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International Geophysical Calendar 1962
,l~ulrnalufAtnlt~sl~hcricandTerrestrialPhysics,
l!)~i2, Vol.:24, pp. 67tl~70.
Perffamolt Press lad. P r i n t e d in Norll~trn h'eland
NOTICES
International Geophysical Calendar 1962 1. l'~zrpo,~.e !l'he I n t e r n a t i o n M G e o p h y s i c a l (!alen(lar 1962 d e s i g n a t e s selected clays a n d i n l e r v ~ l s for special a t t e n t i o n for g e o p h y s i c a l e x p e r i m e n t s a n d attalysis d u r i n g 191~2 a n d is t h u s a f r a m e w o r k fl~r world-wide c o - o r d i n a t i o n . I t serves m a i n l y t h e b r a n c h e s of g e o p h y s i e s dealing w i t h the, e a r t h ' s a t m o s p h e r e in w h i c h m a n y p h e n o m e n a v a r y signifieantly d u r i n g t h e eotlrse o f a year. I n seine e x p e r i m e m s , s u c h as t h e r o u t i n e recording of v a r i a t i o n s of t h e e a r t h ' s m a g n e t i c fiehl, t h e o b s e r v i n g a n d a n a l y s i s p r o g r a m s a t o b s e r v a t o r i e s are n o r m a l l y c a r r i e d o u t al. a unifomn level l h r o u g h o u t , t h e y e a r ; in t h e s e eases t h e C a l e n d a r is n o t n e e d e d . H o w e v e r , in m a n y o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s (for e x a m p l e , r o c k e t e x p e r i m e n t s ) , it is n o t i~caetieal or m e a n i n g f u l "to c a r r y o u t t h e ~am¢; p r o g r a m o n e a e h a n d e v e r y d a y . H e r e t h~ (lalen(lar c a n p r o v i d e a useful m e c h a n i s m fitr c o o r d i n a t i o n : e x p e r i m e n t e r s will k n o w t h a f I heir colleagues in o t h e r countries, in o t h e r laboratories a n d in o t h e r disciplines will t,end to also c a r r y o u t e x p e r i m e n t s on t h e d a y s ~l' i n t e r v a l s m a r k e d o n t h e (!alendar. I n t h i s way, r e s u l t s o f ' e x p e r i m e n t s m a y l a t e r be m o r e easily a n d ~s~,fully c o m p a r e d . I n some seientitie fields, i n t e r n a t i o n a l seientiiie organizat0ions h a v e m a d e ,speeitie reet)lll~n~mdations tbr p r o g r a m s to be d o n e o n d a y s or int, ervals m a r k e d o n t h e (!alendar. In o t h e r s , t he a r r a n g e m e n t s are i n f o r m a l or self-evident. Some e x a m p l e s are ~'ix'~,n below.
2. Neg~dar II'orld I)~ty,s. (Rll'/)) T h e s e I ~ V ] ) are i n t e n d e d for o b s e r v a t i o n s or a n a l y s e s or special e x p e r i m e n t s ~shieh as a l~ractical m a t t e r c a n be clone for o n l y a b o u t 10 p e r e e n t of d a y s a n d s h o u h t be s p a c e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e year. E x m n p l e s in Ionospheric, P h y s i c s are: oblique incidence pulse t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d r e c e p t i o n ; a b s o r p t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t b y pulse reflection t e c h n i q u e ; ext, e n d e d o b s e r v i n g s e h e d u h , for whisl)lers a n d v.l.f, emissions; v e r t i c a l s o u n d i n g i o n o g r a m s b y f - p l o t , h'-plol, etc.: hotu'Iy r e d u c t i o n f r o m i o n o g r a m s of F - r e g i o n t r u e h e i g h t p a r a m e t e r s "t~c" a n d "go". T h e R~A'D with h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y are for similar w o r k w h i c h c a n be u n d e r t a k e n tbr only one ,lay e a c h m o n t h . A specific e x a m p l e is t h e p r o g r a m r e c o m m e n d e d b y U.I/.N.I. for exehanffe ~d' copies o f original i o n o g r a m s in i o n o s p h e r i c v e r l i c a l s o u n d i n g work.
3. WoHd N.qu.ptic I~#ervols ( WSI) T h e s e ~,VSI are i n t e n d e d for e x l ) e r i m e n t s whic'h i b r p r a c t i c a l reasons c a n n o t be carried on <,onlimlously, lint tbr w h i c h s t a t i s t i c s o f seasonM v a r i a t i o n s are especially n e e d e d . To simplify t h e (~alen(lar t h e R e g u l a r "World I n t e r v a l s , W o r l d 5[eteorologieal I n t e r v a l s "rod I n t e r n a t i o n a l l{oeke~ W e e k s of p a s t y e a r s h a v e b e e n c o m b i n e d for 1962 i n t o one set. of i n t e r v a l s . F o r t h e sake ~f t h e synol)tie m e t e o r o l o g i c a l r o c k e t p r o g r a n ] s as d e s i g n a t e d b y COSPAI~ a n d WM() t h e i n t e r v a l s h a v e been placed a b o u t a m o n t h a f t e r t h e e q u i n o x e s a n d s o l s t i c e s - t h e t i m e s of m a r k e d seasonal (.hanKe ill c e r t a i n u p p e r air m e ( e o r o l o g i c a l p h e n o m e n a . ] ) , , r i n g \ V S [ m e l e o r o l o g i e a l rockets at. a n e l w o r k o f s t a t i o n s are l a u n c h e d a t l e a s t once daily. B a l l o o n s o u n d i n g l}rograms t~ither x~ith special i n s t r u m e n t s or l m m e h i n g s to u n u s u M l y h i g h balloon a l t i t u d e s h a v e bet~/l p l a n n e d d u r i n g VVSll. O t h e r p r o g r a m s s u c h as i o n o s p h e r i e d r i f t a n d h i g h a t m o s p h e r e wind m e a s u r e m e n t s are o t h e r e x a m p l e s o f s u i t a b l e p r o g r m n s for such i n t e r v a l s . :In s e v e r a l (tisciplines s a m p l e d e t a i l e d d a t a will p r o v i d e a s a m p l i n G o f va,riations t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r b u t w i t h im I)rox-e,l statistics d u r i n g one m o n t h of e a c h season. 67
68
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u p o n r e q u e s t to t h e
Secretory
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Notices
69
4. Other special days Other special days marked on the Calendar include the days of solar eclipses, two in 1962 and one in J a n u a r y 1963, when special programs m a y be expected to be carried out in appropriate parts of the world to study the sun and any eclipse effects on the earth's atmosphere. Ionospheric stations customarily increase their observing programs even if the magnitude of eclipse at their location is small. Many solar activity observatories take extra observations and issue specially detailed reports to assist the interpretation of the geophysical effects. Also shown are days when meteor shower activity is unusual. These include some of the important visual meteor showers and also unusual showers observable mainly by radio and radar techniques. Attention is also called to these days in case ionization produced by meteors m ay account for unusual effects in other geophysical experiments. The Annual World MeteorologicM Day, selected as 23 March (not marked on the Calendar), was first celebrated in 1961. Its purpose is to make the services which national meteorological services can render to the various brmiches of economic development, as well as the activities of the World Meteorological Organization, better knou~a and appreciated by the public of all countries.
5. ,b'pecial intervals not appearing on Calendar Periods of great magnetic, auroral and ionospheric disturbance are also of considerable geophysical interest. Worldwide coordination of observation is especially useful for stations not near the auroral zones, that is, places where the beginning of a major disturbance may not be immediately apparent from local observations. Notices of Geophysical Alerts and Special ~Vorhl Intervals (SWI) are distributed by telegram or radio broadcast on a current basis by the solar-geophysicM Regional Warning Centers, whose telegraphic addresses are as f(fllows: A G I ' W A R N ~VASHINOTON (U.S.A.); AGI K O K U B U N J I (Japan); N I Z M I R MOSCOW (U.S.S.R.) I O N O S P H A R E D A R M S T A D T (G.F.R.) or G E N T E L A B O P A B I S (France) or A.F.I. N E D E R H O R S T D E N B E R G (Netherlands). The meteorological telecommunications network coo,(tinated by ~V.M.O. carries such information once daily soon after 1600 U.T. Many geophysical stations increase their programs or carry on special experiments during disturbed periods. Prompt notification of immediately significant geophysical observations and of nmjor solar flare events which have important and sometimes long lasting geophysical effects, are also undertaken through ~he Regional Warning Centers.
6 The International Worht Day Service (I. W.D.S.) The I.W.D.S. was established in 1958 by the International Council of Scientific Unions (I.C.S.U.) and is administered by the International Scientific Radio Union (U.R.S.I.), 7, Place Emile Dance, Brussels 18, Belgium. This Calendar has been drawn up by A. H. SHAPLI~3Yand J. V. LINCOLNin consultation with interested I.C.S.U. unions and committees and representatives of the W.M.O. A fuller description of the Calendar has appeared in the U.R.S.I. Information Bulletin and various widely available scientific publications including this Journal (J. Atmosph. Terr. Phys. 20, 72-76; 1961).
Conference on "The Ionosphere" THE Institute of Physics and The Physical Society announces that a conference is being arranged on " T h e Ionosphere" to take place in London from 2 to 6 J u l y 1962. I t is intended as a working conference and no social activities are planned. The subjects to be covered and the opening speakers are : (a) Ionospheric constitution and ionizing radiations~-Dr. H. FI~IED~IAN of the U.S. N a v a l Research Laboratory, Washington. (b) Geomagnetism and the ionosphere--Dr. C. O. HINES of the Defence Research Teleeomnmnications Establishment, Ottawa.
l!)~i2, Vol.:24, pp. 67tl~70.
Perffamolt Press lad. P r i n t e d in Norll~trn h'eland
NOTICES
International Geophysical Calendar 1962 1. l'~zrpo,~.e !l'he I n t e r n a t i o n M G e o p h y s i c a l (!alen(lar 1962 d e s i g n a t e s selected clays a n d i n l e r v ~ l s for special a t t e n t i o n for g e o p h y s i c a l e x p e r i m e n t s a n d attalysis d u r i n g 191~2 a n d is t h u s a f r a m e w o r k fl~r world-wide c o - o r d i n a t i o n . I t serves m a i n l y t h e b r a n c h e s of g e o p h y s i e s dealing w i t h the, e a r t h ' s a t m o s p h e r e in w h i c h m a n y p h e n o m e n a v a r y signifieantly d u r i n g t h e eotlrse o f a year. I n seine e x p e r i m e m s , s u c h as t h e r o u t i n e recording of v a r i a t i o n s of t h e e a r t h ' s m a g n e t i c fiehl, t h e o b s e r v i n g a n d a n a l y s i s p r o g r a m s a t o b s e r v a t o r i e s are n o r m a l l y c a r r i e d o u t al. a unifomn level l h r o u g h o u t , t h e y e a r ; in t h e s e eases t h e C a l e n d a r is n o t n e e d e d . H o w e v e r , in m a n y o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s (for e x a m p l e , r o c k e t e x p e r i m e n t s ) , it is n o t i~caetieal or m e a n i n g f u l "to c a r r y o u t t h e ~am¢; p r o g r a m o n e a e h a n d e v e r y d a y . H e r e t h~ (lalen(lar c a n p r o v i d e a useful m e c h a n i s m fitr c o o r d i n a t i o n : e x p e r i m e n t e r s will k n o w t h a f I heir colleagues in o t h e r countries, in o t h e r laboratories a n d in o t h e r disciplines will t,end to also c a r r y o u t e x p e r i m e n t s on t h e d a y s ~l' i n t e r v a l s m a r k e d o n t h e (!alendar. I n t h i s way, r e s u l t s o f ' e x p e r i m e n t s m a y l a t e r be m o r e easily a n d ~s~,fully c o m p a r e d . I n some seientitie fields, i n t e r n a t i o n a l seientiiie organizat0ions h a v e m a d e ,speeitie reet)lll~n~mdations tbr p r o g r a m s to be d o n e o n d a y s or int, ervals m a r k e d o n t h e (!alendar. In o t h e r s , t he a r r a n g e m e n t s are i n f o r m a l or self-evident. Some e x a m p l e s are ~'ix'~,n below.
2. Neg~dar II'orld I)~ty,s. (Rll'/)) T h e s e I ~ V ] ) are i n t e n d e d for o b s e r v a t i o n s or a n a l y s e s or special e x p e r i m e n t s ~shieh as a l~ractical m a t t e r c a n be clone for o n l y a b o u t 10 p e r e e n t of d a y s a n d s h o u h t be s p a c e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e year. E x m n p l e s in Ionospheric, P h y s i c s are: oblique incidence pulse t r a n s m i s s i o n a n d r e c e p t i o n ; a b s o r p t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t b y pulse reflection t e c h n i q u e ; ext, e n d e d o b s e r v i n g s e h e d u h , for whisl)lers a n d v.l.f, emissions; v e r t i c a l s o u n d i n g i o n o g r a m s b y f - p l o t , h'-plol, etc.: hotu'Iy r e d u c t i o n f r o m i o n o g r a m s of F - r e g i o n t r u e h e i g h t p a r a m e t e r s "t~c" a n d "go". T h e R~A'D with h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y are for similar w o r k w h i c h c a n be u n d e r t a k e n tbr only one ,lay e a c h m o n t h . A specific e x a m p l e is t h e p r o g r a m r e c o m m e n d e d b y U.I/.N.I. for exehanffe ~d' copies o f original i o n o g r a m s in i o n o s p h e r i c v e r l i c a l s o u n d i n g work.
3. WoHd N.qu.ptic I~#ervols ( WSI) T h e s e ~,VSI are i n t e n d e d for e x l ) e r i m e n t s whic'h i b r p r a c t i c a l reasons c a n n o t be carried on <,onlimlously, lint tbr w h i c h s t a t i s t i c s o f seasonM v a r i a t i o n s are especially n e e d e d . To simplify t h e (~alen(lar t h e R e g u l a r "World I n t e r v a l s , W o r l d 5[eteorologieal I n t e r v a l s "rod I n t e r n a t i o n a l l{oeke~ W e e k s of p a s t y e a r s h a v e b e e n c o m b i n e d for 1962 i n t o one set. of i n t e r v a l s . F o r t h e sake ~f t h e synol)tie m e t e o r o l o g i c a l r o c k e t p r o g r a n ] s as d e s i g n a t e d b y COSPAI~ a n d WM() t h e i n t e r v a l s h a v e been placed a b o u t a m o n t h a f t e r t h e e q u i n o x e s a n d s o l s t i c e s - t h e t i m e s of m a r k e d seasonal (.hanKe ill c e r t a i n u p p e r air m e ( e o r o l o g i c a l p h e n o m e n a . ] ) , , r i n g \ V S [ m e l e o r o l o g i e a l rockets at. a n e l w o r k o f s t a t i o n s are l a u n c h e d a t l e a s t once daily. B a l l o o n s o u n d i n g l}rograms t~ither x~ith special i n s t r u m e n t s or l m m e h i n g s to u n u s u M l y h i g h balloon a l t i t u d e s h a v e bet~/l p l a n n e d d u r i n g VVSll. O t h e r p r o g r a m s s u c h as i o n o s p h e r i e d r i f t a n d h i g h a t m o s p h e r e wind m e a s u r e m e n t s are o t h e r e x a m p l e s o f s u i t a b l e p r o g r m n s for such i n t e r v a l s . :In s e v e r a l (tisciplines s a m p l e d e t a i l e d d a t a will p r o v i d e a s a m p l i n G o f va,riations t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r b u t w i t h im I)rox-e,l statistics d u r i n g one m o n t h of e a c h season. 67
68
Nodee,s
International Geophysical Calendar 1962 Issued
1962 S
October
1961
JANUARY
by
1962
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T
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Regular World Day i:VVD,
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Dos, ~ith unusua' meteor sho~ser aCtiVity 17 18 J9 Wcdd Synophc In:erva[, (WSI', con~bJning VVorlJ Meteoroloqrcal Interval Regular ~,Vorld Interval, h~ternatior~al Rocket \~,',,el,
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Notices
69
4. Other special days Other special days marked on the Calendar include the days of solar eclipses, two in 1962 and one in J a n u a r y 1963, when special programs m a y be expected to be carried out in appropriate parts of the world to study the sun and any eclipse effects on the earth's atmosphere. Ionospheric stations customarily increase their observing programs even if the magnitude of eclipse at their location is small. Many solar activity observatories take extra observations and issue specially detailed reports to assist the interpretation of the geophysical effects. Also shown are days when meteor shower activity is unusual. These include some of the important visual meteor showers and also unusual showers observable mainly by radio and radar techniques. Attention is also called to these days in case ionization produced by meteors m ay account for unusual effects in other geophysical experiments. The Annual World MeteorologicM Day, selected as 23 March (not marked on the Calendar), was first celebrated in 1961. Its purpose is to make the services which national meteorological services can render to the various brmiches of economic development, as well as the activities of the World Meteorological Organization, better knou~a and appreciated by the public of all countries.
5. ,b'pecial intervals not appearing on Calendar Periods of great magnetic, auroral and ionospheric disturbance are also of considerable geophysical interest. Worldwide coordination of observation is especially useful for stations not near the auroral zones, that is, places where the beginning of a major disturbance may not be immediately apparent from local observations. Notices of Geophysical Alerts and Special ~Vorhl Intervals (SWI) are distributed by telegram or radio broadcast on a current basis by the solar-geophysicM Regional Warning Centers, whose telegraphic addresses are as f(fllows: A G I ' W A R N ~VASHINOTON (U.S.A.); AGI K O K U B U N J I (Japan); N I Z M I R MOSCOW (U.S.S.R.) I O N O S P H A R E D A R M S T A D T (G.F.R.) or G E N T E L A B O P A B I S (France) or A.F.I. N E D E R H O R S T D E N B E R G (Netherlands). The meteorological telecommunications network coo,(tinated by ~V.M.O. carries such information once daily soon after 1600 U.T. Many geophysical stations increase their programs or carry on special experiments during disturbed periods. Prompt notification of immediately significant geophysical observations and of nmjor solar flare events which have important and sometimes long lasting geophysical effects, are also undertaken through ~he Regional Warning Centers.
6 The International Worht Day Service (I. W.D.S.) The I.W.D.S. was established in 1958 by the International Council of Scientific Unions (I.C.S.U.) and is administered by the International Scientific Radio Union (U.R.S.I.), 7, Place Emile Dance, Brussels 18, Belgium. This Calendar has been drawn up by A. H. SHAPLI~3Yand J. V. LINCOLNin consultation with interested I.C.S.U. unions and committees and representatives of the W.M.O. A fuller description of the Calendar has appeared in the U.R.S.I. Information Bulletin and various widely available scientific publications including this Journal (J. Atmosph. Terr. Phys. 20, 72-76; 1961).
Conference on "The Ionosphere" THE Institute of Physics and The Physical Society announces that a conference is being arranged on " T h e Ionosphere" to take place in London from 2 to 6 J u l y 1962. I t is intended as a working conference and no social activities are planned. The subjects to be covered and the opening speakers are : (a) Ionospheric constitution and ionizing radiations~-Dr. H. FI~IED~IAN of the U.S. N a v a l Research Laboratory, Washington. (b) Geomagnetism and the ionosphere--Dr. C. O. HINES of the Defence Research Teleeomnmnications Establishment, Ottawa.