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Interpretive Summaries, October 2014
INTERPRETIVE SUMMARIES, OCTOBER 2014 Invited review: Genetic considerations for various pasture-based dairy systems. By Washburn and Mullen, page 5923. Genetic selection of dairy cattle for success in a pasture-based system is a challenge requiring consideration of many factors. Many of those factors are shared between pasture-based and intensive systems, including selection for milk yield, reproductive efficiency, feed efficiency, udder characteristics, and longevity. Although all breeds of dairy cattle can be used in pasture-based dairy systems, optimal breed and genetic characteristics for a given system can vary based on environmental, management, and marketing constraints as well as personal preference. http://dx.doi.org/19.3168/jds.2014-7925. Effect of KCl substitution on bacterial viability of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and selected probiotics. By Gandhi et al., page 5939. We determined a critical concentration for NaCl reduction and its substitution with KCl based on the effect of NaCl on bacterial membrane and viability. The findings can be applied to infer a critical NaCl concentration when attempting to reduce NaCl in food products. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7681. Evaluation of high-intensity ultrasonication for the inactivation of endospores of 3 bacillus species in nonfat milk. By Khanal et al., page 5952. Bacterial endospores are resistant to the heat treatments generally applied during milk processing. Among several alternative or accompanying methods to heat treatments, we investigated ultrasonication in this research. The heat-resistant endospores of 3 common bacilli in milk were found to be resistant to low-frequency ultrasonication. However, endospores exposed to ultrasonication followed by pasteurization showed increased inactivation. Ultrasonication reduced spores’ resistance to thermal treatments but did not appear to cause any physical damage to spore structure. Relatively greater germination of endospores due to ultrasonication likely resulted in their higher inactivation by subsequent pasteurization. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7950. Lateral lipid organization of the bovine milk fat globule membrane is revealed by washing processes. By Zheng et al., page 5964. An innovative approach was carried out to reveal the lipid organization in the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) by applying washing procedures with different degrees of stringency to milk fat globule surfaces in simulated milk ultrafiltrate buffer. Our results support the repartitioning of cholesterol and phospholipids within the MFGM
during mechanical treatment. An updated schematic MFGM model was deduced based on relative depletion and enrichment of individual MFGM-associated lipids, estimated hydrophilic lipophilic balance values, and molecular packing shapes. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7951. Effects of metal ions on growth, β-oxidation system, and thioesterase activity of Lactococcus lactis. By Li and Ma, page 5975. We tested the effects of metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+) on the growth, β-oxidation system, and thioesterase activity of Lactococcus lactis. Divalent metal ions had important effects on the 4 key enzymes of the β-oxidation system (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, l-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, and thiolase) and thioesterase activity of Lactococcus lactis. These results help clarify the relationship of flavor compounds and fatty acid metabolism by Lactococcus lactis in dairy products. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8047. Effect of curd washing on the properties of reduced-calcium and standard-calcium Cheddar cheese. By Hou et al., page 5983. Curd washing was used to vary the levels of lactose and lactic acid in Cheddar cheese with standard or reduced calcium content. Unfermented lactose is undesirable to those who suffer from lactose intolerance. Unfermented lactose remained in the reduced-calcium cheese even after 180 to 270 d. Curd washing during manufacture was effective at reducing the level of unfermented lactose in Cheddar cheeses, and controlling lactic acid and pH of cheeses with reduced or standard calcium content. Descriptive sensory analysis of 270-d-old cheeses indicated that curd washing had a significant effect on sensory properties of the cheese. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8051. Detection of cow milk adulteration in yak milk by ELISA. By Ren et al., page 6000. The fraudulent adulteration of yak milk with cheaper cow milk is a serious problem in China. In this study, we produced a high-affinity monoclonal antibody against bovine β-casein and developed an ELISA method for the rapid detection of cow milk adulteration of yak milk. The linear range was broad for routine adulteration analyses. Different treatments, including heat, acidification, and rennet addition, had no effect on the assay. The method can rapidly detect cow milk in adulterated yak milk and other yak dairy products, and has a wide range of industrial applications. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8127.
Reconstituted yogurt from yogurt cultured milk powder mix has better overall characteristics than reconstituted yogurt from commercial yogurt powder. By Song and Aryana, page 6007. The drying process for manufacturing commercial yogurt powder (CYP) markedly reduces counts of yogurt culture bacteria; hence, potential health benefits from yogurt culture bacteria are reduced. Commercially available yogurt powder does not taste like yogurt upon reconstitution and has an off-flavor. The aim was to determine the microbial, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of reconstituted yogurts from yogurt cultured milk powder mix (YCMP) and CYP. The reconstituted yogurts from YCMP had a 5-log-higher count of yogurt culture bacteria and significantly improved sensory characteristics than CYP. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8181. Evaluation of the effect of supplementing fermented milk with quinoa flour on probiotic activity. By Casarotti et al., page 6027. Fermented milks are considered functional foods due to their health benefits to consumers. Some ingredients can be added to fermented milk to enhance its nutritional value, to help probiotics survive during passage through the gastrointestinal tract, and to improve probiotic activity during cold storage. This study investigated the effect of quinoa flour on viability of probiotic microorganisms used for the production of fermented milk. Quinoa flour had a neutral effect on probiotic activity and on adhesion of probiotics to intestinal cells. Because of nutritional value of quinoa flour, its addition to fermented milks may increase the appeal of the product to consumers. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8197. Enumeration of clostridia in goat milk by using an optimized membrane filtration technique. By Reindl et al., page 6036. Spores of Clostridium tyrobutyricum challenge the dairy industry mainly because of butyric acid fermentation that may cause blowing of cheese, accompanied by off-flavors. A membrane filtration technique was improved for analysis of goat milk. The spore counts of milk samples from suppliers not feeding silage were significantly lower than those of milk samples from suppliers using silage. In milk produced by cows fed silage, the diversity of the clostridial spore population shifted toward a greater abundance of spores of spoilage-causing clostridia. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8218. Microbiota characterization of a Belgian protected designation of origin cheese, Herve cheese, using metagenomic analysis. By Delcenserie et al., page 6046. This study analyzed the bacterial microbiota of Herve cheese using a metagenomic approach based on 16S ribosomal DNA pyrosequencing. The method allowed identification of 207 different phylotypes and
demonstrated that the Herve cheese microbiota was very rich. Pasteurized milk cheeses were microbiologically very close to raw milk cheeses, probably because of the similar manufacturing processes used. Characterization, via metagenomic analysis, of the microbiota of this particular protected designation of origin cheese enabled us to gain a better knowledge of the bacteria responsible for the character of this cheese. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8225. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry– based metabolomic approach for the characterization of goat milk compared with cow milk. By Scano et al., page 6057. Given the increasing interest of food consumers for goat milk, its production and commercialization have dramatically increased over the last decades. The need exists for a deeper compositional knowledge and standardized control protocols to protect the uniqueness of goat milk. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was applied to determine the metabolite profile of commercial goat milk compared with cow milk. Data were elaborated by multivariate statistical analysis, and the use of appropriate visualization tools improved interpretation of results. A multivariate model for detecting addition of cheaper cow milk to goat milk was also proposed. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8247. Association between the bovine milk metabolome and rennet-induced coagulation properties of milk. By Sundekilde et al., page 6076. In this study, the milk metabolite profile determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was linked to rennet-induced milk coagulation properties. Significant differences in the metabolite profiles of noncoagulating milk samples and those with goad coagulating properties were identified. The levels of lactate, acetate, glutamate, creatinine, choline, carnitine, galactose 1-phosphate, and glycerophosphocholine in milk were significantly different in the 2 sample groups. The possibility of acquiring new insight into biochemical aspects of milk coagulation is highlighted. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8304. Investigation of bacterial and fungal diversity in tarag using high-throughput sequencing. By Sun et al., page 6085. Tarag, a fermented cow milk, is a naturally fermented dairy product in Mongolia and northwestern China. It is necessary to comprehensively understand its microbial composition for quality improvement and industrial production of tarag. The bacterial and fungal diversities in 17 tarag samples were evaluated with 454-pyrosequencing based on the V3 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region. We showed that lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and other microorganisms exist in tarag. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8360.
Removal of milk fat globules from whey protein concentrate 34% to prepare clear and heat-stable protein dispersions. By Liu and Zhong, page 6097. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is a low-cost ingredient but it is turbid and heat-unstable after hydration in water. Conjugation of whey proteins with reducing saccharides such as the lactose native in WPC can improve its heat stability. In this work, acid precipitation of fat globules in WPC was studied to prepare a transparent supernatant for spray-drying. The obtained powder underwent a high-temperature, short-time treatment to produce WPC with good heat stability but little color. We described a process for producing WPC suitable for beverage applications in the dairy industry. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8439. Short communication: A food-systems approach to assessing dairy product waste. By Ridoutt et al., page 6107. Food waste reduction has become a social and environmental priority amid concern about world population increase, food security, and the environmental burdens of food production. However, the quantification of dairy product waste is especially difficult because of the varied means of disposal and inclusion as an ingredient in many processed foods. Data from the Australian National Nutrition Survey were disaggregated to determine national dairy product intake in whole-milk equivalents and compared with domestic milk supply, indicating a level of waste of 29% in the Australian food system. The approach is deemed relevant to national-scale reporting and performance monitoring. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8017. Short communication: Sensory profile of raw goat milk cheeses made with artisan kid rennet pastes from commercial-weight animals: Alternative to farmhouse goat cheeses. By Fresno et al., page 6111. The loss of traditional kid rennet pastes is most likely due to the custom of using abomasa from very young animals killed at below desirable commercial weight or to the use of standardized commercial rennet. This report shows the possibility of easily preparing rennet pastes from commercial-weight kids. Farmhouse cheeses made with these rennet pastes had the same traditional sensory profile as cheeses made with traditional kid rennet. Consumer preference tests showed that cheeses made with these artisan rennet pastes from commercial-weight animals were overwhelmingly preferred over cheeses made with commercial rennet. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8238. Short communication: Combined antimicrobial activity of reuterin and diacetyl against foodborne pathogens. By Langa et al., page 6116. Reuterin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial substance produced by some strains of Lactobacillus reuteri. In
this work, we studied the combined effect of reuterin and diacetyl against 3 foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes). Growth kinetic studies and milk assays showed a synergistic antimicrobial activity of reuterin and diacetyl against the 3 pathogens. Hence, the combination of reuterin produced in situ and diacetyl could be a promising strategy to control foodborne pathogens in dairy products. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8306. Short communication: Effects of lactose and milk on the expression of biofilm-associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from a dairy cow with mastitis. By Xue et al., page 6129. Bovine mastitis is a common disease of the bovine mammary gland and is recognized as a major cause of economic losses in dairy farming. Staphylococcus aureus is an important contagious organism responsible for bovine mastitis. The biofilm formation ability of Staph. aureus is considered to be a major virulence factor influencing its pathogenesis in mastitis. This study investigated the effects of lactose or milk on biofilm formation capacity of 2 clinical bovine isolates of Staph. aureus and further examined the biofilm-associated genes affected by lactose or milk. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8344. Can routinely recorded reproductive events be used as indicators of disease emergence in dairy cattle? An evaluation of 5 indicators during the emergence of bluetongue virus in France in 2007 and 2008. By Marceau et al., page 6135. The increased risk of introduction of emerging diseases has led health authorities to develop syndromic surveillance systems. Such systems are designed to detect, as early as possible, the occurrence of unexpected adverse health events by retrieving and analyzing data in real time. This study contributes to the development of syndromic surveillance in dairy cattle by evaluating routinely recorded reproductive events as a new data source. Five indicators were evaluated for the detection of the emergence of the bluetongue virus in 2007 in France. An increase in the proportion of cows calving a few days earlier than expected allowed a early detection of the emergence. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7346. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 on in vitro bovine embryo production and cryopreservation. By Absalón-Medina et al., page 6164. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) affect cell signaling and membrane configuration. The present work evaluated supplementation of the CLA isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans10,cis-12 on bovine embryo development in vitro and tolerance to cryopreservation. Embryos were produced
by parthenogenesis and by in vitro fertilization. Progesterone produced by cumulus-oocyte complexes was upregulated by CLA during maturation in vitro. Lipid content of embryos was increased, whereas embryo development decreased with CLA trans-10,cis-12 during culture. Short-term exposure to CLA cis-9,trans-11 before vitrification improved survival rates and bovine embryo quality. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7719. Dairy farming on permanent grassland: Can it keep up? By Kellermann and Salhofer, page 6196. Based on an extensive data set for southern Germany, we compared the performance of dairy farms operating solely on permanent grassland and farms using fodder crops from arable land. We also identified intensive and extensive production systems for both types of farms. To be able to compare the productivity levels of the different groups of farms, we developed a group- and chain-linked multilateral productivity index. Our results showed that permanent grassland farms can, in general, keep up with fodder crop farms, even with intensive ones. However, extensively operating farms, especially those on permanent grassland, significantly lag behind in productivity and run the risk of losing ground. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7825. A randomized trial to evaluate the effect of a trace mineral premix on the incidence of active digital dermatitis lesions in cattle. By Gomez et al., page 6211. We conducted a randomized controlled trial aimed at preventing digital dermatitis (DD) lesions in cattle before parturition. The objective was to specifically evaluate the effect of a trace mineral premix containing elevated levels of organic trace minerals and iodine (HOTMI) in reducing the incidence of naturally and experimentally induced DD lesions. Decreased DD incidence and decreased lesion size were observed in the group fed the HOTMI premix during the experimental infection, suggesting a novel strategy for controlling DD. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7879. Intramammary administration of platelet concentrate as an unconventional therapy in bovine mastitis: First clinical application. By LangeConsiglio et al., page 6223. Antibiotics are extensively used worldwide for treating mastitis, resulting in an increased risk of residues in milk and possible development of antibiotic resistance. We applied, for the first time in the treatment of bovine mastitis, a regenerative medicine approach, carrying out “in field” research administering platelet concentrate alone or in association with antibiotics by the intramammary route. The platelet concentrate (rich in mitogenic, chemotactic,
and growth factors) was beneficial in the healing process but also considerably reduced recurrence rates. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7999. Effect of prepartum administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on health and performance of lactating dairy cows. By Gohary et al., page 6231. Proper management and implemention of prevention programs to reduce disease incidence are important pillars of a transition period protocol. A large clinical trial was conducted to study the effect of prepartum administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin as a potential disease prevention strategy to improve health and performance of lactating dairy cows. Based on results of the current study, biweekly (every 14 d) administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin before calving to prevent disease and enhance performance is not recommended. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8048. Effect of dams’ parity and age on daughters’ milk yield in Norwegian Red cows. By Storli et al., page 6242. The effect of age and parity of dams on milk yield of daughters is not well known. Lactation data from 276,000 Norwegian Red cows were analyzed to assess whether parity and age of the dam affected daughters’ 305-d milk yield in the first and second lactations. The results showed a significant decrease in milk yield of daughters in first and second lactation as parity of the dam increased, and a decrease in milk yield of daughters as the age of dam within parity increased. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8072. High herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Western Canadian dairy farms, based on environmental sampling. By Wolf et al., page 6250. Johne’s disease is present in most countries with a modern dairy industry and it poses an economic threat as well as a potential public health concern. Based on this study, we concluded that the majority of Alberta and Saskatchewan dairy farms were infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Larger farms had a higher risk than smaller farms, perhaps due to differences in management and more frequent animal introductions. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8101. Pathogen group-specific risk factors for intramammary infection in treated and untreated dairy heifers participating in a prepartum antimicrobial treatment trial. By Passchyn et al., page 6260. Risk factors for intramammary infection that were identified in heifers participating in a prepartum antimicrobial treatment trial were different between treated and untreated control heifers, independently from the pathogen group considered. Prepartum treat-
ment apparently changes not only the likelihood of infection but also the factors that are associated with infection. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8119. Quantitative evaluation of the relationship between dorsal wall length, sole thickness, and rotation of the distal phalanx in the bovine claw using computed tomography. By Tsuka et al., page 6271. Quantitative evaluations of computed tomographic images for 800 bovine claws revealed that dorsal wall lengths of 75 mm or 3 inches (76.2 mm) might not be a recommended standard applicable to all claws based on the following evidence: (1) within the area of the apex of the inner and outer claws with dorsal wall lengths of 75 mm and 76.2 mm, sole thicknesses of approximately 6 mm were thinner than the previously estimated 7-mm value recommended for maintaining healthy bovine claws; and (2) the outer claws displayed marked anteversions of the distal phalanx-to-sole surface (4.7°) relative to the inner claws (2.9°). http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8131. Elevated concentrate-to-forage ratio in dairy cow rations is associated with a shift in the mean diameter of milk fat globules and remodeling of their membranes. By Argov-Argaman et al., page 6286. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of milk fat globule (MFG) diameter is still unclear. The aim was to alter milk fat concentration and consequently MFG diameter by changing the concentrate-to-forage ratio in dairy cow rations and following the structural changes in the MFG and its membrane. A high-forage diet tended to increase MFG mean diameter and altered the composition of its membrane by increasing cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine and decreasing phosphatidylserine concentrations. The results suggest that membrane remodeling plays a role in regulating MFG diameter. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8174. Clinical disease and stage of lactation influences shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis into milk and colostrum of naturally infected dairy cows. By Stabel et al., page 6296. Johne’s disease is a chronic, debilitating intestinal disorder in cattle characterized by diarrhea, reduced feed intake, weight loss, and death. Shedding of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis into the milk of infected dams is one mode of transmission to young calves. However, it is unknown how much shedding occurs. The present study evaluated the shedding of the bacteria into colostrum and milk during the 305d lactation cycle and found that cows in the clinical stage of disease shed more frequently and that shedding occurred predominantly in early lactation. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8204.
Presynchronization using a modified Ovsynch protocol or a single gonadotropin-releasing hormone injection 7 d before an Ovsynch-56 protocol for submission of lactating dairy cows to first timed artificial insemination. By Carvalho et al., page 6305. Lactating Holstein cows presynchronized for first timed artificial insemination (TAI) using a modified Ovsynch protocol (Double-Ovsynch) had more pregnancies per AI (P/AI) than cows presynchronized using a single injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 7 d before an Ovsynch protocol (GGPG). This difference in fertility resulted from increased synchrony during the Ovsynch-56 protocol based on progesterone concentrations during the Ovsynch-56 protocol. Thus, although a Double-Ovsynch protocol required more injections, it resulted in greater P/AI compared with a GGPG protocol for first TAI. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8222. Comparison of bacteriological culture and PCR for detection of bacteria in ovine milk—Sheep are not small cows. By Zadoks et al., page 6326. Mastitis is an important cause of production losses, disease, and death in sheep. It can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Bacterial culture is routinely used to detect causative agents of mastitis in sheep, whereas PCR is increasingly used as a diagnostic tool in cattle. We evaluated the usefulness of a real-time PCR system for detection of ovine mastitis pathogens. The PCR detected numerous staphylococci and various other species in ovine milk but not Mannheimia haemolytica or Streptococcus uberis, even though they were detected by culture. For routine use in sheep, modification of the current PCR system may be beneficial. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8351. Lying behavior and postpartum health status in grazing dairy cows. By Sepúlveda-Varas et al., page 6334. We compared the lying behavior of healthy and ill dairy cows housed on commercial pasture-based farms. Cows were monitored for signs of illness and were locomotion scored for 3 wk after calving. Lying behavior changed in cows diagnosed as ill during this period; cows that developed more than one clinical disease after calving or were diagnosed as lame spent more time lying and had longer lying bouts compared with healthy cows. Changes in lying behavior show promise in identifying cows that warrant closer examination by the farmer or herd veterinarian. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8357. Effects of colostrum versus formula feeding on hepatic glucocorticoid and α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in neonatal calves and their effect on glucose and lipid metabolism. By Schäff et al., page 6344. Colostrum feeding affects the endocrine status of neonatal calves around birth and thus glucose and
lipid metabolism. The glucocorticoid and adrenergic systems contribute to maturation of postnatal energy metabolism in neonatal calves. Binding capacities of hepatic glucocorticoid (GR) and α1-adrenergic receptors (AR) depend on colostrum feeding, and GR and AR binding sites and mRNA abundance are related to postnatal glucose and lipid metabolism, indicating the involvement of GR and AR in postnatal maturation of energy metabolism in calves. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8359. Diet effects on glucose absorption in the small intestine of neonatal calves: Importance of intestinal mucosal growth, lactase activity, and glucose transporters. By Steinhoff-Wagner et al., page 6358. Colostrum feeding stimulates growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract in neonatal calves. Feeding colostrum instead of a milk-based formula with same nutrient density as colostrum, but no bioactive substances, stimulated glucose absorption in neonatal calves preliminary by enhanced mucosal growth and absorptive capacity of the small intestine. On the other hand, lactase activity and glucose transporter expression in the enterocytes of the small intestine were hardly affected by colostrum feeding. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8391. Short communication: Determination of Salmonella clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) diversity on dairy farms in Wisconsin and Minnesota. By Wehnes et al., page 6370. Salmonella populations present in smaller dairy herds (<500 head) are farm-specific according to clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) typing. The results indicated little overlap in CRISPR genotypes of predominant strains between farms. Generally, multiple strains were detected per farm, although diversity remains to be fully established. Predominant strains may change over time, as shown in farm 1 of this study. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7595. Short communication: Characteristics of student success in an undergraduate physiology and anatomy course. By Gwazdauskas et al., page 6378. The objective was to determine factors that affect success of undergraduates in an anatomy and physiology class. There were 476 females (79.1%) and 126 males (20.9%). The final grade percentage of 75.9 for female students was higher than the 72.3 for male students. Junior males had comparable final course grades to females, but sophomore and senior males had lower final course grades. Biology majors had a final grade of 82.4 ± 0.6 and this grade was greater than those for all other majors. These results suggest that biology majors
might be better prepared for anatomy and physiology than other majors. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7826. Effects of different physical forms of wheat grain in corn-based starter on performance of young Holstein dairy calves. By Pezhveh et al., page 6382. This experiment demonstrated that type and physical form of grains affect intake and growth of young Holstein dairy calves. Whole or ground wheat can be included in starter diets along with ground corn. Under our experimental conditions, the inclusion of 30% whole wheat plus 30% ground corn in the starter diet resulted in greater weight gain and feed intake as well as better feed efficiency and overall improved performance compared with starter diets containing only ground corn or ground corn plus ground wheat in young dairy calves. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7718. Effects of chromium propionate supplementation during the periparturient period and early lactation on metabolism, performance, and cytological endometritis in dairy cows. By Yasui et al., page 6400. Chromium is thought to affect nutrient metabolism, energy status, and immune function in dairy cattle. The objective of the current study was to investigate effects of chromium propionate on metabolism, performance, and cytological endometritis in transition dairy cows. In this study, effects of chromium propionate on metabolism and performance were minimal; however, chromium propionate had beneficial effects on postcalving uterine health. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7796. Effects of abomasal infusion of conjugated linoleic acids, Sterculia fœtida oil, and fish oil on production performance and the extent of fatty acid Δ9-desaturation in dairy cows. By Dallaire et al., page 6411. Desaturation of fatty acids (FA) is a key reaction in the synthesis and secretion of milk fat in ruminants. Production of unsaturated FA is important to modulate the physical properties and nutritive value of milk fat. This research combined several approaches to study the effects of dietary lipids on FA desaturation in dairy cows. Results showed that conjugated FA, Sterculia fœtida oil, and fish oil have varying and distinct effects on gene transcription and apparent activity of the enzyme Δ9-desaturase responsible for FA desaturation in the mammary gland. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7853. Effect of heat stress during late gestation on immune function and growth performance of calves: Isolation of altered colostral and calf factors. By Monteiro et al., page 6426. Heat stress (HT)
in utero impairs calf immune function and prenatal growth. Two studies were performed to evaluate isolated effects of HT or cooling (CL) in late-gestation dairy cows on the immune function of their calves. The first study evaluated the HT effect when standardized pooled colostrum was fed. The CL calves had greater birth weight and apparent efficiency of immunoglobulin G absorption (AEA). The second study evaluated the effect of colostrum from HT and CL cows on calf AEA, which was not altered by colostrum source. Thus, HT in utero had negative effects on AEA, regardless of the colostrum source. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7891.
milk replacer, roughage, and concentrates for veal calves in a paired-gain setting, thus avoiding any prior assumptions in feeding values and major differences in nutrient intakes. In an experiment using incremental levels of solid feed (SF), milk replacer allowance was adjusted to achieve equal carcass gain. The amount of milk replacer to realize equal carcass gain was 10% lower for a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 20:80 compared with 50:50, indicating that utilization of SF for gain increased with concentrate inclusion. Utilization of SF for growth increased with age irrespective of roughage-to-concentrate ratio. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8098.
Competition during the milk-feeding stage influences the development of feeding behavior of pair-housed dairy calves. By Miller-Cushon et al., page 6450. This study investigated how pair-housed calves adapt their feeding patterns in response to limited availability of feeding locations. Compared with calves provided with 2 teats/pen, calves provided with 1 teat/pen consumed less milk in the first weeks of life but increased meal frequency to compensate in later weeks of the milk-feeding stage. Providing 2 teats/pen resulted in greater meal synchrony and fewer competitive displacements. After weaning, calves previously reared in competitively fed pens had more frequent competitive displacements, greater rates of intake, and more frequent meals. These results indicate that calves can compensate for moderate competition, and that some behavioral responses to competition persist postweaning. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8065.
Ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of protein and amino acids in high-protein feedstuffs commonly used in dairy diets. By Paz et al., page 6485. In situ and mobile bag techniques were used to determine ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of amino acids (AA) from canola meal, low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles, soybean meal, expeller soybean meal, and 3 sources of blood meal. Across feedstuffs, ruminal degradation of both total essential AA and nonessential AA followed a similar pattern to that of crude protein; however, for specific AA, differences were observed that modified the AA profile of the rumen-undegradable protein compared with that of the original feedstuff. Intestinal digestibility of AA was high (>85%) across feedstuffs. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8108.
Methane production, nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, N balance, and milk production of cows fed timothy silage- or alfalfa silage-based diets. By Hassanat et al., page 6463. In this study, we investigated effects of replacing timothy silage with alfalfa silage in the diets of dairy cows on enteric methane emissions and milk performance. Increasing alfalfa silage in the diet (0, 27.2, and 54.4%, on a dry matter basis) increased dry matter intake but milk production remained unchanged. Methane energy losses were not affected, whereas N excretion (g/d) in feces and urine increased when feeding cows more alfalfa silage compared with timothy silage. Under the experimental conditions of this study, feeding cows with alfalfa silage- versus timothy silage-based diets was not an effective strategy to mitigate enteric methane production. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8069. Utilization of roughages and concentrates relative to that of milk replacer increases strongly with age in veal calves. By Berends et al., page 6475. This study aimed to investigate the feeding values of
Modification of the feeding behavior of dairy cows through live yeast supplementation. By DeVries and Chevaux, page 6499. The objective of this study was to determine whether the feeding behavior of dairy cows is modified through live yeast supplementation. Supplementing lactating dairy cows with live yeast resulted in improvements in meal patterning, including more frequent meals that tended to be smaller and occur closer together in time. Cows supplemented with live yeast also had lower mean ruminal temperature and tended to ruminate longer and have higher milk fat content and yield. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8226. Interaction between milk allowance and fat content of the starter feed on performance of Holstein calves. By Araujo et al., page 6511. For decades, milk allowance for calves has been restricted in order to reduce costs and labor and to stimulate early rumen development by encouraging solid feed intake. In recent years, however, the dairy industry has progressively changed to a more generous milk allowance (~6 to 8 L/d). Traditionally, the fat content of starter feeds has been minimized to avoid impaired performance. This study showed that providing calves with 6 L instead of 4 L of milk replacer per day increased performance and
that increasing fat content of the starter feed to 11.2% reduced the postweaning growth slump of calves fed 6 L/d of milk replacer. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8281. Lactation responses and amino acid utilization of dairy cows fed low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles with or without rumen-protected lysine supplementation. By Paz and Kononoff, page 6519. Diets containing low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) at either 15 or 30% of dry matter were supplemented with rumen-protected lysine to evaluate the effects on lactation responses and amino acid utilization. Inclusion rate of low-fat DDGS had no effect on dry matter intake or milk yield and composition, except for protein concentration, which decreased in cows fed 30% low-fat DDGS. Based on extraction efficiencies, lysine, arginine, and phenylalanine were the first 3 limiting amino acids across treatments. Rumenprotected lysine supplementation improved metabolizable lysine, as supported by a tendency to increase milk protein concentration. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8315. Short communication: Added value of rumination time for the prediction of dry matter intake in lactating dairy cows. By Clément et al., page 6531. Predicting or measuring dry matter intake (DMI) in dairy cows is a major concern in diet formulation. This study aimed to investigate the change in DMI prediction provided by the inclusion of individual rumination time, a recently available on-farm measure, in the National Research Council (2001) DMI prediction model. The rumination time estimate was significant in the model developed. However, the prediction did not gain in precision or accuracy. Our results indicate that there is no benefit in measuring rumination time to improve the prediction of DMI of individual dairy cows. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7860.
weighting factors to account for locus-specific variances. By Su et al., page 6547. Bayesian models often predict more accurate breeding values than genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), but GBLUP has a low computational demand. This study aimed to achieve the benefits of both models through appropriately weighted G-matrices. The results showed that GBLUP with a G-matrix weighted by marker posterior variances estimated from a Bayesian mixture model obtained prediction accuracies close to those obtained using the Bayesian mixture model. A common weight on a group of 30 markers could be a good weighting method. In a population with gradually increasing reference data, the weights can be updated once every 3 yr. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8210. Comparison between genetic parameters of cheese yield and nutrient recovery or whey loss traits measured from individual model cheesemaking methods or predicted from unprocessed bovine milk samples using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. By Bittante et al., page 6560. Cheese production is the most important use of milk produced in many countries. Here, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were calibrated from milk samples and used to predict cheese yield and nutrient recovery traits. The results were compared with measures obtained from individual model cheese-making experiments and showed that the genetic parameters of the predicted traits were very similar to those of the corresponding measured traits and their genetic correlations were high. Thus, FTIR predictions could be used to help select dairy populations for cheese yield and nutrient recovery traits. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8309.
Methane emissions among individual dairy cows during milking quantified by eructation peaks or ratio with carbon dioxide. By Bell et al., page 6536. Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of dairy cows were measured during milking within an automatic milking station. Cows were fed a commercial partial mixed ration followed by 2 highforage rations during 3 feeding periods. Emissions of CH4 during milking were examined using 2 methods: CH4 released in eructation peaks, and ratio of CH4 and CO2 average concentrations. Both methods can provide highly repeatable phenotypes for ranking cows by CH4 output on different diets. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7889.
Associations between age at first calving, rearing average daily weight gain, herd milk yield and dairy herd production, reproduction, and profitabilit. By Krpálková et al., page 6573. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of variable intensity in rearing dairy heifers on 33 commercial dairy herds in the Czech Republic, as assessed by the effects of age at first calving, average daily weight gain, and herd milk yield level on reproduction traits and profitability. Achieving a low age at first calving is not always the most profitable approach, and will depend upon farm-specific herd management. Milk yield level was a very important factor for dairy farm profitability of costs. The group of farms having the greatest milk productivity achieved the highest net profit despite having greater fertility problems. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7497.
Comparison of genomic predictions using genomic relationship matrices built with different
Factors affecting life cycle assessment of milk produced on 6 Mediterranean buffalo farms.
By Pirlo et al., page 6583. The environmental effect of buffalo milk production was assessed on 6 farms in southern Italy by means of life cycle assessment. The study gives some insight into the effects of buffalo milk production on global warming, abiotic depletion, photochemical ozone formation, acidification, and eutrophication. The environmental hotspots are highlighted and some mitigation strategies are discussed. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8007. Effect of the mass of immunoglobulin (Ig)G intake and age at the first colostrum feeding on serum IgG concentration in Holstein calves. By Osaka et al., page 6608. A failure of transfer of passive immunity from the cow to the neonatal calf results in an increase of morbidity and mortality. The absorption of immunoglobulin G from colostrum is strongly associated with immunoglobulin G intake and with the age of the calf at feeding colostrum. This study further clarifies the conditions under which failure of passive transfer of immunity may be avoided. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7571.
Associations between calf mortality during days 1 to 90 and herd-level cow and production variables in large Swedish dairy herds. By Torsein et al., page 6613. We studied large Swedish dairy herds with high or low mortality in calves during the first 3 months after birth, using herd-level data, and evaluated whether a high risk of calf mortality is associated with other management variables that influence cow health. A total of 57 Swedish dairy herds with more than 160 cows were included. Herds with high calf mortality had a higher on-farm mortality rate, lower average milk yield, higher incidence of antibiotic treatment, and higher proportion of purchased animals. These results indicate that herds with high calf mortality have coexisting issues concerning cow management and health. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7949.
during mechanical treatment. An updated schematic MFGM model was deduced based on relative depletion and enrichment of individual MFGM-associated lipids, estimated hydrophilic lipophilic balance values, and molecular packing shapes. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7951. Effects of metal ions on growth, β-oxidation system, and thioesterase activity of Lactococcus lactis. By Li and Ma, page 5975. We tested the effects of metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+) on the growth, β-oxidation system, and thioesterase activity of Lactococcus lactis. Divalent metal ions had important effects on the 4 key enzymes of the β-oxidation system (acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, l-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, and thiolase) and thioesterase activity of Lactococcus lactis. These results help clarify the relationship of flavor compounds and fatty acid metabolism by Lactococcus lactis in dairy products. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8047. Effect of curd washing on the properties of reduced-calcium and standard-calcium Cheddar cheese. By Hou et al., page 5983. Curd washing was used to vary the levels of lactose and lactic acid in Cheddar cheese with standard or reduced calcium content. Unfermented lactose is undesirable to those who suffer from lactose intolerance. Unfermented lactose remained in the reduced-calcium cheese even after 180 to 270 d. Curd washing during manufacture was effective at reducing the level of unfermented lactose in Cheddar cheeses, and controlling lactic acid and pH of cheeses with reduced or standard calcium content. Descriptive sensory analysis of 270-d-old cheeses indicated that curd washing had a significant effect on sensory properties of the cheese. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8051. Detection of cow milk adulteration in yak milk by ELISA. By Ren et al., page 6000. The fraudulent adulteration of yak milk with cheaper cow milk is a serious problem in China. In this study, we produced a high-affinity monoclonal antibody against bovine β-casein and developed an ELISA method for the rapid detection of cow milk adulteration of yak milk. The linear range was broad for routine adulteration analyses. Different treatments, including heat, acidification, and rennet addition, had no effect on the assay. The method can rapidly detect cow milk in adulterated yak milk and other yak dairy products, and has a wide range of industrial applications. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8127.
Reconstituted yogurt from yogurt cultured milk powder mix has better overall characteristics than reconstituted yogurt from commercial yogurt powder. By Song and Aryana, page 6007. The drying process for manufacturing commercial yogurt powder (CYP) markedly reduces counts of yogurt culture bacteria; hence, potential health benefits from yogurt culture bacteria are reduced. Commercially available yogurt powder does not taste like yogurt upon reconstitution and has an off-flavor. The aim was to determine the microbial, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of reconstituted yogurts from yogurt cultured milk powder mix (YCMP) and CYP. The reconstituted yogurts from YCMP had a 5-log-higher count of yogurt culture bacteria and significantly improved sensory characteristics than CYP. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8181. Evaluation of the effect of supplementing fermented milk with quinoa flour on probiotic activity. By Casarotti et al., page 6027. Fermented milks are considered functional foods due to their health benefits to consumers. Some ingredients can be added to fermented milk to enhance its nutritional value, to help probiotics survive during passage through the gastrointestinal tract, and to improve probiotic activity during cold storage. This study investigated the effect of quinoa flour on viability of probiotic microorganisms used for the production of fermented milk. Quinoa flour had a neutral effect on probiotic activity and on adhesion of probiotics to intestinal cells. Because of nutritional value of quinoa flour, its addition to fermented milks may increase the appeal of the product to consumers. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8197. Enumeration of clostridia in goat milk by using an optimized membrane filtration technique. By Reindl et al., page 6036. Spores of Clostridium tyrobutyricum challenge the dairy industry mainly because of butyric acid fermentation that may cause blowing of cheese, accompanied by off-flavors. A membrane filtration technique was improved for analysis of goat milk. The spore counts of milk samples from suppliers not feeding silage were significantly lower than those of milk samples from suppliers using silage. In milk produced by cows fed silage, the diversity of the clostridial spore population shifted toward a greater abundance of spores of spoilage-causing clostridia. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8218. Microbiota characterization of a Belgian protected designation of origin cheese, Herve cheese, using metagenomic analysis. By Delcenserie et al., page 6046. This study analyzed the bacterial microbiota of Herve cheese using a metagenomic approach based on 16S ribosomal DNA pyrosequencing. The method allowed identification of 207 different phylotypes and
demonstrated that the Herve cheese microbiota was very rich. Pasteurized milk cheeses were microbiologically very close to raw milk cheeses, probably because of the similar manufacturing processes used. Characterization, via metagenomic analysis, of the microbiota of this particular protected designation of origin cheese enabled us to gain a better knowledge of the bacteria responsible for the character of this cheese. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8225. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry– based metabolomic approach for the characterization of goat milk compared with cow milk. By Scano et al., page 6057. Given the increasing interest of food consumers for goat milk, its production and commercialization have dramatically increased over the last decades. The need exists for a deeper compositional knowledge and standardized control protocols to protect the uniqueness of goat milk. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was applied to determine the metabolite profile of commercial goat milk compared with cow milk. Data were elaborated by multivariate statistical analysis, and the use of appropriate visualization tools improved interpretation of results. A multivariate model for detecting addition of cheaper cow milk to goat milk was also proposed. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8247. Association between the bovine milk metabolome and rennet-induced coagulation properties of milk. By Sundekilde et al., page 6076. In this study, the milk metabolite profile determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was linked to rennet-induced milk coagulation properties. Significant differences in the metabolite profiles of noncoagulating milk samples and those with goad coagulating properties were identified. The levels of lactate, acetate, glutamate, creatinine, choline, carnitine, galactose 1-phosphate, and glycerophosphocholine in milk were significantly different in the 2 sample groups. The possibility of acquiring new insight into biochemical aspects of milk coagulation is highlighted. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8304. Investigation of bacterial and fungal diversity in tarag using high-throughput sequencing. By Sun et al., page 6085. Tarag, a fermented cow milk, is a naturally fermented dairy product in Mongolia and northwestern China. It is necessary to comprehensively understand its microbial composition for quality improvement and industrial production of tarag. The bacterial and fungal diversities in 17 tarag samples were evaluated with 454-pyrosequencing based on the V3 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region. We showed that lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and other microorganisms exist in tarag. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8360.
Removal of milk fat globules from whey protein concentrate 34% to prepare clear and heat-stable protein dispersions. By Liu and Zhong, page 6097. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) is a low-cost ingredient but it is turbid and heat-unstable after hydration in water. Conjugation of whey proteins with reducing saccharides such as the lactose native in WPC can improve its heat stability. In this work, acid precipitation of fat globules in WPC was studied to prepare a transparent supernatant for spray-drying. The obtained powder underwent a high-temperature, short-time treatment to produce WPC with good heat stability but little color. We described a process for producing WPC suitable for beverage applications in the dairy industry. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8439. Short communication: A food-systems approach to assessing dairy product waste. By Ridoutt et al., page 6107. Food waste reduction has become a social and environmental priority amid concern about world population increase, food security, and the environmental burdens of food production. However, the quantification of dairy product waste is especially difficult because of the varied means of disposal and inclusion as an ingredient in many processed foods. Data from the Australian National Nutrition Survey were disaggregated to determine national dairy product intake in whole-milk equivalents and compared with domestic milk supply, indicating a level of waste of 29% in the Australian food system. The approach is deemed relevant to national-scale reporting and performance monitoring. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8017. Short communication: Sensory profile of raw goat milk cheeses made with artisan kid rennet pastes from commercial-weight animals: Alternative to farmhouse goat cheeses. By Fresno et al., page 6111. The loss of traditional kid rennet pastes is most likely due to the custom of using abomasa from very young animals killed at below desirable commercial weight or to the use of standardized commercial rennet. This report shows the possibility of easily preparing rennet pastes from commercial-weight kids. Farmhouse cheeses made with these rennet pastes had the same traditional sensory profile as cheeses made with traditional kid rennet. Consumer preference tests showed that cheeses made with these artisan rennet pastes from commercial-weight animals were overwhelmingly preferred over cheeses made with commercial rennet. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8238. Short communication: Combined antimicrobial activity of reuterin and diacetyl against foodborne pathogens. By Langa et al., page 6116. Reuterin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial substance produced by some strains of Lactobacillus reuteri. In
this work, we studied the combined effect of reuterin and diacetyl against 3 foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes). Growth kinetic studies and milk assays showed a synergistic antimicrobial activity of reuterin and diacetyl against the 3 pathogens. Hence, the combination of reuterin produced in situ and diacetyl could be a promising strategy to control foodborne pathogens in dairy products. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8306. Short communication: Effects of lactose and milk on the expression of biofilm-associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from a dairy cow with mastitis. By Xue et al., page 6129. Bovine mastitis is a common disease of the bovine mammary gland and is recognized as a major cause of economic losses in dairy farming. Staphylococcus aureus is an important contagious organism responsible for bovine mastitis. The biofilm formation ability of Staph. aureus is considered to be a major virulence factor influencing its pathogenesis in mastitis. This study investigated the effects of lactose or milk on biofilm formation capacity of 2 clinical bovine isolates of Staph. aureus and further examined the biofilm-associated genes affected by lactose or milk. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8344. Can routinely recorded reproductive events be used as indicators of disease emergence in dairy cattle? An evaluation of 5 indicators during the emergence of bluetongue virus in France in 2007 and 2008. By Marceau et al., page 6135. The increased risk of introduction of emerging diseases has led health authorities to develop syndromic surveillance systems. Such systems are designed to detect, as early as possible, the occurrence of unexpected adverse health events by retrieving and analyzing data in real time. This study contributes to the development of syndromic surveillance in dairy cattle by evaluating routinely recorded reproductive events as a new data source. Five indicators were evaluated for the detection of the emergence of the bluetongue virus in 2007 in France. An increase in the proportion of cows calving a few days earlier than expected allowed a early detection of the emergence. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7346. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 on in vitro bovine embryo production and cryopreservation. By Absalón-Medina et al., page 6164. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) affect cell signaling and membrane configuration. The present work evaluated supplementation of the CLA isomers cis-9,trans-11 and trans10,cis-12 on bovine embryo development in vitro and tolerance to cryopreservation. Embryos were produced
by parthenogenesis and by in vitro fertilization. Progesterone produced by cumulus-oocyte complexes was upregulated by CLA during maturation in vitro. Lipid content of embryos was increased, whereas embryo development decreased with CLA trans-10,cis-12 during culture. Short-term exposure to CLA cis-9,trans-11 before vitrification improved survival rates and bovine embryo quality. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7719. Dairy farming on permanent grassland: Can it keep up? By Kellermann and Salhofer, page 6196. Based on an extensive data set for southern Germany, we compared the performance of dairy farms operating solely on permanent grassland and farms using fodder crops from arable land. We also identified intensive and extensive production systems for both types of farms. To be able to compare the productivity levels of the different groups of farms, we developed a group- and chain-linked multilateral productivity index. Our results showed that permanent grassland farms can, in general, keep up with fodder crop farms, even with intensive ones. However, extensively operating farms, especially those on permanent grassland, significantly lag behind in productivity and run the risk of losing ground. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7825. A randomized trial to evaluate the effect of a trace mineral premix on the incidence of active digital dermatitis lesions in cattle. By Gomez et al., page 6211. We conducted a randomized controlled trial aimed at preventing digital dermatitis (DD) lesions in cattle before parturition. The objective was to specifically evaluate the effect of a trace mineral premix containing elevated levels of organic trace minerals and iodine (HOTMI) in reducing the incidence of naturally and experimentally induced DD lesions. Decreased DD incidence and decreased lesion size were observed in the group fed the HOTMI premix during the experimental infection, suggesting a novel strategy for controlling DD. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7879. Intramammary administration of platelet concentrate as an unconventional therapy in bovine mastitis: First clinical application. By LangeConsiglio et al., page 6223. Antibiotics are extensively used worldwide for treating mastitis, resulting in an increased risk of residues in milk and possible development of antibiotic resistance. We applied, for the first time in the treatment of bovine mastitis, a regenerative medicine approach, carrying out “in field” research administering platelet concentrate alone or in association with antibiotics by the intramammary route. The platelet concentrate (rich in mitogenic, chemotactic,
and growth factors) was beneficial in the healing process but also considerably reduced recurrence rates. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7999. Effect of prepartum administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin on health and performance of lactating dairy cows. By Gohary et al., page 6231. Proper management and implemention of prevention programs to reduce disease incidence are important pillars of a transition period protocol. A large clinical trial was conducted to study the effect of prepartum administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin as a potential disease prevention strategy to improve health and performance of lactating dairy cows. Based on results of the current study, biweekly (every 14 d) administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin before calving to prevent disease and enhance performance is not recommended. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8048. Effect of dams’ parity and age on daughters’ milk yield in Norwegian Red cows. By Storli et al., page 6242. The effect of age and parity of dams on milk yield of daughters is not well known. Lactation data from 276,000 Norwegian Red cows were analyzed to assess whether parity and age of the dam affected daughters’ 305-d milk yield in the first and second lactations. The results showed a significant decrease in milk yield of daughters in first and second lactation as parity of the dam increased, and a decrease in milk yield of daughters as the age of dam within parity increased. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8072. High herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Western Canadian dairy farms, based on environmental sampling. By Wolf et al., page 6250. Johne’s disease is present in most countries with a modern dairy industry and it poses an economic threat as well as a potential public health concern. Based on this study, we concluded that the majority of Alberta and Saskatchewan dairy farms were infected with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. Larger farms had a higher risk than smaller farms, perhaps due to differences in management and more frequent animal introductions. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8101. Pathogen group-specific risk factors for intramammary infection in treated and untreated dairy heifers participating in a prepartum antimicrobial treatment trial. By Passchyn et al., page 6260. Risk factors for intramammary infection that were identified in heifers participating in a prepartum antimicrobial treatment trial were different between treated and untreated control heifers, independently from the pathogen group considered. Prepartum treat-
ment apparently changes not only the likelihood of infection but also the factors that are associated with infection. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8119. Quantitative evaluation of the relationship between dorsal wall length, sole thickness, and rotation of the distal phalanx in the bovine claw using computed tomography. By Tsuka et al., page 6271. Quantitative evaluations of computed tomographic images for 800 bovine claws revealed that dorsal wall lengths of 75 mm or 3 inches (76.2 mm) might not be a recommended standard applicable to all claws based on the following evidence: (1) within the area of the apex of the inner and outer claws with dorsal wall lengths of 75 mm and 76.2 mm, sole thicknesses of approximately 6 mm were thinner than the previously estimated 7-mm value recommended for maintaining healthy bovine claws; and (2) the outer claws displayed marked anteversions of the distal phalanx-to-sole surface (4.7°) relative to the inner claws (2.9°). http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8131. Elevated concentrate-to-forage ratio in dairy cow rations is associated with a shift in the mean diameter of milk fat globules and remodeling of their membranes. By Argov-Argaman et al., page 6286. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of milk fat globule (MFG) diameter is still unclear. The aim was to alter milk fat concentration and consequently MFG diameter by changing the concentrate-to-forage ratio in dairy cow rations and following the structural changes in the MFG and its membrane. A high-forage diet tended to increase MFG mean diameter and altered the composition of its membrane by increasing cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine and decreasing phosphatidylserine concentrations. The results suggest that membrane remodeling plays a role in regulating MFG diameter. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8174. Clinical disease and stage of lactation influences shedding of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis into milk and colostrum of naturally infected dairy cows. By Stabel et al., page 6296. Johne’s disease is a chronic, debilitating intestinal disorder in cattle characterized by diarrhea, reduced feed intake, weight loss, and death. Shedding of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis into the milk of infected dams is one mode of transmission to young calves. However, it is unknown how much shedding occurs. The present study evaluated the shedding of the bacteria into colostrum and milk during the 305d lactation cycle and found that cows in the clinical stage of disease shed more frequently and that shedding occurred predominantly in early lactation. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8204.
Presynchronization using a modified Ovsynch protocol or a single gonadotropin-releasing hormone injection 7 d before an Ovsynch-56 protocol for submission of lactating dairy cows to first timed artificial insemination. By Carvalho et al., page 6305. Lactating Holstein cows presynchronized for first timed artificial insemination (TAI) using a modified Ovsynch protocol (Double-Ovsynch) had more pregnancies per AI (P/AI) than cows presynchronized using a single injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) 7 d before an Ovsynch protocol (GGPG). This difference in fertility resulted from increased synchrony during the Ovsynch-56 protocol based on progesterone concentrations during the Ovsynch-56 protocol. Thus, although a Double-Ovsynch protocol required more injections, it resulted in greater P/AI compared with a GGPG protocol for first TAI. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8222. Comparison of bacteriological culture and PCR for detection of bacteria in ovine milk—Sheep are not small cows. By Zadoks et al., page 6326. Mastitis is an important cause of production losses, disease, and death in sheep. It can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Bacterial culture is routinely used to detect causative agents of mastitis in sheep, whereas PCR is increasingly used as a diagnostic tool in cattle. We evaluated the usefulness of a real-time PCR system for detection of ovine mastitis pathogens. The PCR detected numerous staphylococci and various other species in ovine milk but not Mannheimia haemolytica or Streptococcus uberis, even though they were detected by culture. For routine use in sheep, modification of the current PCR system may be beneficial. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8351. Lying behavior and postpartum health status in grazing dairy cows. By Sepúlveda-Varas et al., page 6334. We compared the lying behavior of healthy and ill dairy cows housed on commercial pasture-based farms. Cows were monitored for signs of illness and were locomotion scored for 3 wk after calving. Lying behavior changed in cows diagnosed as ill during this period; cows that developed more than one clinical disease after calving or were diagnosed as lame spent more time lying and had longer lying bouts compared with healthy cows. Changes in lying behavior show promise in identifying cows that warrant closer examination by the farmer or herd veterinarian. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8357. Effects of colostrum versus formula feeding on hepatic glucocorticoid and α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors in neonatal calves and their effect on glucose and lipid metabolism. By Schäff et al., page 6344. Colostrum feeding affects the endocrine status of neonatal calves around birth and thus glucose and
lipid metabolism. The glucocorticoid and adrenergic systems contribute to maturation of postnatal energy metabolism in neonatal calves. Binding capacities of hepatic glucocorticoid (GR) and α1-adrenergic receptors (AR) depend on colostrum feeding, and GR and AR binding sites and mRNA abundance are related to postnatal glucose and lipid metabolism, indicating the involvement of GR and AR in postnatal maturation of energy metabolism in calves. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8359. Diet effects on glucose absorption in the small intestine of neonatal calves: Importance of intestinal mucosal growth, lactase activity, and glucose transporters. By Steinhoff-Wagner et al., page 6358. Colostrum feeding stimulates growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract in neonatal calves. Feeding colostrum instead of a milk-based formula with same nutrient density as colostrum, but no bioactive substances, stimulated glucose absorption in neonatal calves preliminary by enhanced mucosal growth and absorptive capacity of the small intestine. On the other hand, lactase activity and glucose transporter expression in the enterocytes of the small intestine were hardly affected by colostrum feeding. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8391. Short communication: Determination of Salmonella clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) diversity on dairy farms in Wisconsin and Minnesota. By Wehnes et al., page 6370. Salmonella populations present in smaller dairy herds (<500 head) are farm-specific according to clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) typing. The results indicated little overlap in CRISPR genotypes of predominant strains between farms. Generally, multiple strains were detected per farm, although diversity remains to be fully established. Predominant strains may change over time, as shown in farm 1 of this study. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7595. Short communication: Characteristics of student success in an undergraduate physiology and anatomy course. By Gwazdauskas et al., page 6378. The objective was to determine factors that affect success of undergraduates in an anatomy and physiology class. There were 476 females (79.1%) and 126 males (20.9%). The final grade percentage of 75.9 for female students was higher than the 72.3 for male students. Junior males had comparable final course grades to females, but sophomore and senior males had lower final course grades. Biology majors had a final grade of 82.4 ± 0.6 and this grade was greater than those for all other majors. These results suggest that biology majors
might be better prepared for anatomy and physiology than other majors. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7826. Effects of different physical forms of wheat grain in corn-based starter on performance of young Holstein dairy calves. By Pezhveh et al., page 6382. This experiment demonstrated that type and physical form of grains affect intake and growth of young Holstein dairy calves. Whole or ground wheat can be included in starter diets along with ground corn. Under our experimental conditions, the inclusion of 30% whole wheat plus 30% ground corn in the starter diet resulted in greater weight gain and feed intake as well as better feed efficiency and overall improved performance compared with starter diets containing only ground corn or ground corn plus ground wheat in young dairy calves. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7718. Effects of chromium propionate supplementation during the periparturient period and early lactation on metabolism, performance, and cytological endometritis in dairy cows. By Yasui et al., page 6400. Chromium is thought to affect nutrient metabolism, energy status, and immune function in dairy cattle. The objective of the current study was to investigate effects of chromium propionate on metabolism, performance, and cytological endometritis in transition dairy cows. In this study, effects of chromium propionate on metabolism and performance were minimal; however, chromium propionate had beneficial effects on postcalving uterine health. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7796. Effects of abomasal infusion of conjugated linoleic acids, Sterculia fœtida oil, and fish oil on production performance and the extent of fatty acid Δ9-desaturation in dairy cows. By Dallaire et al., page 6411. Desaturation of fatty acids (FA) is a key reaction in the synthesis and secretion of milk fat in ruminants. Production of unsaturated FA is important to modulate the physical properties and nutritive value of milk fat. This research combined several approaches to study the effects of dietary lipids on FA desaturation in dairy cows. Results showed that conjugated FA, Sterculia fœtida oil, and fish oil have varying and distinct effects on gene transcription and apparent activity of the enzyme Δ9-desaturase responsible for FA desaturation in the mammary gland. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7853. Effect of heat stress during late gestation on immune function and growth performance of calves: Isolation of altered colostral and calf factors. By Monteiro et al., page 6426. Heat stress (HT)
in utero impairs calf immune function and prenatal growth. Two studies were performed to evaluate isolated effects of HT or cooling (CL) in late-gestation dairy cows on the immune function of their calves. The first study evaluated the HT effect when standardized pooled colostrum was fed. The CL calves had greater birth weight and apparent efficiency of immunoglobulin G absorption (AEA). The second study evaluated the effect of colostrum from HT and CL cows on calf AEA, which was not altered by colostrum source. Thus, HT in utero had negative effects on AEA, regardless of the colostrum source. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7891.
milk replacer, roughage, and concentrates for veal calves in a paired-gain setting, thus avoiding any prior assumptions in feeding values and major differences in nutrient intakes. In an experiment using incremental levels of solid feed (SF), milk replacer allowance was adjusted to achieve equal carcass gain. The amount of milk replacer to realize equal carcass gain was 10% lower for a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 20:80 compared with 50:50, indicating that utilization of SF for gain increased with concentrate inclusion. Utilization of SF for growth increased with age irrespective of roughage-to-concentrate ratio. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8098.
Competition during the milk-feeding stage influences the development of feeding behavior of pair-housed dairy calves. By Miller-Cushon et al., page 6450. This study investigated how pair-housed calves adapt their feeding patterns in response to limited availability of feeding locations. Compared with calves provided with 2 teats/pen, calves provided with 1 teat/pen consumed less milk in the first weeks of life but increased meal frequency to compensate in later weeks of the milk-feeding stage. Providing 2 teats/pen resulted in greater meal synchrony and fewer competitive displacements. After weaning, calves previously reared in competitively fed pens had more frequent competitive displacements, greater rates of intake, and more frequent meals. These results indicate that calves can compensate for moderate competition, and that some behavioral responses to competition persist postweaning. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8065.
Ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of protein and amino acids in high-protein feedstuffs commonly used in dairy diets. By Paz et al., page 6485. In situ and mobile bag techniques were used to determine ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of amino acids (AA) from canola meal, low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles, soybean meal, expeller soybean meal, and 3 sources of blood meal. Across feedstuffs, ruminal degradation of both total essential AA and nonessential AA followed a similar pattern to that of crude protein; however, for specific AA, differences were observed that modified the AA profile of the rumen-undegradable protein compared with that of the original feedstuff. Intestinal digestibility of AA was high (>85%) across feedstuffs. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8108.
Methane production, nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, N balance, and milk production of cows fed timothy silage- or alfalfa silage-based diets. By Hassanat et al., page 6463. In this study, we investigated effects of replacing timothy silage with alfalfa silage in the diets of dairy cows on enteric methane emissions and milk performance. Increasing alfalfa silage in the diet (0, 27.2, and 54.4%, on a dry matter basis) increased dry matter intake but milk production remained unchanged. Methane energy losses were not affected, whereas N excretion (g/d) in feces and urine increased when feeding cows more alfalfa silage compared with timothy silage. Under the experimental conditions of this study, feeding cows with alfalfa silage- versus timothy silage-based diets was not an effective strategy to mitigate enteric methane production. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8069. Utilization of roughages and concentrates relative to that of milk replacer increases strongly with age in veal calves. By Berends et al., page 6475. This study aimed to investigate the feeding values of
Modification of the feeding behavior of dairy cows through live yeast supplementation. By DeVries and Chevaux, page 6499. The objective of this study was to determine whether the feeding behavior of dairy cows is modified through live yeast supplementation. Supplementing lactating dairy cows with live yeast resulted in improvements in meal patterning, including more frequent meals that tended to be smaller and occur closer together in time. Cows supplemented with live yeast also had lower mean ruminal temperature and tended to ruminate longer and have higher milk fat content and yield. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8226. Interaction between milk allowance and fat content of the starter feed on performance of Holstein calves. By Araujo et al., page 6511. For decades, milk allowance for calves has been restricted in order to reduce costs and labor and to stimulate early rumen development by encouraging solid feed intake. In recent years, however, the dairy industry has progressively changed to a more generous milk allowance (~6 to 8 L/d). Traditionally, the fat content of starter feeds has been minimized to avoid impaired performance. This study showed that providing calves with 6 L instead of 4 L of milk replacer per day increased performance and
that increasing fat content of the starter feed to 11.2% reduced the postweaning growth slump of calves fed 6 L/d of milk replacer. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8281. Lactation responses and amino acid utilization of dairy cows fed low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles with or without rumen-protected lysine supplementation. By Paz and Kononoff, page 6519. Diets containing low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) at either 15 or 30% of dry matter were supplemented with rumen-protected lysine to evaluate the effects on lactation responses and amino acid utilization. Inclusion rate of low-fat DDGS had no effect on dry matter intake or milk yield and composition, except for protein concentration, which decreased in cows fed 30% low-fat DDGS. Based on extraction efficiencies, lysine, arginine, and phenylalanine were the first 3 limiting amino acids across treatments. Rumenprotected lysine supplementation improved metabolizable lysine, as supported by a tendency to increase milk protein concentration. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8315. Short communication: Added value of rumination time for the prediction of dry matter intake in lactating dairy cows. By Clément et al., page 6531. Predicting or measuring dry matter intake (DMI) in dairy cows is a major concern in diet formulation. This study aimed to investigate the change in DMI prediction provided by the inclusion of individual rumination time, a recently available on-farm measure, in the National Research Council (2001) DMI prediction model. The rumination time estimate was significant in the model developed. However, the prediction did not gain in precision or accuracy. Our results indicate that there is no benefit in measuring rumination time to improve the prediction of DMI of individual dairy cows. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7860.
weighting factors to account for locus-specific variances. By Su et al., page 6547. Bayesian models often predict more accurate breeding values than genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP), but GBLUP has a low computational demand. This study aimed to achieve the benefits of both models through appropriately weighted G-matrices. The results showed that GBLUP with a G-matrix weighted by marker posterior variances estimated from a Bayesian mixture model obtained prediction accuracies close to those obtained using the Bayesian mixture model. A common weight on a group of 30 markers could be a good weighting method. In a population with gradually increasing reference data, the weights can be updated once every 3 yr. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8210. Comparison between genetic parameters of cheese yield and nutrient recovery or whey loss traits measured from individual model cheesemaking methods or predicted from unprocessed bovine milk samples using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. By Bittante et al., page 6560. Cheese production is the most important use of milk produced in many countries. Here, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were calibrated from milk samples and used to predict cheese yield and nutrient recovery traits. The results were compared with measures obtained from individual model cheese-making experiments and showed that the genetic parameters of the predicted traits were very similar to those of the corresponding measured traits and their genetic correlations were high. Thus, FTIR predictions could be used to help select dairy populations for cheese yield and nutrient recovery traits. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8309.
Methane emissions among individual dairy cows during milking quantified by eructation peaks or ratio with carbon dioxide. By Bell et al., page 6536. Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of dairy cows were measured during milking within an automatic milking station. Cows were fed a commercial partial mixed ration followed by 2 highforage rations during 3 feeding periods. Emissions of CH4 during milking were examined using 2 methods: CH4 released in eructation peaks, and ratio of CH4 and CO2 average concentrations. Both methods can provide highly repeatable phenotypes for ranking cows by CH4 output on different diets. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7889.
Associations between age at first calving, rearing average daily weight gain, herd milk yield and dairy herd production, reproduction, and profitabilit. By Krpálková et al., page 6573. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of variable intensity in rearing dairy heifers on 33 commercial dairy herds in the Czech Republic, as assessed by the effects of age at first calving, average daily weight gain, and herd milk yield level on reproduction traits and profitability. Achieving a low age at first calving is not always the most profitable approach, and will depend upon farm-specific herd management. Milk yield level was a very important factor for dairy farm profitability of costs. The group of farms having the greatest milk productivity achieved the highest net profit despite having greater fertility problems. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7497.
Comparison of genomic predictions using genomic relationship matrices built with different
Factors affecting life cycle assessment of milk produced on 6 Mediterranean buffalo farms.
By Pirlo et al., page 6583. The environmental effect of buffalo milk production was assessed on 6 farms in southern Italy by means of life cycle assessment. The study gives some insight into the effects of buffalo milk production on global warming, abiotic depletion, photochemical ozone formation, acidification, and eutrophication. The environmental hotspots are highlighted and some mitigation strategies are discussed. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8007. Effect of the mass of immunoglobulin (Ig)G intake and age at the first colostrum feeding on serum IgG concentration in Holstein calves. By Osaka et al., page 6608. A failure of transfer of passive immunity from the cow to the neonatal calf results in an increase of morbidity and mortality. The absorption of immunoglobulin G from colostrum is strongly associated with immunoglobulin G intake and with the age of the calf at feeding colostrum. This study further clarifies the conditions under which failure of passive transfer of immunity may be avoided. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7571.
Associations between calf mortality during days 1 to 90 and herd-level cow and production variables in large Swedish dairy herds. By Torsein et al., page 6613. We studied large Swedish dairy herds with high or low mortality in calves during the first 3 months after birth, using herd-level data, and evaluated whether a high risk of calf mortality is associated with other management variables that influence cow health. A total of 57 Swedish dairy herds with more than 160 cows were included. Herds with high calf mortality had a higher on-farm mortality rate, lower average milk yield, higher incidence of antibiotic treatment, and higher proportion of purchased animals. These results indicate that herds with high calf mortality have coexisting issues concerning cow management and health. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7949.