- Email: [email protected]
International Heliophysical Year 2007: Basic space science initiatives
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Space Policy 23 (2007) 121–126 www.elsevier.com/locate/spacepol
Report
International Heliophysical Year 2007: Basic space science initiatives Joe Davilaa, Nat Gopalswamya, Hans J. Hauboldb,, Barbara Thompsona a
NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, Vienna International Centre, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
b
Abstract The UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, through the IHY Secretariat and the United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative (UNBSSI), assists scientists and engineers world-wide to participate in the International Heliophysical Year (IHY) 2007. A major thrust of IHY/UNBSSI is to deploy arrays of small, inexpensive instruments such as magnetometers, radio telescopes, GPS receivers, all-sky cameras, etc. around the world to allow global measurements of ionospheric and heliospheric phenomena. The small instrument program is envisioned as a partnership between instrument providers and instrument hosts in developing nations, with the former providing the instruments, the host nation the manpower, facilities and operational support, typically at a local university. Funds are not available through IHY/UNBSSI to build the instruments; these must be obtained through the normal proposal channels. All instrument operational support for local scientists, facilities, data acquisition, etc. will be provided by the host nation. The IHY/UNBSSI can facilitate the deployment of several of these networks and existing databases and relevant software tools will be identified to promote space science activities in developing nations. Extensive data on space science have been accumulated by a number of space missions. Similarly, long-term databases are available from ground-based observations. These data can be utilized in ways different from those originally intended for understanding the heliophysical processes. This report provides an overview of IHY/UNBSSI, its achievements, future plans and outreach to the 192 member states of the United Nations. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The International Heliophysical Year (IHY) commenced on 19 February 2007, marking the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The IGY resulted in an unprecedented level of understanding of geospace and saw the start of the space age [1,2]. Like the IGY, the objective of the IHY is to discover the physical mechanisms that link Earth and the heliosphere to solar activities [3,4]. The IHY will focus on global effects but to a much greater physical scale that encompasses the entire Solar System and its interaction with the local interstellar medium. International cooperation and a systems approach are the two key ingredients of the IHY program, as with the IGY. The IHY activities are centered around four key elements: science (coordinated investigation programs (CIPs) conducted a campaigns to investigate specific scientific questions); observatory development (an activity Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 26060 4949; fax: +43 1 26060 5830.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H.J. Haubold). 0265-9646/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2007.02.015
to deploy small instruments in developing nations); public outreach (to communicate the beauty, relevance and significance of the space science to the general public and students); and the IGY Gold program (to identify and honor all those scientists who worked for the IGY program). This report covers the observatory development activity, for which the IHY Secretariat has established collaboration with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). The space around Earth changes rapidly from the neutral atmosphere where society lives to the magnetized plasma of the ionosphere, magnetosphere, the interplanetary medium, and beyond. The Sun controls a significant extent of space surrounding planet Earth—the Solar System—by the ionized matter and electromagnetic radiation it emits. The Sun not only supports life by providing light and heat, but also often creates adverse conditions on the ground and in space that could seriously affect life and society [5–8]. Environments of other planets, where humans have set their sight for future visits and exploration, are similarly affected by the Sun. The human effort to
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understand space has extended from near-Earth space to the entire Solar System. Space science has immediate applications to all human beings. The beginning of the Space Age in 1957 has brought the whole of humanity much closer to each other. Satellite phones, television, and radio have become an inevitable part of human lives because of the quality news, weather and entertainment that have become available. Satellites also aid the forecast of rainfall, drought and famine that human society has to endure. Thus, the benefit of space has become available to all nations of the world, irrespective of the stage of their economic development [4,9–12]. Spacecraft venturing into interplanetary space have brought new knowledge on the space environment beyond Earth’s magnetosphere. They probe the changing conditions in interplanetary space caused by the Sun and the interstellar medium. The geospace and interplanetary environment can often be hazardous to space-based technological systems. Particle radiation from the Sun can be harmful to astronauts and can destroy satellite electronics. Billions of tons of magnetized plasma ejected from the Sun impinge on Earth’s magnetic field, causing severe geomagnetic disturbances that can lead to disruption of power systems, pipelines and railroads [9]. Such solar eruptions can propagate throughout the Solar System, causing severe disturbances in various planetary environments before impacting the termination shock at a distance of about 100 AU [13]. Thus, there is an immediate need to understand how the varying Sun affects the surroundings of planets as well as the interplanetary medium [5]. This general topic of space weather has been the focus of many national and international efforts, such as the International Living with a Star (ILWS) and IHY. Although many of the stunning discoveries were made from space-based instrumentation, there is a lot more to be done from ground-based instrumentation. Traditionally, only the astronomical telescopes operating in the visible and radio wavelengths were used for studying astronomical objects in the solar system and beyond. Now, we have the opportunity to combine these ‘photon-based’ observations with the in situ observations of space plasmas. 2. United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative (UNBSSI) The past 50 years have taught us an enormous amount about geospace and the vast outer space surrounding the Sun. This knowledge needs to be consolidated and utilized for future exploration using space travel and continued ground-based observation. The mass emission from the Sun in the form of solar wind defines the heliosphere. The heliospheric plasma originates from the hot corona of the Sun, whether it is the solar wind or the coronal mass ejections (CMEs). While the solar wind speed roughly varies by a factor of two depending upon the source region (coronal hole or quiet Sun), CMEs have a much wider range of speeds. Most of the large scale variability in the heliosphere can be attributed to these two types of mass
emissions from the Sun. Energetic particles are the third component, mostly related to shocks driven by CMEs or by corotating interaction regions (CIRs) formed by the interaction of fast and slow solar wind. In addition to these internal components, mass comes from outside the heliosphere in the form of neutral atoms and galactic cosmic rays. The neutral atoms interact with the solar wind, are ionized, and become so-called anomalous cosmic rays. Galactic cosmic rays also interact with CMEs and CIRs and their intensity is modulated. The mass emissions also interact with one another and affect the planetary atmospheres in the Solar System. There is a lot more to be known about the variability of the Sun and its extended heliospace. The study areas IHY is concerned with are the universal physical processes in the heliospace, their mechanisms, and influence in the heliosphere. Examples of the universal processes are: (1) evolution and generation of magnetic structures and transients, (2) energy transfer and coupling processes, (3) flows and circulations, (4) boundaries and interfaces, and (5) synoptic studies of the 3-D coupled solar–planetary–heliospheric system. UNOOSA works to improve the use of space science and technology for the economic and social development of all nations, in particular developing nations. Under its program training courses, workshops, seminars, and other activities are conducted on applications and capacity building in subjects such as remote sensing, communications, meteorology, basic space science, satellite navigation, and space law. The subject of basic space science includes: fundamental physics, astronomy and astrophysics, solar– terrestrial interaction and its influence on terrestrial climate, planetary and atmospheric studies, and origin of life and exobiology. The IGY 1957 was one of the driving events in the establishment of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) [14]. Recognizing the large overlap between the goals of IHY and the UNBSSI activities, a partnership was established in 2004 during the 12th UN/ESA Workshop on Basic Space Science in China in 2004 [15]. A coordination meeting was held between IHY and UN representatives in October 2004 at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center [16]. As a result of that meeting, the UNBSSI has dedicated its resources and activities through 2009 to providing the IHY a link into developing nations [17,18].
2.1. The UNBSSI tripod The basic framework of the UNBSSI can be described by the ‘Tripod’ concept, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The three legs of the Tripod are instruments, observation, and education [19–21]. During 1991–2004, the ‘instrument’ leg has been astronomical telescopes [22]. From 2005 onwards the instrument leg represents various IHY instruments in developing nations [23,24]. The observation and education legs remain the same, representing data acquisition and using the deployment to promote education at all levels.
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2.3. Current instrument concepts A detailed description of the current instrument concepts proposed and accepted in 2005 has been published [16]. The current instrument concepts can be grouped into four classes: solar telescope networks, ionospheric networks, magnetometer networks, and particle detector networks.
Fig. 1. A schematic illustration of the UNBSSI TRIPOD concept adapted to the IHY observatory development element.
Under the IHY/UNBSSI, IHY will facilitate the deployment of a number of arrays of small instruments to make global measurements of space physics-related phenomena. These may range from a new network of radio dishes to observe interplanetary CMEs to extending existing arrays of global positioning system (GPS) receivers to observe the ionosphere. These instrument concepts are mature, and are developed and ready to be deployed. UNBSSI has provided more than 2000 scientist contacts in 192 nations, many of which are eager to participate in international space science activities. A workshop, led by the IHY Secretariat and UNBSSI, in November 2005 brought together instrument providers and interested instrument hosts for the first time to discuss facilities and requirements for each of the planned arrays [23]. Attendees at the workshop included some 20 instrument providers, and 30 potential instrument hosts selected from over 150 applications. The first element of a new North African AWESOME VLF array has already been delivered to the University of Tunis, Tunesia. Efforts are underway between the University of Tunis and the Stanford University to bring this element into full operation [24]. 2.2. General principles of IHY/UNBSSI projects The instrumentation projects considered need to be ideally suited to accomplish the joint goals of the IHY and UNBSSI. The projects are expected to satisfy the following general principles:
Quality science: the projects must produce scientifically significant and publishable results pertaining to the objectives of the IHY activities. Host nations: IHY/UNBSSI need to identify activities, which can be performed in developing nations (many of which are near the equator). Cost/technical compatibility: the costs and technical requirements of the projects must be compatible with the resources available in the participating nations. Legacy potential: the projects must lead to a beneficial longterm relationship for the participants in developing nations. Educational component: the instrument deployment, observation and data acquisition, and analysis ideally involves students, especially at the university level.
2.3.1. Solar telescope networks The solar telescope network consists of radio telescopes that can observe solar eruptions of concern to various destinations in heliospace. Of particular importance are shocks and particle beams produced at the Sun, which can be remote sensed by the radio telescopes. The telescopes will be deployed at several locations in the world, so that a continuous coverage of the Sun will be possible. The Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) is a dual-channel frequency-agile receiver based on commercially available consumer electronics [25]. The complete spectrometer is very compact, very cheap, and easy to replicate for deploying in many locations. One instrument has been deployed to India at the Radio Astronomy Center in Ooty. This network, in addition to the existing spectrometers at Hiraiso in Japan, ARTEMIS in Greece, and Culgoora in Australia will form an excellent radio network for IHY science. A related radio instrument is the Bruny Island Radio Spectrometer, which can be deployed as a complement to CALLISTO. The frequency of operation is just above the ionospheric cut-off, which depends on the latitude. Currently, the electromagnetic characteristics of a site near Bangalore (Gauribidanur) are being studied for installation of one such spectrometer to work in conjunction with CALLISTO in Ooty. 2.3.2. The three ionosphere networks projects The Atmospheric Weather Educational System for Observation and Modeling of Effects (AWESOME) instrument is an ionospheric monitor that can be operated by students around the world. The monitors detect solar flares and other ionospheric disturbances. AWESOME monitors will be deployed in many African and Asian nations, so that the current data obtained in the western hemisphere can be combined with other data. This effort will provide a basis for comparison to facilitate global extrapolations and conclusions. Africa GPS is an effort to link many GPS networks in Africa. The overarching plan is to increase the number of real-time dual-frequency GPS stations worldwide for the study of ionospheric variability. Of particular interest is the response of the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) during geomagnetic storms over the African sector. This program is particularly compatible with magnetometry. Scintillation Network Decision Aid (SCINDA) is a realtime, data driven, communication outage forecast and alert system. Its purpose is to aid in the specification and
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prediction of communications degradation due to ionospheric scintillation in Earth’s equatorial regions. Scintillation affects radio signals up to a few GHz frequency and seriously degrades and disrupts satellite-based navigation and communication systems. SCINDA consists of a set of ground-based sensors and quasi-empirical models, developed to provide real-time alerts and short-term (o1 h) forecasts of scintillation impacts on UHF satellite communication and L-Band GPS signals in the Earth’s equatorial regions. SCINDA will be deployed near the magnetic equator of Earth (within 201 on either side). The current thrust is in African nations, where there is a clear dearth of ionospheric data. The Remote Equatorial Nighttime Observatory for Ionospheric Regions (RENOIR) is a suite of instruments dedicated to studying the equatorial/low-latitude ionosphere/thermosphere system, its response to storms and the irregularities that can be present on a daily basis. Through the construction and deployment of a RENOIR station, it is possible to achieve a better understanding of the variability in the night-time ionosphere and the effects this variability has on critical satellite navigation and communication systems. The South America VLF NETwork (SAVNET) is for monitoring the solar activity on long- and short-time scales and ionospheric perturbations over the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA). The network will also be used for studying Earth’s atmosphere. The basic data output is composed of these phase and amplitude measurements of VLF signals. 2.3.3. Magnetometer network Magnetometer network is a relatively low-cost method for monitoring solar–terrestrial interaction. A multi-continental IHY network would provide an excellent basis for meso- and global-scale monitoring of magnetospheric–ionospheric disturbances and provide scientific targets for mid- and low-latitudes and opportunities for developing nations to host instruments and participate in the science investigations. The following are some of the current projects. The Magnetic Data Acquisition System (MAGDAS) is being deployed for space weather studies between 2005 and 2008. The MAGDAS data will be used to map the ionospheric equivalent current pattern every day. The current and electric fields at all latitudes are coupled, although those at high, and middle and low latitudes are often considered separately. By using the MAGDAS ionospheric current pattern, the global electromagnetic coupling processes at all latitudes will be clarified. MAGDAS will utilize the Circum-Pan Pacific Magnetometer Network involving several nations around the globe (Australia, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Russian Federation, USA and Taiwan). The Canadian Array for Realtime Investigations of Magnetic Activity (CARISMA) is the magnetometer element of the Canadian Geospace Monitoring (CGSM)
project. Each proposed IHY magnetometer observatory shall consist of magnetometer station pairs separated meridionally by approximately 200 km. Other requirements are: a 2 3-component fluxgate magnetometer, data logger, GPS timing, and power source. 2.3.4. Particle detector networks Particle detectors have a wide range of applications: they can detect energetic particles from the Sun, from galactic and extra-galactic sources, and from the heliosphere. They can also indirectly observe large magnetic structures, such as magnetic clouds and shocks from the Sun through the well-known process of Forbush decrease. These particles also interact with Earth’s atmosphere and produce airshowers (secondary particles). They are also linked to ozone depletion [26] and cloud-cover variation. The SEVAN world-wide particle detector network is a combined neutron–muon detecting system. A flexible 32bit microcontroller-based data acquisition electronics will utilize the correlation information from cosmic ray secondary fluxes, including environmental parameters (temperature, pressure, and magnetic field). The high precision time synchronization of the remote installations via GPS receivers are crucial ingredients of the new detector. It is proposed to deploy such detectors in neighboring nations, such as Bulgaria and Croatia. The muon detector network collaboration consists of nine institutes from seven nations (Armenia, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Kuwait, and the USA). Many of these nations are already operating muon detectors and some have recently installed them. The precursory decrease of cosmic ray intensity are seen more than one day prior to the arrival of shock driven by coronal mass ejection at Earth. This is an important forecasting tool for predicting space weather attributed to energetic solar eruptions. 2.4. Recent accomplishments AWESOME: The first deployment of AWESOME under the IHY/UNBSSI commenced in October 2005 with the installation in Tunisia. Instruments were delivered to Algeria and Morocco in summer 2006. More deployments are planned in northern Africa, at sites in Libya, Egypt and South Africa. A large network of AWESOME monitors is expected to be in placed during 2007–08. MAGDAS: IHY-Japan has made significant progress towards the completion of its 51-magnetometer MAGDAS global network with a new installation site on MacQuarie Island, a sub-Antarctic island between Tasmania and Antarctica. Recent deployments were made in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Ivory Coast (August 2006). Installations have also proceeded in Indonesia and Malaysia. RENOIR: The RENOIR ionospheric observing station program has received support for development and will be making plans for instrument host sites in 2006–07.
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SAVNET: The South America VLF NETwork (SAVNET) has been recently approved by the Sa˜o Paulo state funding agency FAPESP in Brazil for a duration of two years. The deployment of the SAVNET VLF receiver chain will began in 2006 with the target of being operational in 2007. SCINDA: The SCINDA scintillation network is expected to double the size of its equatorial network, and held an instrumenters’ meeting in July 2006 in Cape Verde in preparation for new deployments. Deployments in Cape Verde and Nigeria have been completed. 2.5. Recent developments 2.5.1. The flare monitoring telescope (FMT) After the 2005 workshop [23], a new instrument concept was proposed by Japan. This is an H-alpha telescope to be donated by Japan and hosted in Peru. This will be a complement to the radio telescope network, discussed in Section 2.3.1. The H-alpha instrument consists of six telescopes in the FMT dome: three for observations in the H-alpha line center, blue wing, and red wing; one with the occulting disk for prominence observations; one for the continuum; and the last one with an optical guider for accurate tracking of the Sun. 2.5.2. Data projects In addition to instrument deployments, a new element was introduced during the 2006 workshop [24]. The idea is to replace the instrument leg of the IHY/UNBSSI TRIPOD with a database. Accessing and manipulating data from such databases will be equally rewarding, similar to acquiring data from instruments. One of the examples is the Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) database. SAMPEX is the first in NASA’s relatively low-budget, fast-track series of the Small Explorer class of spacecraft, launched on 3 July 1992, to provide cosmic ray fluxes at the polar cap and radiation belts fluxes. The SAMPEX mission ended in July 2004, leaving behind a 12-year continuous record of observations. By providing the data with analyzing tools, scientists will be able to study Earth’s radiation belts. 2.5.3. Gnu Data Language There is a specific plan to develop the Gnu Data Language (GDL), which is free software that will be available for processing image and time series data. This will enable many scientists from developing nations to access, display and analyze IHY data. 3. IHY/UNBSSI workshops Implementation of the UNBSSI TRIPOD concept has been done using annual workshops organized for IHY/ UNBSSI. Such workshops have been conducted since 1991 in various nations. From 2005 onwards, the workshops for
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IHY/UNBSSI are devoted to IHY observatory development activity and have been hosted by the United Arab Emirates in 2005 and by India in 2006. Several interesting developments have been initiated in the workshops. First, scientists from developing and industrialized nations meet face-to-face to discuss collaborative projects under IHY/UNBSSI. Second, scientific instrument host groups provide descriptions of the sites for instrument deployment and the facilities available for hosting the instrument. Third, potential providers of scientific instruments describe their instruments and the key requirements in terms of infrastructure for a successful deployment and continued operation. Fourth, progress reports of previous workshops have been presented and discussed. Fifth, several participants have gained the necessary scientific background through a series of tutorial talks. The workshop for IHY/UNBSSI in 2007 will be hosted by Japan. 4. Conclusions The IHY activities recognize the importance of global efforts with participation from as many nations as possible, and as many observatories (from ground and space) as possible. All the four elements of IHY are built upon this global cooperation. The coordinated investigation program (CIP) is aiming at a large number of scientific campaigns in 2007 and 2008, and hundreds of observatories have expressed interest in participating in these campaigns. Thousand of scientists will analyze the data from these IHY CIP campaigns. The new instruments deployed by IHY/UNBSSI will also participate in the CIPs. Scientists and students from developing nations will also participate in the observations and data analysis, providing valuable training and education. The IHY schools program is under development and will also help build a solid scientific background for young people throughout the world. The synergy between IHY and UNBSSI activities is expected to make great progress during the IHY years and beyond. In this spirit the IHY 2007 was inaugurated on 19 February 2007 on the premises of the United Nations Office Vienna. Around 200 visitors participated in the inauguration ceremony delivered by representatives of NASA, the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of UNCOPUOS, the Government of Austria, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and UNOOSA. A particular highlight at the United Nations Office Vienna was an exhibition dedicated to IHY 2007 with posters produced by groups of scientists and engineers who are already fully participating in the four elements of IHY as described above. On 20 February 2007, a one-day IHY Science Meeting was hosted at the prestigious Austrian Academy of Sciences in downtown historic Vienna. Further information on IHY can be found at http:// ihy2007.org.
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References [1] Davila JM, Thompson BJ, Gopalswamy N. Planning the International Heliophysical Year (IHY). In: Seminars of the United Nations programme on space applications. Vienna: United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs; 2005 p. 37. [2] McCray WP. Amateur scientists, the International Geophysical Year, and the ambitions of Fred Whipple. ISIS 2006;97:634–58. [3] Harrison R, Bromage B, Davila J. 2007: International Heliophysical Year. A&G 2005;46:3.27–30. [4] United Nations. Document A/AC.105/869. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its forty-third session, held in Vienna from 20 February to 3 March 2006. New York: United Nations; 2006. [5] Rind D. The Sun’s role in climate variations. Science 2002;296:673–7. [6] Clark S. The dark side of the Sun. Nature 2006;441:402–4. [7] Kanipe J. A cosmic connection. Nature 2006;443:141–3. [8] Foukal P, Froehlich C, Spruit H, Wigley TML. Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the Earth’s climate. Nature 2006;443:161–6. [9] United Nations. Document A/AC.105/823. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its forty-first session, held in Vienna from 16 to 27 February 2004. New York: United Nations; 2004. [10] United Nations. Document A/AC.105/848. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its forty-second session, held in Vienna from 21 February to 4 March 2005. New York: United Nations; 2005. [11] United Nations. Document A/AC.105/C.1/2006/CRP.21. Report on planning activities for the International Heliophysical Year 2007. New York: United Nations; 2006. [12] United Nations. Document A/AC.105/C.1/L.288. Reports on national and regional activities related to the International Heliophysical Year 2007. New York: United Nations; 2006. [13] Gopalswamy N, Barbieri L, Cliver EW, Lu G, Plunkett SP, Skoug RM. Introduction to violent Sun–Earth connection events of October–November 2003. Journal of Geophysical Research 2005;110:9.
[14] United Nations. General Assembly, Thirteenth Session, Resolutions adopted on the reports of the First Committee, 792nd plenary meeting, 13 December 1958, 1348 (XIII), Question of the peaceful uses of outer space. New York: United Nations; 1958. [15] United Nations. Document A/AC.105/829. Report on the Twelfth UN/ESA workshop on basic space science. New York: United Nations; 2004. [16] Gopalswamy N. United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative Programme for the International Heliophysical Year 2007. In: Seminars of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications. Vienna: United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs; 2005. p. 47. [17] IHY. Earth, Moon, and Planets 2005;94:165 [2007a]. [18] IHY. Astrophysics and Space Science 2006;305:205–330 [2007b]. [19] Haubold HJ. Promoting research and education in basic space science: the approach of the UN/ESA workshops. Space Policy 2003;19:215–9. [20] Al-Naimiy HMK, Celebre CP, Chamcham K, de Alwis HSP, de Carias MCP, Haubold HJ, et al. Research and education in basic space science. In: Wamsteker W, Albrecht R, Haubold HJ, editors. Developing basic space science world-wide: a decade of UN/ESA workshops. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2004. p. 31–7. [21] Lang KR. An education curriculum for space science in developing countries. Space Policy 2004;20:297–302. [22] Kitamura M. Aiding astronomy in developing nations: Japanese ODA. Space Policy 2004;20:131–5. [23] United Nations. Document A/AC.105/856. Report on the UN/ESA/ NASA workshop on the International Heliophysical Year 2007. New York: United Nations; 2005. [24] United Nations. Document A/AC.105/882, Report on the UN/ NASA workshop on the International Heliophysical Year 2007 and Basic Space Science. New York: United Nations; 2006. [25] Benz AO, Monstein C, Meyer H. Callisto: a new concept for solar radio spectrometers. Solar Physics 2005;226:143. [26] Jackman CH, DeLand MT, Labow GJ, Fleming EL, Weisenstein DK, Ko MKW, et al. Neutral atmospheric influences of the solar proton events in October–November 2003. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003;110:A09S27.
Space Policy 23 (2007) 121–126 www.elsevier.com/locate/spacepol
Report
International Heliophysical Year 2007: Basic space science initiatives Joe Davilaa, Nat Gopalswamya, Hans J. Hauboldb,, Barbara Thompsona a
NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, Vienna International Centre, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
b
Abstract The UN Office for Outer Space Affairs, through the IHY Secretariat and the United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative (UNBSSI), assists scientists and engineers world-wide to participate in the International Heliophysical Year (IHY) 2007. A major thrust of IHY/UNBSSI is to deploy arrays of small, inexpensive instruments such as magnetometers, radio telescopes, GPS receivers, all-sky cameras, etc. around the world to allow global measurements of ionospheric and heliospheric phenomena. The small instrument program is envisioned as a partnership between instrument providers and instrument hosts in developing nations, with the former providing the instruments, the host nation the manpower, facilities and operational support, typically at a local university. Funds are not available through IHY/UNBSSI to build the instruments; these must be obtained through the normal proposal channels. All instrument operational support for local scientists, facilities, data acquisition, etc. will be provided by the host nation. The IHY/UNBSSI can facilitate the deployment of several of these networks and existing databases and relevant software tools will be identified to promote space science activities in developing nations. Extensive data on space science have been accumulated by a number of space missions. Similarly, long-term databases are available from ground-based observations. These data can be utilized in ways different from those originally intended for understanding the heliophysical processes. This report provides an overview of IHY/UNBSSI, its achievements, future plans and outreach to the 192 member states of the United Nations. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The International Heliophysical Year (IHY) commenced on 19 February 2007, marking the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year (IGY). The IGY resulted in an unprecedented level of understanding of geospace and saw the start of the space age [1,2]. Like the IGY, the objective of the IHY is to discover the physical mechanisms that link Earth and the heliosphere to solar activities [3,4]. The IHY will focus on global effects but to a much greater physical scale that encompasses the entire Solar System and its interaction with the local interstellar medium. International cooperation and a systems approach are the two key ingredients of the IHY program, as with the IGY. The IHY activities are centered around four key elements: science (coordinated investigation programs (CIPs) conducted a campaigns to investigate specific scientific questions); observatory development (an activity Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 26060 4949; fax: +43 1 26060 5830.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H.J. Haubold). 0265-9646/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2007.02.015
to deploy small instruments in developing nations); public outreach (to communicate the beauty, relevance and significance of the space science to the general public and students); and the IGY Gold program (to identify and honor all those scientists who worked for the IGY program). This report covers the observatory development activity, for which the IHY Secretariat has established collaboration with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). The space around Earth changes rapidly from the neutral atmosphere where society lives to the magnetized plasma of the ionosphere, magnetosphere, the interplanetary medium, and beyond. The Sun controls a significant extent of space surrounding planet Earth—the Solar System—by the ionized matter and electromagnetic radiation it emits. The Sun not only supports life by providing light and heat, but also often creates adverse conditions on the ground and in space that could seriously affect life and society [5–8]. Environments of other planets, where humans have set their sight for future visits and exploration, are similarly affected by the Sun. The human effort to
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understand space has extended from near-Earth space to the entire Solar System. Space science has immediate applications to all human beings. The beginning of the Space Age in 1957 has brought the whole of humanity much closer to each other. Satellite phones, television, and radio have become an inevitable part of human lives because of the quality news, weather and entertainment that have become available. Satellites also aid the forecast of rainfall, drought and famine that human society has to endure. Thus, the benefit of space has become available to all nations of the world, irrespective of the stage of their economic development [4,9–12]. Spacecraft venturing into interplanetary space have brought new knowledge on the space environment beyond Earth’s magnetosphere. They probe the changing conditions in interplanetary space caused by the Sun and the interstellar medium. The geospace and interplanetary environment can often be hazardous to space-based technological systems. Particle radiation from the Sun can be harmful to astronauts and can destroy satellite electronics. Billions of tons of magnetized plasma ejected from the Sun impinge on Earth’s magnetic field, causing severe geomagnetic disturbances that can lead to disruption of power systems, pipelines and railroads [9]. Such solar eruptions can propagate throughout the Solar System, causing severe disturbances in various planetary environments before impacting the termination shock at a distance of about 100 AU [13]. Thus, there is an immediate need to understand how the varying Sun affects the surroundings of planets as well as the interplanetary medium [5]. This general topic of space weather has been the focus of many national and international efforts, such as the International Living with a Star (ILWS) and IHY. Although many of the stunning discoveries were made from space-based instrumentation, there is a lot more to be done from ground-based instrumentation. Traditionally, only the astronomical telescopes operating in the visible and radio wavelengths were used for studying astronomical objects in the solar system and beyond. Now, we have the opportunity to combine these ‘photon-based’ observations with the in situ observations of space plasmas. 2. United Nations Basic Space Science Initiative (UNBSSI) The past 50 years have taught us an enormous amount about geospace and the vast outer space surrounding the Sun. This knowledge needs to be consolidated and utilized for future exploration using space travel and continued ground-based observation. The mass emission from the Sun in the form of solar wind defines the heliosphere. The heliospheric plasma originates from the hot corona of the Sun, whether it is the solar wind or the coronal mass ejections (CMEs). While the solar wind speed roughly varies by a factor of two depending upon the source region (coronal hole or quiet Sun), CMEs have a much wider range of speeds. Most of the large scale variability in the heliosphere can be attributed to these two types of mass
emissions from the Sun. Energetic particles are the third component, mostly related to shocks driven by CMEs or by corotating interaction regions (CIRs) formed by the interaction of fast and slow solar wind. In addition to these internal components, mass comes from outside the heliosphere in the form of neutral atoms and galactic cosmic rays. The neutral atoms interact with the solar wind, are ionized, and become so-called anomalous cosmic rays. Galactic cosmic rays also interact with CMEs and CIRs and their intensity is modulated. The mass emissions also interact with one another and affect the planetary atmospheres in the Solar System. There is a lot more to be known about the variability of the Sun and its extended heliospace. The study areas IHY is concerned with are the universal physical processes in the heliospace, their mechanisms, and influence in the heliosphere. Examples of the universal processes are: (1) evolution and generation of magnetic structures and transients, (2) energy transfer and coupling processes, (3) flows and circulations, (4) boundaries and interfaces, and (5) synoptic studies of the 3-D coupled solar–planetary–heliospheric system. UNOOSA works to improve the use of space science and technology for the economic and social development of all nations, in particular developing nations. Under its program training courses, workshops, seminars, and other activities are conducted on applications and capacity building in subjects such as remote sensing, communications, meteorology, basic space science, satellite navigation, and space law. The subject of basic space science includes: fundamental physics, astronomy and astrophysics, solar– terrestrial interaction and its influence on terrestrial climate, planetary and atmospheric studies, and origin of life and exobiology. The IGY 1957 was one of the driving events in the establishment of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) [14]. Recognizing the large overlap between the goals of IHY and the UNBSSI activities, a partnership was established in 2004 during the 12th UN/ESA Workshop on Basic Space Science in China in 2004 [15]. A coordination meeting was held between IHY and UN representatives in October 2004 at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center [16]. As a result of that meeting, the UNBSSI has dedicated its resources and activities through 2009 to providing the IHY a link into developing nations [17,18].
2.1. The UNBSSI tripod The basic framework of the UNBSSI can be described by the ‘Tripod’ concept, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The three legs of the Tripod are instruments, observation, and education [19–21]. During 1991–2004, the ‘instrument’ leg has been astronomical telescopes [22]. From 2005 onwards the instrument leg represents various IHY instruments in developing nations [23,24]. The observation and education legs remain the same, representing data acquisition and using the deployment to promote education at all levels.
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2.3. Current instrument concepts A detailed description of the current instrument concepts proposed and accepted in 2005 has been published [16]. The current instrument concepts can be grouped into four classes: solar telescope networks, ionospheric networks, magnetometer networks, and particle detector networks.
Fig. 1. A schematic illustration of the UNBSSI TRIPOD concept adapted to the IHY observatory development element.
Under the IHY/UNBSSI, IHY will facilitate the deployment of a number of arrays of small instruments to make global measurements of space physics-related phenomena. These may range from a new network of radio dishes to observe interplanetary CMEs to extending existing arrays of global positioning system (GPS) receivers to observe the ionosphere. These instrument concepts are mature, and are developed and ready to be deployed. UNBSSI has provided more than 2000 scientist contacts in 192 nations, many of which are eager to participate in international space science activities. A workshop, led by the IHY Secretariat and UNBSSI, in November 2005 brought together instrument providers and interested instrument hosts for the first time to discuss facilities and requirements for each of the planned arrays [23]. Attendees at the workshop included some 20 instrument providers, and 30 potential instrument hosts selected from over 150 applications. The first element of a new North African AWESOME VLF array has already been delivered to the University of Tunis, Tunesia. Efforts are underway between the University of Tunis and the Stanford University to bring this element into full operation [24]. 2.2. General principles of IHY/UNBSSI projects The instrumentation projects considered need to be ideally suited to accomplish the joint goals of the IHY and UNBSSI. The projects are expected to satisfy the following general principles:
Quality science: the projects must produce scientifically significant and publishable results pertaining to the objectives of the IHY activities. Host nations: IHY/UNBSSI need to identify activities, which can be performed in developing nations (many of which are near the equator). Cost/technical compatibility: the costs and technical requirements of the projects must be compatible with the resources available in the participating nations. Legacy potential: the projects must lead to a beneficial longterm relationship for the participants in developing nations. Educational component: the instrument deployment, observation and data acquisition, and analysis ideally involves students, especially at the university level.
2.3.1. Solar telescope networks The solar telescope network consists of radio telescopes that can observe solar eruptions of concern to various destinations in heliospace. Of particular importance are shocks and particle beams produced at the Sun, which can be remote sensed by the radio telescopes. The telescopes will be deployed at several locations in the world, so that a continuous coverage of the Sun will be possible. The Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) is a dual-channel frequency-agile receiver based on commercially available consumer electronics [25]. The complete spectrometer is very compact, very cheap, and easy to replicate for deploying in many locations. One instrument has been deployed to India at the Radio Astronomy Center in Ooty. This network, in addition to the existing spectrometers at Hiraiso in Japan, ARTEMIS in Greece, and Culgoora in Australia will form an excellent radio network for IHY science. A related radio instrument is the Bruny Island Radio Spectrometer, which can be deployed as a complement to CALLISTO. The frequency of operation is just above the ionospheric cut-off, which depends on the latitude. Currently, the electromagnetic characteristics of a site near Bangalore (Gauribidanur) are being studied for installation of one such spectrometer to work in conjunction with CALLISTO in Ooty. 2.3.2. The three ionosphere networks projects The Atmospheric Weather Educational System for Observation and Modeling of Effects (AWESOME) instrument is an ionospheric monitor that can be operated by students around the world. The monitors detect solar flares and other ionospheric disturbances. AWESOME monitors will be deployed in many African and Asian nations, so that the current data obtained in the western hemisphere can be combined with other data. This effort will provide a basis for comparison to facilitate global extrapolations and conclusions. Africa GPS is an effort to link many GPS networks in Africa. The overarching plan is to increase the number of real-time dual-frequency GPS stations worldwide for the study of ionospheric variability. Of particular interest is the response of the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) during geomagnetic storms over the African sector. This program is particularly compatible with magnetometry. Scintillation Network Decision Aid (SCINDA) is a realtime, data driven, communication outage forecast and alert system. Its purpose is to aid in the specification and
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prediction of communications degradation due to ionospheric scintillation in Earth’s equatorial regions. Scintillation affects radio signals up to a few GHz frequency and seriously degrades and disrupts satellite-based navigation and communication systems. SCINDA consists of a set of ground-based sensors and quasi-empirical models, developed to provide real-time alerts and short-term (o1 h) forecasts of scintillation impacts on UHF satellite communication and L-Band GPS signals in the Earth’s equatorial regions. SCINDA will be deployed near the magnetic equator of Earth (within 201 on either side). The current thrust is in African nations, where there is a clear dearth of ionospheric data. The Remote Equatorial Nighttime Observatory for Ionospheric Regions (RENOIR) is a suite of instruments dedicated to studying the equatorial/low-latitude ionosphere/thermosphere system, its response to storms and the irregularities that can be present on a daily basis. Through the construction and deployment of a RENOIR station, it is possible to achieve a better understanding of the variability in the night-time ionosphere and the effects this variability has on critical satellite navigation and communication systems. The South America VLF NETwork (SAVNET) is for monitoring the solar activity on long- and short-time scales and ionospheric perturbations over the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA). The network will also be used for studying Earth’s atmosphere. The basic data output is composed of these phase and amplitude measurements of VLF signals. 2.3.3. Magnetometer network Magnetometer network is a relatively low-cost method for monitoring solar–terrestrial interaction. A multi-continental IHY network would provide an excellent basis for meso- and global-scale monitoring of magnetospheric–ionospheric disturbances and provide scientific targets for mid- and low-latitudes and opportunities for developing nations to host instruments and participate in the science investigations. The following are some of the current projects. The Magnetic Data Acquisition System (MAGDAS) is being deployed for space weather studies between 2005 and 2008. The MAGDAS data will be used to map the ionospheric equivalent current pattern every day. The current and electric fields at all latitudes are coupled, although those at high, and middle and low latitudes are often considered separately. By using the MAGDAS ionospheric current pattern, the global electromagnetic coupling processes at all latitudes will be clarified. MAGDAS will utilize the Circum-Pan Pacific Magnetometer Network involving several nations around the globe (Australia, Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Russian Federation, USA and Taiwan). The Canadian Array for Realtime Investigations of Magnetic Activity (CARISMA) is the magnetometer element of the Canadian Geospace Monitoring (CGSM)
project. Each proposed IHY magnetometer observatory shall consist of magnetometer station pairs separated meridionally by approximately 200 km. Other requirements are: a 2 3-component fluxgate magnetometer, data logger, GPS timing, and power source. 2.3.4. Particle detector networks Particle detectors have a wide range of applications: they can detect energetic particles from the Sun, from galactic and extra-galactic sources, and from the heliosphere. They can also indirectly observe large magnetic structures, such as magnetic clouds and shocks from the Sun through the well-known process of Forbush decrease. These particles also interact with Earth’s atmosphere and produce airshowers (secondary particles). They are also linked to ozone depletion [26] and cloud-cover variation. The SEVAN world-wide particle detector network is a combined neutron–muon detecting system. A flexible 32bit microcontroller-based data acquisition electronics will utilize the correlation information from cosmic ray secondary fluxes, including environmental parameters (temperature, pressure, and magnetic field). The high precision time synchronization of the remote installations via GPS receivers are crucial ingredients of the new detector. It is proposed to deploy such detectors in neighboring nations, such as Bulgaria and Croatia. The muon detector network collaboration consists of nine institutes from seven nations (Armenia, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Kuwait, and the USA). Many of these nations are already operating muon detectors and some have recently installed them. The precursory decrease of cosmic ray intensity are seen more than one day prior to the arrival of shock driven by coronal mass ejection at Earth. This is an important forecasting tool for predicting space weather attributed to energetic solar eruptions. 2.4. Recent accomplishments AWESOME: The first deployment of AWESOME under the IHY/UNBSSI commenced in October 2005 with the installation in Tunisia. Instruments were delivered to Algeria and Morocco in summer 2006. More deployments are planned in northern Africa, at sites in Libya, Egypt and South Africa. A large network of AWESOME monitors is expected to be in placed during 2007–08. MAGDAS: IHY-Japan has made significant progress towards the completion of its 51-magnetometer MAGDAS global network with a new installation site on MacQuarie Island, a sub-Antarctic island between Tasmania and Antarctica. Recent deployments were made in Ethiopia, Nigeria and Ivory Coast (August 2006). Installations have also proceeded in Indonesia and Malaysia. RENOIR: The RENOIR ionospheric observing station program has received support for development and will be making plans for instrument host sites in 2006–07.
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SAVNET: The South America VLF NETwork (SAVNET) has been recently approved by the Sa˜o Paulo state funding agency FAPESP in Brazil for a duration of two years. The deployment of the SAVNET VLF receiver chain will began in 2006 with the target of being operational in 2007. SCINDA: The SCINDA scintillation network is expected to double the size of its equatorial network, and held an instrumenters’ meeting in July 2006 in Cape Verde in preparation for new deployments. Deployments in Cape Verde and Nigeria have been completed. 2.5. Recent developments 2.5.1. The flare monitoring telescope (FMT) After the 2005 workshop [23], a new instrument concept was proposed by Japan. This is an H-alpha telescope to be donated by Japan and hosted in Peru. This will be a complement to the radio telescope network, discussed in Section 2.3.1. The H-alpha instrument consists of six telescopes in the FMT dome: three for observations in the H-alpha line center, blue wing, and red wing; one with the occulting disk for prominence observations; one for the continuum; and the last one with an optical guider for accurate tracking of the Sun. 2.5.2. Data projects In addition to instrument deployments, a new element was introduced during the 2006 workshop [24]. The idea is to replace the instrument leg of the IHY/UNBSSI TRIPOD with a database. Accessing and manipulating data from such databases will be equally rewarding, similar to acquiring data from instruments. One of the examples is the Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) database. SAMPEX is the first in NASA’s relatively low-budget, fast-track series of the Small Explorer class of spacecraft, launched on 3 July 1992, to provide cosmic ray fluxes at the polar cap and radiation belts fluxes. The SAMPEX mission ended in July 2004, leaving behind a 12-year continuous record of observations. By providing the data with analyzing tools, scientists will be able to study Earth’s radiation belts. 2.5.3. Gnu Data Language There is a specific plan to develop the Gnu Data Language (GDL), which is free software that will be available for processing image and time series data. This will enable many scientists from developing nations to access, display and analyze IHY data. 3. IHY/UNBSSI workshops Implementation of the UNBSSI TRIPOD concept has been done using annual workshops organized for IHY/ UNBSSI. Such workshops have been conducted since 1991 in various nations. From 2005 onwards, the workshops for
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IHY/UNBSSI are devoted to IHY observatory development activity and have been hosted by the United Arab Emirates in 2005 and by India in 2006. Several interesting developments have been initiated in the workshops. First, scientists from developing and industrialized nations meet face-to-face to discuss collaborative projects under IHY/UNBSSI. Second, scientific instrument host groups provide descriptions of the sites for instrument deployment and the facilities available for hosting the instrument. Third, potential providers of scientific instruments describe their instruments and the key requirements in terms of infrastructure for a successful deployment and continued operation. Fourth, progress reports of previous workshops have been presented and discussed. Fifth, several participants have gained the necessary scientific background through a series of tutorial talks. The workshop for IHY/UNBSSI in 2007 will be hosted by Japan. 4. Conclusions The IHY activities recognize the importance of global efforts with participation from as many nations as possible, and as many observatories (from ground and space) as possible. All the four elements of IHY are built upon this global cooperation. The coordinated investigation program (CIP) is aiming at a large number of scientific campaigns in 2007 and 2008, and hundreds of observatories have expressed interest in participating in these campaigns. Thousand of scientists will analyze the data from these IHY CIP campaigns. The new instruments deployed by IHY/UNBSSI will also participate in the CIPs. Scientists and students from developing nations will also participate in the observations and data analysis, providing valuable training and education. The IHY schools program is under development and will also help build a solid scientific background for young people throughout the world. The synergy between IHY and UNBSSI activities is expected to make great progress during the IHY years and beyond. In this spirit the IHY 2007 was inaugurated on 19 February 2007 on the premises of the United Nations Office Vienna. Around 200 visitors participated in the inauguration ceremony delivered by representatives of NASA, the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of UNCOPUOS, the Government of Austria, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and UNOOSA. A particular highlight at the United Nations Office Vienna was an exhibition dedicated to IHY 2007 with posters produced by groups of scientists and engineers who are already fully participating in the four elements of IHY as described above. On 20 February 2007, a one-day IHY Science Meeting was hosted at the prestigious Austrian Academy of Sciences in downtown historic Vienna. Further information on IHY can be found at http:// ihy2007.org.
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