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Interlimb coordination in perturbed locomotion: Hemoglobin application to the cerebellum impairs adaptive changes to the perturbation
s221 14-55
COLLATERAL PROJECTIONS OF SINGLE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA NEURONS TO BOTH THE CEREBELLAR AND CEREBRAL CORTICES IN THE‘RAT. YOSHIAKI IKAI. MASAHIKO TAKADA & NOBORU MIZUNO. Department of Moruholonical Brain Science. Facultv of Medicine. Kvoto University, Kvoto 606-O 1, Japan We have recently reported direct projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the cerebellum in the rat; the VTA-cerebellar projection fibers in the cerebellar cortex terminate mainly in the crus I ansiform lobule (Crus I) and paraflocculus (PFI) bilaterally with a contralateral predominance. Employing fluorescent retrograde double labeling, we investigated in the rat whether or not single VTA neurons projecting to the cerebellar cortex send axon collaterals to the cerebral cortex or nucleus accumbens. After injections of Fast Blue (FB) into the the Crus I and PFl on one side, and of Diamidino Yellow (DY) into the frontal cortex on the opposite side, a large number of FB-positive VTA neurons were further labeled with DY, these double-labeled neurons were seen on the side contralateral to the FB injection (ipsilateral to the DY injection), and were more abundant in the rostra1 part than in the caudal part of the VTA. Similar findings were obtained after FB injection into the Crus I and PFl combined with DY injection into the parietal cortex. By contrast, after FB injection into the Crus I and PFl combined with DY injection into the nucleus accumbens, only a small number of FBpositive VTA neurons were double-labeled with DY. The present results indicate that single VTA neurons simultaneously innervate both the cerebellar and cerebral cortices by way of axon collaterals.
14-56
INTERLIMB COORDINATION IN PERTURBED LOCOMOTION: HEMOGLOBIN APPLICATION TO THE CEREBELLUM IMPAIRS ADAPTIVE CHANGES TO THE PERTURBATION. DAI YANAGIHARA. MASAO UDO. AND IKIO KONDO. Division of Neuromuscular Skills. Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka Universitv. Osaka 560. Japan. During the locomotion of cats which had been decerebrated at the precollicular and premammillary level, a mechanical perturbation was repeatedly applied to the stance phase of the left forelimb (LF). The treadmill belt for the LF was driven at the duplicated speed than the other three limbs. During the perturbed steps, the durations of the step cycle for both forelimbs were decreased. For the perturbed LF, decreased step cycle was occured by the decreased duration of the stance phase. For the right forelimb showing the coordinated movements, the stance phase was increased, but the swing phase was decreased. At the initial stage of this learning, the step cycle of both forelimbs were widely dispersed, however, the following steps showed stability. These changes of the locomotor movements may be significant in maintaining bisupport phase in which both forelimbs are in stance, and thus making both forelimbs coordinative to maintain the locomotor posture. Recent evidence indicated intercellular messenger nitric oxide is necessary for induction of long-term depression in cerebellum and plays a role in motor learning. We investigated whether the nitric oxide is a substrate for the adaptive change in interlimb coordination. 14-57
DIFFERENT ROLES OF PRIMATE FLOCCULUS AND VENTRAL PARAFLOCCULUS CONTROL REVEALED BY ANATOMICAL
METHODS.
NAGAO S.*, KITAMURA
IN OCULOMOTOR T.**, YAMADA J.**
Dept. of Physiol., Jichi Medical Sch.*, Tochigi 329-04, and Dept. of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical Cal.**, Tokyo 160, Japan Our recent study using a WGA-HRP method in the monkey (Sot. Neurosci. Abstr. 357.16, 1992) demonstrated
that both
the efferent and afferent connections exhibited distinct differences between the flocculus (FL) and the ventral paraflocculus (VP). These observations were also confirmed by anterograde and retrograde axonal flow. PHL-A or Fast Blue was injected locally into either FL or VP in 4 anesthetized monkeys. After survival periods of 2 weeks, they were perfused by saline, followed by parafonnaldehyde
and glutaraldehyde
solution. Frozen sections of brain were prepared at 60,~ . The present
study showed that the mossy fiber inputs to the FL mainly originated from the vestibular ganglia and nuclei, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), and other brainstem nuclei, while those to the VP came mainly from the pontine nuclei and NRTP. Also, efferent axons from the FL terminated in the vestibular nuclei, while those from VP terminated in the cerebellar interpositus and dentate nuclei. These results support the conclusion of a single unit recording study of Purkinje cells (NeuroReport: ( Acknowledgement
3:13-16, 1992) which suggested different roles of FL and VP in the control of primate eye movements.
: We wish to thank Mr. T. Hiramatu* for his contribution to the present study.)
COLLATERAL PROJECTIONS OF SINGLE VENTRAL TEGMENTAL AREA NEURONS TO BOTH THE CEREBELLAR AND CEREBRAL CORTICES IN THE‘RAT. YOSHIAKI IKAI. MASAHIKO TAKADA & NOBORU MIZUNO. Department of Moruholonical Brain Science. Facultv of Medicine. Kvoto University, Kvoto 606-O 1, Japan We have recently reported direct projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the cerebellum in the rat; the VTA-cerebellar projection fibers in the cerebellar cortex terminate mainly in the crus I ansiform lobule (Crus I) and paraflocculus (PFI) bilaterally with a contralateral predominance. Employing fluorescent retrograde double labeling, we investigated in the rat whether or not single VTA neurons projecting to the cerebellar cortex send axon collaterals to the cerebral cortex or nucleus accumbens. After injections of Fast Blue (FB) into the the Crus I and PFl on one side, and of Diamidino Yellow (DY) into the frontal cortex on the opposite side, a large number of FB-positive VTA neurons were further labeled with DY, these double-labeled neurons were seen on the side contralateral to the FB injection (ipsilateral to the DY injection), and were more abundant in the rostra1 part than in the caudal part of the VTA. Similar findings were obtained after FB injection into the Crus I and PFl combined with DY injection into the parietal cortex. By contrast, after FB injection into the Crus I and PFl combined with DY injection into the nucleus accumbens, only a small number of FBpositive VTA neurons were double-labeled with DY. The present results indicate that single VTA neurons simultaneously innervate both the cerebellar and cerebral cortices by way of axon collaterals.
14-56
INTERLIMB COORDINATION IN PERTURBED LOCOMOTION: HEMOGLOBIN APPLICATION TO THE CEREBELLUM IMPAIRS ADAPTIVE CHANGES TO THE PERTURBATION. DAI YANAGIHARA. MASAO UDO. AND IKIO KONDO. Division of Neuromuscular Skills. Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka Universitv. Osaka 560. Japan. During the locomotion of cats which had been decerebrated at the precollicular and premammillary level, a mechanical perturbation was repeatedly applied to the stance phase of the left forelimb (LF). The treadmill belt for the LF was driven at the duplicated speed than the other three limbs. During the perturbed steps, the durations of the step cycle for both forelimbs were decreased. For the perturbed LF, decreased step cycle was occured by the decreased duration of the stance phase. For the right forelimb showing the coordinated movements, the stance phase was increased, but the swing phase was decreased. At the initial stage of this learning, the step cycle of both forelimbs were widely dispersed, however, the following steps showed stability. These changes of the locomotor movements may be significant in maintaining bisupport phase in which both forelimbs are in stance, and thus making both forelimbs coordinative to maintain the locomotor posture. Recent evidence indicated intercellular messenger nitric oxide is necessary for induction of long-term depression in cerebellum and plays a role in motor learning. We investigated whether the nitric oxide is a substrate for the adaptive change in interlimb coordination. 14-57
DIFFERENT ROLES OF PRIMATE FLOCCULUS AND VENTRAL PARAFLOCCULUS CONTROL REVEALED BY ANATOMICAL
METHODS.
NAGAO S.*, KITAMURA
IN OCULOMOTOR T.**, YAMADA J.**
Dept. of Physiol., Jichi Medical Sch.*, Tochigi 329-04, and Dept. of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical Cal.**, Tokyo 160, Japan Our recent study using a WGA-HRP method in the monkey (Sot. Neurosci. Abstr. 357.16, 1992) demonstrated
that both
the efferent and afferent connections exhibited distinct differences between the flocculus (FL) and the ventral paraflocculus (VP). These observations were also confirmed by anterograde and retrograde axonal flow. PHL-A or Fast Blue was injected locally into either FL or VP in 4 anesthetized monkeys. After survival periods of 2 weeks, they were perfused by saline, followed by parafonnaldehyde
and glutaraldehyde
solution. Frozen sections of brain were prepared at 60,~ . The present
study showed that the mossy fiber inputs to the FL mainly originated from the vestibular ganglia and nuclei, nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), and other brainstem nuclei, while those to the VP came mainly from the pontine nuclei and NRTP. Also, efferent axons from the FL terminated in the vestibular nuclei, while those from VP terminated in the cerebellar interpositus and dentate nuclei. These results support the conclusion of a single unit recording study of Purkinje cells (NeuroReport: ( Acknowledgement
3:13-16, 1992) which suggested different roles of FL and VP in the control of primate eye movements.
: We wish to thank Mr. T. Hiramatu* for his contribution to the present study.)