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Interim acrylic resin duplicate removable partial dentures
ORGANISMS
TRANSMITTED
TO LABORATORIES
ity of transmitting pathogens such as group A Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma from the dental patient to dental personnel. None of the samples showed the presence of viruses. This study confirms the need for dental laboratories and dental offices to practice adequate infection control procedures to prevent the possibility of cross-contamination by pathogenic microorganisms among patients, dental office, and dental laboratory personnel. REFERENCES 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Recommended infection control practices for dentistry. MMWR 1986; 35:237-42. 2. Council on Dental Therapeutics, Council of Prosthetic Services, and
Dental Laboratory Relations. Guidelines for infection control in the dental office and the commercial dental laboratory. J Am Dent Assoc 1985;110:969-72.
Interim
acrylic
resin duplicate
3. Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment: Council on
Dental Practice, Council on Dental Therapeutics. Infection control recommendations for the dental office and dental !.aboratory. J Am Dent Assoc 1988;116:241-8. Schaefer ME. Infection control in dental labors tory procedures. CDA 1985;13:81-4. Runnells RR. Infection control in the dental laboratory. Salt Lake City, Utah: Publishers Press, 1984. Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. MMWR 1987;36(Suppl 2S):8. 7. Leung RL, Schonfeld SE. Gypsum casts as a potential source of microbial cross-contamination. J PROSTHET DENT 1983;493210-1. 8. Williams N, Falkler W Jr, Hasler J, Romberg E. The persistence of contaminant bacteria in dental Iaboratory pumice [Abstract]. J Dent Res 1985;64:258. Reprint requests to: DR. G. LYNN POWELL DENT& EDUCATION, BLIK. 518 UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112
removable
partial
dentures
W. Lance McKitrick, D.D.S.,* and David Dutko, D.D.S.** Indiana University, School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Ind. Certain dental procedures require patients to be without their removable partial dentures. This can be a great inconvenience and psychologically difecult for some patients. This procedure permits duplicating existing removable partial dentures so that patients will not have to be without prostheses. (J PROSTHET DENT 1999$4:23740.)
D
uplicate complete dentures have been used for many years. l-l9 However, the use of duplicate removable partial dentures to meet the needs of partially edentulous patients has often been overlooked. As patients are undergoing dental treatment, procedures may be necessary that would be more acceptable to the patient if they had an interim prosthesis. These procedures may include: (1) making new retainers to fit an existing removable partial denture, (2) making new retainers and a new removable partial denture, (3) rebasing a removable partial denture, (4) repairing or relining that requires keeping the prosthesis for an extended period of time, and (5) preparatory phases of treatment before placement of an immediate complete denture. This article describes a procedure for making duplicate removable partial dentures. Some advantages of using this procedure to make a du-
*AnesthesiologyResident, Boston City Hospital, Boston University Medical School. **General practice, Victorville, Calif. 10/l/20007
TEE JOURNAL
OF PROSTHETIC
DENTISTRY
plicate removable partial denture are (1) it is a simple, adequately accurate, and fairly rapid procedure; (2) there is less inconvenience for the patient; (3) the prosthesis is easy to modify as treatment progresses; (4) existing occlusal relationships and tooth positions are easily duplicated; and (5) the patient has a spare prosthesis after placement of the definitive removable partial denture. Some disadvantages are that it may be necessary to make a reline impression in the old partial denture before proceeding and in some instances it may be more desirable to make an impression and a treatment partial denture.
PROCEDURE Modification of existing prosthesis Most removable partial dentures to be duplicated will have metal major connectors. Because the duplicate denture will be made in acrylic resin, it will be n.ecessaryto reinforce the major connector for strength. 1. Reinforce the existing metal major connector by adding W8x.
2. Attach large sprue formers (Periphery Wax, Columbus Dental, St. Louis, MO.) to the most distal polished surfaces of the prosthesis (Fig. l).i 237
McKITRICK
AND
DUTKO
Fig. 1. Occlusal view of existing removable partial denture to be duplicated. A, Wax has been added to increase thickness of metal major connector. B, Wax sprue formers attached to most distal aspects of prosthesis bases. C, Wooden applicator stick fastened to sprue formers to limit depth of partial denture in flask.
Fig. 2. Lateral view of modified removable partial denture. A, cotton applicator handle fastened to wax sprue formers; B, location of dental floss fixed to prosthesis surface and sides and ends of sprue formers.
3. Attach the wooden handle of a cotton swab (6-inch cotton-tipped applicators number 24-54, General Medical Corp., Richmond, Va.) to the sprue formers for use in suspending the prosthesis in a duplicating container (Figs. 1 and 2). 4. Draw a piece of dental floss approximately 24 inches long through some periphery wax to make the floss sticky. 5. Press the floss onto the surface of the prosthesis at the level of the cervical line of the denture teeth and over the major connector (Figs. 1 and 2).2 Extend the floss around the entire perimeter of the prosthesis (Figs. 1 and 2). 233
Making
the mold
1. Make a thin mix of alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid) impression material using a ratio of 35 grams of powder to 270 ml of water.3 2. Pour the mix into a flask or other rigid walled container such as a cup.* 3. Submerge the prosthesis in the impression material until the wood rod rests on the rim of the container. 4. Place the ends of the floss over the rim of the container where they will be accessible after the irreversible hydrocolloid has gelled. 5. After the hydrocolloid has gelled, remove the assembly from the container.
AUGUST
lSD0
VOLUME
64
NUMBER
2
INTERIM
ACRYLIC
RESIN
DUPLICATE
RPDh
Fig.
5. Resin prostheses trimmed and polished.
3. Irreversible hydrocolloid mold has been cut in half by pulling floss to expose prosthesis. Fig.
4. Polymerized interim removable partial denture being removed from mold. Note large flared sprue where mold orifice was enlarged to permit gingival-colored resin to be more easily poured into mold. Fig.
6. Pull one end of the floss through the impression material, while holding the other end, to cut the hydrocolloid and produce a two-piece mold (Fig. 3).2 7. Remove the partial denture from the mold. a. Enlarge the orifice of one sprue as it emerges from the hydrocolloid to form a funnel shape. 9. Replace the half of the mold containing the ridge portion in the container for support. Agar (reversible hydrocolloid) may also be used. It will take longer to gel but the quality of the surface of the prosthesis will be improved, thereby reducing finishing time.’
Fig. 6. Interim prosthesis on working cast. Orthodontic wire clasps have been adapted to abutment teeth and embedded in resin.
7. Left, existing removable partial denture. Right, interim acrylic resin duplicate removable partial denture.
Fig.
Making
the resin duplicate
1. Mix a suitable tooth-colored autopolymerizing acrylic resin as recommended by the manufacturer. 2. Dry the surface of the impression mold and fill each tooth impression with resin to the level of the gingival tissue. Avoid covering interproximal and other surfaces where gingival tissue-colored resin will be used.
THE
JOURNAL
OF PROSTHETIC
DENTISTRY
3. Let the tooth-colored resin polymerize until its surface is no longer glossy, which indicates tha.t the resin has sufficient stiffness to retain its position in the mold. 4. Reassemble the mold halves and replace them in the rigid container. 239
MrKITRICK
Mix a gingival-colored autopolymerizing pouring acrylic resin material as recommended and immediately pour it into the enlarged sprue orifice until the mold space is filled and the resin flows out of the other sprue. Pour the resin slowly while vibrating the flask to promote voidfree filling of the mold. Permit the resin to polymerize for 15 to 20 minutes. Remove the acrylic resin from the mold (Fig. 4). Cut off the sprues, remove the flash, and polish the prosthesis (Fig. 5).
Adding
clasps
1. Place the acrylic resin partial denture in the mouth and
AND DUTKO
extracted.6 Adding a tooth to the duplicate prosthesis allows existing tooth positions and relationships to be preserved.
SUMMARY When this procedure is used for making a duplicate of an existing removable partial denture for use as an interim prosthesis, the patient will continue to have function and esthetics while undergoing dental treatment that requires the patient to be without the old removable partial denture. We express thanks to Dr. Charles Goodacre, Mike Halloran, and Jan Williams for their help with this article.
adjust the fit and the occlusion. 2. Make an irreversible impression with the prosthesis in
the mouth. 3. Remove the impression from the mouth with the acrylic
resin partial denture in the impression. 4. Pour dental stone into the impression and resin partial 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
denture to make a working cast. Contour orthodontic wire to fit the abutment teeth of the cast as clasps. Cut channels in the resin base adjacent to the abutment teeth to accommodate the end of the clasp that will be embedded in resin (Fig. 6). Flow sticky wax over the retentive end of the clasp to attach it to the stone cast. Flow autopolymerizing resin into the channel to hold the clasp in position. After the resin hardens, remove the prosthesis from the cast; smooth and polish it (Fig. 7).
Modifications When the old removable partial denture is unstable, it is advantageous to reline it to improve the stability before duplication to make a more accurate duplicate prosthesis. When resin rest seats are added to the duplicate prosthesis, they must be reinforced with metal when extended periods of service are required or when occlusal forces may fracture the resin rests.5 Bend an 0.036 or 0.040 orthodontic wire into the “L”shape or flatten the ball end of a ball clasp and add one of these to the duplicated prosthesis in much the same way as the clasps were embedded in resin (adding clasps steps 5 through 9). Clasps may need to be modified, or new ones added, as provisional and definitive restorations are placed during treatment. These procedures can be easily accomplished by use of a cast as described or by direct intraoral repair. Teeth may also be added to the duplicated prosthesis by use of an intraoral irreversible hydrocolloid impression made with the interim prosthesis in place before tooth extraction and autopolymerizing tooth-colored acrylic resin painted into the impression where the tooth will be
240
REFERENCES 1. Morrow RM, Rudd KD, Rhoads JE. Dental laboratory procedures, complete dentures. vol I. 2nd ed. St Louis: CV Mosby Co, 1986339-63. 2. Singer IL. The “zipper” technique for duplicating dentures: final impressions, replica dentures, and a complete denture splint. J PROSTHET DENT 1975;33:582-90.
3. Wagner AG. A temporary replacement for an existing complete denture. J PROSTHET DENT 1987;58:522-5. 4. Heath JR, Basker RM. The dimensional variability of duplicate dentures produced in an alginate investment. Br Dent J 1978;144: 111-4. 5. Smith DE. Interim dentures and treatment dentures. Dent Clin North Am 1984,28:253-71. 6. Charles DH, Sills PS. Chairside provisional removable prosthodontics. Ont Dent 1983;60:21-30. 7. Adam CE. Technique for duplicating an acrylic resin denture. J PROSTHET DENT 1958;8:406-10.
8. Marcroft KR. Fabrication of identical duplicate dentures. J Am Dent Assoc 1962;64:476-81. 9. Payne H. A transitional denture. J PROSTHET DENT 1964;14:221-30. 10. Chamberlain JB, Basker RM. A method of duplicating dentures. Br Dent J 1967;122:347-9. 11. Manoli SG, Griffin TP. Duplicate denture technique. J PROSTHET DENT 1969;21:104-9. 12. Aaarmehr P, Azarmehr HY. Duplicate dentures. J PROSTHET DENT 1970;24:339-45. 13. Boss RH, Carpenter HO. Technique for duplicating a denture. J PROSTHET DENT 1974;31:329-34.
14. Swoope CC, Depew TE, W&man LJ, Wands DH. Interim dentures. J PROSTHET DENT 1974;32:604-12.
15. Cooper JS, Watkinson AC. Duplication of full dentures. Br Dent J 1976;141:344-8.
16. Duthie N, Lyon FF, Sturrock KC, Yemm R. A copying technique for replacement of complete dentures. Br Dent J 1978;144:248-52. 17. Heath JR, Johnson A. The versatility of the copy denture technique. Br Dent J 1981;150:189-93. 18. Farmer JB, Parks RL, Kronn DM, Christianson PL. Interim removable partial dentures: a modified technique. Quintessence Dent Technol 1985;9:511-6. 19. Polyzois GL, Stavrakis GA, Demetriou PP.Dimensional accuracy of duplicate dentures prepared by different methods. J PROSTHJST DENT 1986;55:513-7. Reprint requests to: DR. W. LANCE MCKITRICK c/o DR. CHARLFS GOODACRE DEPARTMENT OF PROSTHODONTICS SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY INDIANA UNrvm+arTv INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46202
AUGUST
1999
VOLUME
64
NUMBER
2
TRANSMITTED
TO LABORATORIES
ity of transmitting pathogens such as group A Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma from the dental patient to dental personnel. None of the samples showed the presence of viruses. This study confirms the need for dental laboratories and dental offices to practice adequate infection control procedures to prevent the possibility of cross-contamination by pathogenic microorganisms among patients, dental office, and dental laboratory personnel. REFERENCES 1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Recommended infection control practices for dentistry. MMWR 1986; 35:237-42. 2. Council on Dental Therapeutics, Council of Prosthetic Services, and
Dental Laboratory Relations. Guidelines for infection control in the dental office and the commercial dental laboratory. J Am Dent Assoc 1985;110:969-72.
Interim
acrylic
resin duplicate
3. Council on Dental Materials, Instruments, and Equipment: Council on
Dental Practice, Council on Dental Therapeutics. Infection control recommendations for the dental office and dental !.aboratory. J Am Dent Assoc 1988;116:241-8. Schaefer ME. Infection control in dental labors tory procedures. CDA 1985;13:81-4. Runnells RR. Infection control in the dental laboratory. Salt Lake City, Utah: Publishers Press, 1984. Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. MMWR 1987;36(Suppl 2S):8. 7. Leung RL, Schonfeld SE. Gypsum casts as a potential source of microbial cross-contamination. J PROSTHET DENT 1983;493210-1. 8. Williams N, Falkler W Jr, Hasler J, Romberg E. The persistence of contaminant bacteria in dental Iaboratory pumice [Abstract]. J Dent Res 1985;64:258. Reprint requests to: DR. G. LYNN POWELL DENT& EDUCATION, BLIK. 518 UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84112
removable
partial
dentures
W. Lance McKitrick, D.D.S.,* and David Dutko, D.D.S.** Indiana University, School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Ind. Certain dental procedures require patients to be without their removable partial dentures. This can be a great inconvenience and psychologically difecult for some patients. This procedure permits duplicating existing removable partial dentures so that patients will not have to be without prostheses. (J PROSTHET DENT 1999$4:23740.)
D
uplicate complete dentures have been used for many years. l-l9 However, the use of duplicate removable partial dentures to meet the needs of partially edentulous patients has often been overlooked. As patients are undergoing dental treatment, procedures may be necessary that would be more acceptable to the patient if they had an interim prosthesis. These procedures may include: (1) making new retainers to fit an existing removable partial denture, (2) making new retainers and a new removable partial denture, (3) rebasing a removable partial denture, (4) repairing or relining that requires keeping the prosthesis for an extended period of time, and (5) preparatory phases of treatment before placement of an immediate complete denture. This article describes a procedure for making duplicate removable partial dentures. Some advantages of using this procedure to make a du-
*AnesthesiologyResident, Boston City Hospital, Boston University Medical School. **General practice, Victorville, Calif. 10/l/20007
TEE JOURNAL
OF PROSTHETIC
DENTISTRY
plicate removable partial denture are (1) it is a simple, adequately accurate, and fairly rapid procedure; (2) there is less inconvenience for the patient; (3) the prosthesis is easy to modify as treatment progresses; (4) existing occlusal relationships and tooth positions are easily duplicated; and (5) the patient has a spare prosthesis after placement of the definitive removable partial denture. Some disadvantages are that it may be necessary to make a reline impression in the old partial denture before proceeding and in some instances it may be more desirable to make an impression and a treatment partial denture.
PROCEDURE Modification of existing prosthesis Most removable partial dentures to be duplicated will have metal major connectors. Because the duplicate denture will be made in acrylic resin, it will be n.ecessaryto reinforce the major connector for strength. 1. Reinforce the existing metal major connector by adding W8x.
2. Attach large sprue formers (Periphery Wax, Columbus Dental, St. Louis, MO.) to the most distal polished surfaces of the prosthesis (Fig. l).i 237
McKITRICK
AND
DUTKO
Fig. 1. Occlusal view of existing removable partial denture to be duplicated. A, Wax has been added to increase thickness of metal major connector. B, Wax sprue formers attached to most distal aspects of prosthesis bases. C, Wooden applicator stick fastened to sprue formers to limit depth of partial denture in flask.
Fig. 2. Lateral view of modified removable partial denture. A, cotton applicator handle fastened to wax sprue formers; B, location of dental floss fixed to prosthesis surface and sides and ends of sprue formers.
3. Attach the wooden handle of a cotton swab (6-inch cotton-tipped applicators number 24-54, General Medical Corp., Richmond, Va.) to the sprue formers for use in suspending the prosthesis in a duplicating container (Figs. 1 and 2). 4. Draw a piece of dental floss approximately 24 inches long through some periphery wax to make the floss sticky. 5. Press the floss onto the surface of the prosthesis at the level of the cervical line of the denture teeth and over the major connector (Figs. 1 and 2).2 Extend the floss around the entire perimeter of the prosthesis (Figs. 1 and 2). 233
Making
the mold
1. Make a thin mix of alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid) impression material using a ratio of 35 grams of powder to 270 ml of water.3 2. Pour the mix into a flask or other rigid walled container such as a cup.* 3. Submerge the prosthesis in the impression material until the wood rod rests on the rim of the container. 4. Place the ends of the floss over the rim of the container where they will be accessible after the irreversible hydrocolloid has gelled. 5. After the hydrocolloid has gelled, remove the assembly from the container.
AUGUST
lSD0
VOLUME
64
NUMBER
2
INTERIM
ACRYLIC
RESIN
DUPLICATE
RPDh
Fig.
5. Resin prostheses trimmed and polished.
3. Irreversible hydrocolloid mold has been cut in half by pulling floss to expose prosthesis. Fig.
4. Polymerized interim removable partial denture being removed from mold. Note large flared sprue where mold orifice was enlarged to permit gingival-colored resin to be more easily poured into mold. Fig.
6. Pull one end of the floss through the impression material, while holding the other end, to cut the hydrocolloid and produce a two-piece mold (Fig. 3).2 7. Remove the partial denture from the mold. a. Enlarge the orifice of one sprue as it emerges from the hydrocolloid to form a funnel shape. 9. Replace the half of the mold containing the ridge portion in the container for support. Agar (reversible hydrocolloid) may also be used. It will take longer to gel but the quality of the surface of the prosthesis will be improved, thereby reducing finishing time.’
Fig. 6. Interim prosthesis on working cast. Orthodontic wire clasps have been adapted to abutment teeth and embedded in resin.
7. Left, existing removable partial denture. Right, interim acrylic resin duplicate removable partial denture.
Fig.
Making
the resin duplicate
1. Mix a suitable tooth-colored autopolymerizing acrylic resin as recommended by the manufacturer. 2. Dry the surface of the impression mold and fill each tooth impression with resin to the level of the gingival tissue. Avoid covering interproximal and other surfaces where gingival tissue-colored resin will be used.
THE
JOURNAL
OF PROSTHETIC
DENTISTRY
3. Let the tooth-colored resin polymerize until its surface is no longer glossy, which indicates tha.t the resin has sufficient stiffness to retain its position in the mold. 4. Reassemble the mold halves and replace them in the rigid container. 239
MrKITRICK
Mix a gingival-colored autopolymerizing pouring acrylic resin material as recommended and immediately pour it into the enlarged sprue orifice until the mold space is filled and the resin flows out of the other sprue. Pour the resin slowly while vibrating the flask to promote voidfree filling of the mold. Permit the resin to polymerize for 15 to 20 minutes. Remove the acrylic resin from the mold (Fig. 4). Cut off the sprues, remove the flash, and polish the prosthesis (Fig. 5).
Adding
clasps
1. Place the acrylic resin partial denture in the mouth and
AND DUTKO
extracted.6 Adding a tooth to the duplicate prosthesis allows existing tooth positions and relationships to be preserved.
SUMMARY When this procedure is used for making a duplicate of an existing removable partial denture for use as an interim prosthesis, the patient will continue to have function and esthetics while undergoing dental treatment that requires the patient to be without the old removable partial denture. We express thanks to Dr. Charles Goodacre, Mike Halloran, and Jan Williams for their help with this article.
adjust the fit and the occlusion. 2. Make an irreversible impression with the prosthesis in
the mouth. 3. Remove the impression from the mouth with the acrylic
resin partial denture in the impression. 4. Pour dental stone into the impression and resin partial 5. 6.
7. 8. 9.
denture to make a working cast. Contour orthodontic wire to fit the abutment teeth of the cast as clasps. Cut channels in the resin base adjacent to the abutment teeth to accommodate the end of the clasp that will be embedded in resin (Fig. 6). Flow sticky wax over the retentive end of the clasp to attach it to the stone cast. Flow autopolymerizing resin into the channel to hold the clasp in position. After the resin hardens, remove the prosthesis from the cast; smooth and polish it (Fig. 7).
Modifications When the old removable partial denture is unstable, it is advantageous to reline it to improve the stability before duplication to make a more accurate duplicate prosthesis. When resin rest seats are added to the duplicate prosthesis, they must be reinforced with metal when extended periods of service are required or when occlusal forces may fracture the resin rests.5 Bend an 0.036 or 0.040 orthodontic wire into the “L”shape or flatten the ball end of a ball clasp and add one of these to the duplicated prosthesis in much the same way as the clasps were embedded in resin (adding clasps steps 5 through 9). Clasps may need to be modified, or new ones added, as provisional and definitive restorations are placed during treatment. These procedures can be easily accomplished by use of a cast as described or by direct intraoral repair. Teeth may also be added to the duplicated prosthesis by use of an intraoral irreversible hydrocolloid impression made with the interim prosthesis in place before tooth extraction and autopolymerizing tooth-colored acrylic resin painted into the impression where the tooth will be
240
REFERENCES 1. Morrow RM, Rudd KD, Rhoads JE. Dental laboratory procedures, complete dentures. vol I. 2nd ed. St Louis: CV Mosby Co, 1986339-63. 2. Singer IL. The “zipper” technique for duplicating dentures: final impressions, replica dentures, and a complete denture splint. J PROSTHET DENT 1975;33:582-90.
3. Wagner AG. A temporary replacement for an existing complete denture. J PROSTHET DENT 1987;58:522-5. 4. Heath JR, Basker RM. The dimensional variability of duplicate dentures produced in an alginate investment. Br Dent J 1978;144: 111-4. 5. Smith DE. Interim dentures and treatment dentures. Dent Clin North Am 1984,28:253-71. 6. Charles DH, Sills PS. Chairside provisional removable prosthodontics. Ont Dent 1983;60:21-30. 7. Adam CE. Technique for duplicating an acrylic resin denture. J PROSTHET DENT 1958;8:406-10.
8. Marcroft KR. Fabrication of identical duplicate dentures. J Am Dent Assoc 1962;64:476-81. 9. Payne H. A transitional denture. J PROSTHET DENT 1964;14:221-30. 10. Chamberlain JB, Basker RM. A method of duplicating dentures. Br Dent J 1967;122:347-9. 11. Manoli SG, Griffin TP. Duplicate denture technique. J PROSTHET DENT 1969;21:104-9. 12. Aaarmehr P, Azarmehr HY. Duplicate dentures. J PROSTHET DENT 1970;24:339-45. 13. Boss RH, Carpenter HO. Technique for duplicating a denture. J PROSTHET DENT 1974;31:329-34.
14. Swoope CC, Depew TE, W&man LJ, Wands DH. Interim dentures. J PROSTHET DENT 1974;32:604-12.
15. Cooper JS, Watkinson AC. Duplication of full dentures. Br Dent J 1976;141:344-8.
16. Duthie N, Lyon FF, Sturrock KC, Yemm R. A copying technique for replacement of complete dentures. Br Dent J 1978;144:248-52. 17. Heath JR, Johnson A. The versatility of the copy denture technique. Br Dent J 1981;150:189-93. 18. Farmer JB, Parks RL, Kronn DM, Christianson PL. Interim removable partial dentures: a modified technique. Quintessence Dent Technol 1985;9:511-6. 19. Polyzois GL, Stavrakis GA, Demetriou PP.Dimensional accuracy of duplicate dentures prepared by different methods. J PROSTHJST DENT 1986;55:513-7. Reprint requests to: DR. W. LANCE MCKITRICK c/o DR. CHARLFS GOODACRE DEPARTMENT OF PROSTHODONTICS SCHOOL OF DENTISTRY INDIANA UNrvm+arTv INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46202
AUGUST
1999
VOLUME
64
NUMBER
2