
23. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1984. Official Methods of Analysis. 14th Edition. Assn. Offic. Anal. Chemists, Washington, DC.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF LYSINE AND THREONINE ON LIVE PERFORMANCE AND BREAST YIELD IN MALE BROILERS
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Poultry Producers
1
To whomcorrespondence should be addressed
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
B. J. KERR' Nubi-Quest, Inc., I400 Elbridge Payne Road Suite 110, Chestefleld MO 63017-8520 Phone: (636) 537-4057 F M : (636) 532-1710 E-mail: [email protected] M.T.KIDD Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 29762-9665 G. W. McWARD Global Poultry Consulting, Inc., 2602 Linhey Grace Lane, Buford GA 30519 C . L.QUARLES Colorado Quality Research, 400 East County Road 72, Wellington, CO 80549
LYSINE RESPONSES IN BROILERS
392
AND METHODS DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEMMATERIALS A total of 4680 day-old male Avian 34 X Avian broilers were allocated to 12 treatment groups across 72 pens in a closed-sided, positive-pressure ventilated house. There were six replications per treatment with 65 birds/pen (390 birddtreatment). Concrete floor pens measured 5.7 m2 and contained one automatic bell-type drinker and two tube feeders. W o cm of fresh wood shavings were layered over used shavings (12 cm) from a previous broiler experiment. All birds received Marek's, Newcastle, and Bronchitis vaccinations at the hatchery. All birds received a common crumble starter diet from 1 to 21 days of age containing 23% CP, 3200 ME kcal/kg, and 1.31% Lys, had ad libitum access to water, and were provided with 23 hr of incandescent light and 1 hr dark per day. The twelve treatments were factorially arranged, consisting of two levels of Lys and Six levels of Thr (six replications per treatment). The pelleted grower, finisher, and withdrawal experimental diets were fed from 21 to 42, 42 to 46,and 46 to 52 days, respectively (Table 1). Basal rations were formulated to be adequate in Lys and deficient in Thr (105% and 85% relative to the 1984 NRC, respectively). In addition, basal diets
& INGREDIENT I
21-42 DAYS 43.904 25.00 1150 750 5.30
Corn, 7.6% Wheat. 14.0%
' Peanut meal, 44.4% Poultry meal, 65.3%
soybean meal, 48.8%
L-lysine. HCI
3.35 1.60 0.40 0.35 0.20 0.32
L-tmtonhan
0.09
Poultry fat Defluorinated rock nhosnhate
-Limestone Sodium chloride DLmethionine
L-isoleucine
I
0.10
42-46 DAYS 52.407 21.25 10.00 8.00 2.90
I
2.90 1.35 0.35 0.28 0.09 0.22 0.01 0.04
L-valine
0.04
-
Choline chloride, 70%
0.078
Mineral premixA
0.075
0.075 0.075
46-52 DAYS 58.825 1750 8.50 8.50 2.30 2.35 1.00 0.35 0.27 0.09
0.22 0.02
I
0.05
0.025 -
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
A recent review of threonine metabolism and its limitation in feedstuffs has renewed the importance of threonine (Thr)in broiler nutrition [l].This aspect of nutrition is especially important since Thr is generally considered the third limiting amino acid in broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet. The Thr requirement of young chicks has been extensively studied [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, lo]. Although research evaluating the Thr needs of broilers grown beyond 3 wk of age has been limited [4,11,12], recent research has supported the need to formulate to proper levels of dietary Thr in growing-finishing broiler rations [lo, 13,14,15,16]. Research reported by Kidd [16, 171 and Kerr [18] supports the consensus that levels of dietary lysine (Lys) above the NRC [19] recommendation are required to maximize broiler performance and breast meat yield. This research, along with the understanding of the ideal amino acid concept [20] and interactions between key limiting amino acids [16, 211, suggests that additional evidence is needed for understanding the relationship between dietary Thr and Lys. The current study was designed to evaluate deficient to excess levels of dietary Thr at adequate and plethoric levels of dietary Lys.
Research Report 393
KERRetal.
0.20
0.18
0.18
Analyzed
0.19
0.17
0.17
Valine Analyzed
0.91
0.81
0.79
1.03
0.88
0.81
Calcium
0.95
0.86
0.75
Total phosphorous
0.74
0.69
0.62
Available phosphorus
0.46
0.41
0.35
were formulated to 110% of the NRC [22] for all other amino acids except TSAA which were formulated to be approximately 120% of the NRC [22] recommendation since previous research has suggested that Lys and TSAA may interact to affect breast meat production [21]. Basal rations were supplemented with crystalline L-Lys*HCl to obtain dietary Lys
concentrations calculated to be 105 or 120% of the NRC [22] Lys recommendation, while crystalline L-Thr was supplemented to obtain dietary Thr levels of 85.0, 92.5, 100.0, 107.5, 115.0, or 122.5% of the NRC [22] Thr recommendations. Basal diets were analyzed for all amino acids and CP (Table 1) and Lys and Thr concentrations were analyzed
Downloaded from http://japr.oxfordjournals.org/ at North Dakota State University on March 21, 2015
Tryptophan
LYSINE RESPONSES IN BROILERS
394
.
TABLE 2. Calculated and analyzed lysine (Lys) and threonine Fhr) composition of experimental diets 105% Lys TREATME"
'
ANALYSISB
I
PERIOD
Days
92S%Thr
CALIANL
CALIANL
107.5%Thr
115.0%Thr
122.S%Thr
cAL)ANL C A L I A N L
CALIANL
CALIANL
: 1 1 1 1 1.l I I I 1.11 1 1 I I 1 1.21
Thr
42-46
1.16
0.63
0.64
1.04
0.96
0.69
1.18
1.21
1.17
0.70
0.74
0.74
1.00
1.04
0.99
0.68
0.69
0.71
Days
Thr
OS9
0.62
46-52 Days
Lys -Thr
1.01
0.86
1.01
1.00
0.58
OS5
0.63
0.65
I
100.0%Thr
I
GROWTH
121-42
8S.O%Thr
0.64
I
I
1.01 0.68
1
1
0.91 0.68
0.80 0.75
I
1
1.14
1.21
1.18
1.21
1.20
0.80
0.86
0.83
0.91
0.92
0.97
1.04
1.03
1.04
1.03
0.74
0.80
0.81
0.85
0.88
1.01
0.94
1.01
I 0.90 1
1.01
0.73
0.74
0.78
0.76
0.83
I
I
I
I
0.95 0.80
*Crystalline Llysine.HC1 and L-threonine were added to the basal diet relative to a percentage of the NRC (221. v a l u e s refer to calculated (CAL) or analyzed (ANL) Lys or Thr levels.
I
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facility (30 min), and individually weighed. After weighing, birds were stunned with an electric knife, bled for 1.5 min by severing the jugular vein, scalded in water for 1.5 min, and defeathered in a rotary picker for 1 min. Eviscera were removed and discarded while abdominal fat weights were obtained. Carcasses were chilled in an aerated ice bath for 35 min. Carcass data included cold carcass weight, breast meat weight (combined skinless and boneless Pectoralis major and Pectoralis minor), thigh weight (including skin and bone), and drumstick weight (including skin and bone). Data were analyzed as a factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design using the General Linear Models procedure of SAS [24] and the pen as the experimental unit. Analysis of linear, quadratic, and cubic responses in Thr treatments were calculated using orthogonal polynomials (251. All percentage data were subjected to arc sin square root transforma-
on composite samples of all experimental diets (Table 2). Crude protein was calculated as nitrogen (N) X 6.25; amino acid concentrations were determined following acid hydrolysis, tryptophan (Trp) concentration followed alkaline hydrolysis, and methionine (Met) and cystine (Cys) followed performic acid oxidation [23] using a high performance, cation exchange resin column (Beckman Systems, Inc., Fullerton, CA). Birds were weighed on a pen basis and began receiving treatments at 21 days of age. Broiler weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion (adjusted for mortality) were measured on a pen basis for the 21- to 52-day period. Mortality was recorded throughout the experiment. At 52 days of age, 10birds/pen were selected ( 2 5 % of the pen mean body weight with no visible abnormalities) for processing (60 birddtreatment). Feed was removed for 12 hr prior to catching for processing. Birds were subsequently cooped in the dark, transported to the pilot processing
Research Report 395
KERR et al. tions prior to analysis. This transformationdid not alter statistical interpretation; therefore, data are presented as actual percentages. Statements of statisticals d i c a n c e are based on P I .05.
I
lower than expected values for Lys and Met (Table 1).Analysis of each of the experimental diets indicated that Lys concentration was while ~ h conr about 5% less than centrations were similar to calculated concentrations for each growth period (Table 2). There were no interactions between di-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
120%
2.309
1.907
6.99
2.336
1.874
6.59
85.0%
2.282
1.917
6.85
92.5%
2.321
1.890
5.66
100.0%
2.320
1.895
7.88
1075%
2.357
1.872
6.49
115.0%
2.338
1.883
7.15
1225%
2.317
1.887
6.70
Lys
0.07
0.01
0.63
Thr linear
0.08
0.02
0.77
Thr quadratic
0.03
0.04
0.78
Thr cubic Lys x Thr
0.69 0.48
0.93 0.56
0.67 0.48
BCIystallineL-lysine*HCI and L-threonine were added to basel diets relative to a percentage of the NRC [22].
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105%
396
lation of birds within the pen. In light of our selection process, however, Kidd [16] reported a similar interaction between Lys and Thr on BW gain, but not on live BW when buds were selected for processing randomly. Interestingly, application of true digestible coefficients [19] on the ingredients utilized in this experiment suggests the digestible Thr:Lys ratio may be near 0.70 as suggested previously [29]. Carcass yield was improved (P < .06) by increasing dietary Lys, but was unaffected by dietaryThr. Although threonine has been shown to improve carcass yield [15], this response has been inconsistent [lo, 161. The improvement in carcass yield by increasing dietary Lys has been more consistent [17, 181. Percentage abdominal fat was decreased by increasing dietary Lys (P< .06) and was affected in a cubic (P < .Ol) manner by dietary Thr. An increase in dietary Lys has been shown to reduce [17] or not affect [18] abdominal fat while abdominal fat measurements are relatively insensitive to dietary Thr [lo, 15, 16,301. Dietary Lys and Thr interacted on breast meat weight (P< .lo) so that 100.0% of the NRC recommendation for Thr was required to maximize breast meat deposition in broilers fed the 105% Lys diets, but 107.5% Thr was necessary to maximize breast meat in broilers fed the 120% Lys diets. The changes in breast meat weight are reflective of the differences observed in processing weights and equal a digestible Thr:Lys ratio of 0.70 when using tabular digestible Thr and Lys coefficients [19]. Others have also reported an increase in breast meat weight with increasing levels of dietary Thr [15]. Unlike our response noted in breast meat weight and data reported by Kidd [16], Lys and Thr failed to interact on breast meat yield. Increasing dietary Lys improved breast meat yield (P < .Ol), a finding which is consistent with past research evaluating dietary Lys [17, 18, 21, 261. Increasing dietary Thr increased breast meat yield in a linear (P < .Ol) and quadratic (P<.11) manner. This finding is supported by a recent Thr requirement assay conducted by Kidd [SI, but contrasts with their earlier finding [lo]. Dietary Lys and Thr failed to interact on thigh weight or yield, contrasting with data reported by Kidd [16]. Increasing dietary Lys had no effect on thigh weight but significantly
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levels of dietary Lys and Thr. Interestingly, Hickling [21] did not report an interaction between higher than recommended levels of Lys and Met in broilers fed from one to42 days of age. Increasing dietary Lys from 105 to 120% of the NRC recommendation improved BW gain (P<.O7) and feed conversion (P< .Ol). The improvement in BW gain and feed conversion is supported by past research [18], but work by this same laboratory [16] failed to report improved BW gain due to an increase in dietary Lys slightly above NRC recommendations. The improved feed conversion due to elevation of dietary Lys has been reported previously [16,17, 181. Supplemental Thr improved BW gain (quadratic, P < .03) and feed conversion (quadratic, P < .04),although most of the improved performance responses were achieved by increasing dietary Thr from 85% to 92.5% of the NRC recommendation. The fact that BW gain and feed conversion were apparently optimized slightly below the NRC Thr recommendation was not surprising since previous work [lo, 15, 161 indicates that current recommendations [19] may be too high for maximizing performance criteria. Neither dietary Lys or Thr affected mortality. The lack of a Thr effect on mortality was expected since previous research has shown no effect of a slight Thr deficiency on mortality [lo, 15,161. Although past research has suggested that elevated levels of dietary Lys may negatively impact mortality [ l q , this response has been variable [18] to nonexistent [26,27l. Dietary Lys and Thr interacted on processing BW (P < .01) where broilers fed 105% of the NRC Lys recommendation responded to supplemental Thr up to 100.0% of the NRC recommendation, but up to 107.5% of the NRC Thr recommendation when 120% of the NRC Lys recommendation was fed (Table 4). This finding was surprising since pen BW gain from Day 21 to 54 was not affected in a similar manner. The slight depression in processing BW in broilers fed above 107.5% of the NRC recommendation when 105% of the NRC Lys recommendation was fed was unexpected since moderate levels of amino acid excess typically do not affect BW [B]. It may also be that our method of selecting birds for processing ( 2 5 % of the pen mean BW with no visible abnormalities) may have resulted in birds not completely representing the popu-
LYSINE RESPONSES IN BROILERS
Research Report KERRetal.
397
TABLE 4. Carcass characteristics of broilers fed graded levels of dietary lsyine (Lys) and threonine (Thr) from 21 to 52 days of ageA
X
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'Data are means of six replicate pens of 10 male Avian 24
Avian broilers each.
Crystalline L-lysine*HCI and L-threonine were added to basal diets relative to a percentage of the NRC [22]. Carcass and abdominal fat yields are as a percentage of processing live body weight 'Breast meat weight represents skinless and boneless Pectoralis maior and Pectoralis percentage of cold carcass weight.
"hi rei&
a. Yield data are based as
and drumstick weights are inclusive of bone and skin. Yield data are based as a percentage of cold carcass
'Significant differences among treatments within a column (P< .OS).
JAPR LYSINE RESPONSES IN BROILERS
398
decreased thigh yield. Since 50% of edible protein in broilers is breast meat [31] and we noted an increase in breast meat weight and yield with increasingdietary Lys levels, yield of thighs were expected to decrease. Surprisingly, increasing dietary Thr increased thigh weight (linear and quadratic, P < .01) and yield (linear, P < .01). This effect is inconsistent among past findings [lo, 151. Dietary Lys
and Thr interacted on drumstick weight (P<.Ol) and is reflective of the differences observed in processing weights. Neither Lys nor Thr had an impact on drumstick yield. Threonine has been shown to have little effect on drumstick yield [lo, 151, while increasing dietary Lys has been shown to depress drumstick yield due to the concomitant increase in breast yield [18].
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS proves body weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield, breast meat weight, and breast meat yield. 2. Increasing the concentration of dietary threonine above NRC recommendations does not appear to improve growing-finishing broiler weight gain or feed conversion. Yields of carcass, breast, and thigh were marginally improved by increasing dietary threonine concentration. 3. Processing live weight, breast meat, and drumstick weights appeared to be affected by dietary lysine and threonine such that their weights were optimized when the digestible threonine:lysine ratio was approximately 0.70.
REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Kidd, M.T. and BJ. Kerr, 1996. Lthreonine for poultry: A review. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 5:358-367.
2. Thomas, O.P., P.V. Twlnlng,Jr., EH. Bossard, J.L Nicholson, and M. Rubln, 1979. Broiler chick studies with threonine and lysine. Pages4448 in: Proc. Maryland Nutr. Conf., Baltimore, MD. 3. Thomas, O.P., AI. Zuckerman, M. Farran, and C.B. Tamplin, 1986. U ated amino acid re uirements of broilers. Pa es 7 9 X n : Proc. Maryland &tr. Conf., Baltimore, M%. 4. Uzu, G., 1986. Threonine Re uirement for Broilers. AEC Information Poultry 252. d o n e Poulenc Animal Nutrition, 03600 Commentry, France.
10. Kidd, M.T., BJ. Kerr, J.D. Firman, and S.D. Boling, 1996. Growth and carcass characteristics of broilers fed low- rotein, threonine-supplemented diets. J. Appl. Poultry 5:180-190.
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11. Penz, A.M., Jr., G.L Colnago, and LS. Jensen, 1991. Threonine requirement of broiler chickens from 3 to 6 wk of age. Poultry Sci. 7O(Suppl):93. 12. Thomas, O.P., T.A. Shellem, M. Sprague, and H.G. Kharlakian, 1995. Amino acid requirements during the withdrawal period. Pa es 71 75 in: Proc. Maryland Nutr. Conf., Baltimore, bib. 13. Kharlaktan, H.K., T.A. Shellem, O.P. Thomas, and C.K. Baer, 1996. Lysine, methionine, and threonine requirements in broilers durin the withdrawal period. Pa es 53-63 in: Proc. MarylandgNutr. Conf., Baltimore, ME.
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14. Webd, D.M., S.R. Fernandez, C.M. Parsons,and D.H. Baker, 1996. Digestible threonine requirement of broiler chickens during the period three to six and six to eight weeks posthatching. Poultry Sci. 75:1253-1257.
6. Robbins, KR, 1987. Threonine requirement of the broiler chick as affected by protein level and source. Poultly Sci. 66:1531-1534.
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17. Kidd, M.T., B.J. Kerr, K.M. Halpin, G.W. McWard, andC.L Quarles, 1998.Lysine levels in starter and grower-finisher diets affect broiler performance and carcass traits. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 8:351-358.
9. Holsheimer, J.P., P.F.G. Vertijken, and J.B. Schutte, 1994. Response of broiler chicks to threoninesup lemented diets to 4 wk of age. Br. Poultry Sci.
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?C.
PS 1-567.
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1. Feeding broilers diets containing 120% vs. 105% of NRC lysine recommendations im-
Research Report KERR et al.
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19. National Research Council, 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Rev. Edition. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. 20. Emmert, J.L and D.H. Baker, 1997. Use of the ideal protein concept for precision formulation of amino acid levels in broiler diets. J. Appl. Poultry Res.6:462470.
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