- Email: [email protected]
Intra-limb coordination in standardbred trotters
790
Abstracts-International
Society of Biomechanics XIII Congress 1991
WITHIN- AND BETWEEN-SUBJECT VARIABILITY IN NORMAL HUMAN LOCOMOTION Andrew W. Smith School of Physicaland Health Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MSS 1Al The purpose of the study was to quantify the variability in selected lower limb gait kinematic and kinetic variables both within and between normal subjects. A time-series based coefftcient of variation (CV) was used to quantify the amount of variability in ensemble averaged gait data. Nine subjects performed four gait trials each. Gait trials involved walking over a force platform while being videotaped. Videotaped trials were digitised and combined with A/D sampled force data to determine joint angular displacements, moments of force and powers, and the overall support moment of force. Data were timenormalised and ensemble averaged across either days (within-subject) or subjects (between-subjects) in two separate experiments. CV values were compared using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients in order to compare either days or subjects. As well, experimental data were compared to published data. The results supported the following conclusions: first, recording a single stride of gait data per subject can be justified under certain conditions. Second, for establishing norms with regard to gait parameters, the analysis of multiple strides per subject are indicated.
EFFECTS OF VELOCITY AND GRADIENT ON TEMPORAL KlNEMATlCS DURING DCWNHILL WALKING Kathy J. Simpson’, Cynthia L. Tar? and Patricia Shewokis’ ‘University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA 210waState University, Ames, IA USA The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of walking velocity (WV) and gradient (Gf?) on selected temporal kinematic parameters during level and downhill walking. Seven female fitness walkers each performed 5 trials for each of 5 GRs (0, -4, -8, -12, -18%) and 3 WVs (1.8, 1.8, and 2.0 m/s) while walking on a treadmill. One trial for each GR-WV condiiion was filmed (50 + 5 fps). Repeated measures ANOVAs (5x3x7) and subsequent Tukey tests were used to determine the statistical differences @ < .05) among the GR and WV conditions for 13 kinematic parameters. Results indicated that GR did not affect the temporal patterns of the subjects. Increased WV consistently affected the temporal patterns. The initiation of criil events, e.g. support phase, occurred earlier, and total times for the support and stride phases decreased as WV increased. Absolute times decreased, indicating greater stride and step frequency. Relatively, the initiation of the left and right foot strike occurred slightly later, also affecting the percent of the total stride time for the other phases. In conclusion, walking downhill on a treadmill allows the neuromuscular system to systematically adjust to various WV regardless of GR.
INTRA-LIMB COORDINATION IN STANDARDBRED TROTTERS A.J. van den Bogert, P.R. van Weeren(*) and G. Bruin(**) Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and (*)Large Animal Surgery, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands (**)Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, Lelystad, The Netherlands The coordinative abilities of trotters are important determinants of racing performance. A study was undertaken to determine individual gait characteristics in a group of eight two-year old Standardbmd horses. Kinematic data were collected at 300 frames per second from 21 markers attached to fore and hid limbs using a modified CODA-3 system. Recordings of 10 secondseach were made at speedsof 6,7,8, and 9 m/s before and after a six month period of intensive training. Sagittal joint angles and three-dimensional hoof trajectories were obtained from coordinate data, after averaging the 15-20 smdes from each recording. Each horse produced highly individual gait patterns. Variations between stridesand between days were small compared to the interindividual differences. Training effects on these pmmters were ah rehuively small. Using a paired t-test QrcO.05).the only si ’ cant training effects (obsmmd at alI speeds) were significant increases in the maximal flexion of L”e elbow and ~~~~ joints, and in the hyperextension of the carpal and metatarsophaIan [email protected] individual gait characteristicsof trottem ate very mpmdueabIe, as-in a *nn&ng aacbiae’. Mast g&t pammeters are fixed at an early age and do not change with training, indic&g that kinematic gait analysis has the potential to become a powerful tool in selection of young horsesfor future performance.
Abstracts-International
Society of Biomechanics XIII Congress 1991
WITHIN- AND BETWEEN-SUBJECT VARIABILITY IN NORMAL HUMAN LOCOMOTION Andrew W. Smith School of Physicaland Health Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada MSS 1Al The purpose of the study was to quantify the variability in selected lower limb gait kinematic and kinetic variables both within and between normal subjects. A time-series based coefftcient of variation (CV) was used to quantify the amount of variability in ensemble averaged gait data. Nine subjects performed four gait trials each. Gait trials involved walking over a force platform while being videotaped. Videotaped trials were digitised and combined with A/D sampled force data to determine joint angular displacements, moments of force and powers, and the overall support moment of force. Data were timenormalised and ensemble averaged across either days (within-subject) or subjects (between-subjects) in two separate experiments. CV values were compared using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients in order to compare either days or subjects. As well, experimental data were compared to published data. The results supported the following conclusions: first, recording a single stride of gait data per subject can be justified under certain conditions. Second, for establishing norms with regard to gait parameters, the analysis of multiple strides per subject are indicated.
EFFECTS OF VELOCITY AND GRADIENT ON TEMPORAL KlNEMATlCS DURING DCWNHILL WALKING Kathy J. Simpson’, Cynthia L. Tar? and Patricia Shewokis’ ‘University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA 210waState University, Ames, IA USA The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of walking velocity (WV) and gradient (Gf?) on selected temporal kinematic parameters during level and downhill walking. Seven female fitness walkers each performed 5 trials for each of 5 GRs (0, -4, -8, -12, -18%) and 3 WVs (1.8, 1.8, and 2.0 m/s) while walking on a treadmill. One trial for each GR-WV condiiion was filmed (50 + 5 fps). Repeated measures ANOVAs (5x3x7) and subsequent Tukey tests were used to determine the statistical differences @ < .05) among the GR and WV conditions for 13 kinematic parameters. Results indicated that GR did not affect the temporal patterns of the subjects. Increased WV consistently affected the temporal patterns. The initiation of criil events, e.g. support phase, occurred earlier, and total times for the support and stride phases decreased as WV increased. Absolute times decreased, indicating greater stride and step frequency. Relatively, the initiation of the left and right foot strike occurred slightly later, also affecting the percent of the total stride time for the other phases. In conclusion, walking downhill on a treadmill allows the neuromuscular system to systematically adjust to various WV regardless of GR.
INTRA-LIMB COORDINATION IN STANDARDBRED TROTTERS A.J. van den Bogert, P.R. van Weeren(*) and G. Bruin(**) Departments of Veterinary Anatomy and (*)Large Animal Surgery, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands (**)Research Institute for Animal Husbandry, Lelystad, The Netherlands The coordinative abilities of trotters are important determinants of racing performance. A study was undertaken to determine individual gait characteristics in a group of eight two-year old Standardbmd horses. Kinematic data were collected at 300 frames per second from 21 markers attached to fore and hid limbs using a modified CODA-3 system. Recordings of 10 secondseach were made at speedsof 6,7,8, and 9 m/s before and after a six month period of intensive training. Sagittal joint angles and three-dimensional hoof trajectories were obtained from coordinate data, after averaging the 15-20 smdes from each recording. Each horse produced highly individual gait patterns. Variations between stridesand between days were small compared to the interindividual differences. Training effects on these pmmters were ah rehuively small. Using a paired t-test QrcO.05).the only si ’ cant training effects (obsmmd at alI speeds) were significant increases in the maximal flexion of L”e elbow and ~~~~ joints, and in the hyperextension of the carpal and metatarsophaIan [email protected] individual gait characteristicsof trottem ate very mpmdueabIe, as-in a *nn&ng aacbiae’. Mast g&t pammeters are fixed at an early age and do not change with training, indic&g that kinematic gait analysis has the potential to become a powerful tool in selection of young horsesfor future performance.