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Intracortical components of the 40 Hz auditory steady-state response in the cat
131 frequent pauses during working hours to counter the process of de-activation.
I N T R A C O R T I C A L C O M P O N E N T S OF T H E 40 Hz A U D I T O R Y S T E A D Y - S T A T E R E S P O N S E IN T H E C A T G. Karmos a, J.P. M~ikel~i b and I. Ulbert a a Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary and b Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland Generators of the 40 Hz auditory steady-state response (SSR) were studied by chronically implanted intracortical multielectrodes in behaving cats. Clicks with 1-100 Hz repetition rate were given by a bone conductor. U p to 10 Hz repetition rate, the first cortical component was the well-known 10-12 ms peak latency surface positive deep-negative wave which was followed by state dependent longer latency waves. Above 20 Hz, the early surface positive component disappeared while the deep negative component only slightly decreased. At 35-40 Hz rate, a high-amplitude sinusoidal oscillation, similar to the h u m a n 40 Hz SSR, developed in the superficial layers, the negative phase of which had a peak latency of 12-15 ms. The primary deep-negative component was still present. In slow-wave sleep, the amplitude of the SSR decreased on the surface but not in the deep layers. Nembutal anesthesia abolished the SSR. Current source density analysis revealed that the primary sink of the SSR was similar to that which appeared with single click stimuli. In the superficial layers, sink-source oscillation developed with 10-15 ms delay to the input sink. In anesthesia this oscillation became dampened. The data suggest that neuronal circuits of the auditory cortex actively participate in the generation of the 40 Hz auditory SSR.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND EMOTION
VISCERAL
individual difference variables that are significantly related to accuracy of visceral perception. Finally, a proposal will be outlined for future research linking visceral perception and affect assessment to the assessment of anhedonia, a presumed factor in severe psychopathology.
LATERALIZATION AND AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY WITH EMOTIONAL STIMULATION J. Kayser and G. E r d m a n n Department of Physiological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, G e r m a n y In literature, the majority of authors suggest a right hemispheric superiority in emotional processing. Experimental findings from healthy subjects mostly refer to behavioral measures (latency, accuracy) of the recognition of lateralized emotional stimuli while only a few investigations have tried to demonstrate hemispheric differences from recordings of peripheral-physiological activity. Using a visual half-field paradigm emotionally charged and 'neutral' stimuli, i.e., slides of patients with dermatological diseases before and after a cosmetic surgery, were selectively presented to both hemispheres while measuring phasic bilateral electrodermal and heart activity, and subjective evaluations of the stimuli. Several parameters of the electrodermal activity revealed differential hemispheric effects which support theories of a right hemispheric advantage in emotional processing. On the basis of phasic heart rate activity it is discussed whether these results indicate a more general right hemispheric modulatory mechanism of vegetative reactions comparing emotional arousal. Further implications concerning possible asymmetrical cortical influences on bilateral electrodermal activity (excitatory vs. inhibitory and ipsilateral vs. contralateral, respectively) are considered.
SELF-
Edward S. Katkin SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, U S A This paper addresses theoretical and empirical issues bearing on the relationships among visceral arousal, visceral perception, and the experience of emotion. William James stated that the 'feeling of (bodily) changes as they occur is the emotion.' Yet, this critical component of James' theory, that perception of bodily changes is the essential defining characteristic of an emotion, has received little empirical attention. This is a result, in part, of the difficulty in developing appropriate methods. In this paper, proper methods for assessing visceral perception will be reviewed. T h e n a series of studies will be presented to demonstrate that: there is a relationship between visceral arousal and accuracy of visceral self perception; that there is a relationship between accuracy of visceral perception and the experience of emotion; and that there are
VECTORCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF REPOL A R I Z A T I O N C H A N G E S D U E T O S Y M P A T H E T I C ACT I V A T I O N OF T H E H E A R T E. Kellerova and I. Ruttkay-Nedeck~ Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic In an earlier study, we demonstrated the decrease of the frontal-plane ventricular gradient magnitude induced by mental arithmetics (MA), indicating QRS-independent T-wave changes. The aim of the presented studies was to test whether the T-wave amplitude changes under psychoemotional stress reflect heart rate independent sympathetic influences on the working myocardium. Parameters of the maximal spatial T vector (STmax) were used as a measure of cardiac repolarization. In healthy subjects and patients with ventricular hypertrophy, M A provoked only partially H R - d e p e n d e n t decrease of STmax magnitude. STma× changes were lacking in Ss with
I N T R A C O R T I C A L C O M P O N E N T S OF T H E 40 Hz A U D I T O R Y S T E A D Y - S T A T E R E S P O N S E IN T H E C A T G. Karmos a, J.P. M~ikel~i b and I. Ulbert a a Institute for Psychology of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary and b Low Temperature Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland Generators of the 40 Hz auditory steady-state response (SSR) were studied by chronically implanted intracortical multielectrodes in behaving cats. Clicks with 1-100 Hz repetition rate were given by a bone conductor. U p to 10 Hz repetition rate, the first cortical component was the well-known 10-12 ms peak latency surface positive deep-negative wave which was followed by state dependent longer latency waves. Above 20 Hz, the early surface positive component disappeared while the deep negative component only slightly decreased. At 35-40 Hz rate, a high-amplitude sinusoidal oscillation, similar to the h u m a n 40 Hz SSR, developed in the superficial layers, the negative phase of which had a peak latency of 12-15 ms. The primary deep-negative component was still present. In slow-wave sleep, the amplitude of the SSR decreased on the surface but not in the deep layers. Nembutal anesthesia abolished the SSR. Current source density analysis revealed that the primary sink of the SSR was similar to that which appeared with single click stimuli. In the superficial layers, sink-source oscillation developed with 10-15 ms delay to the input sink. In anesthesia this oscillation became dampened. The data suggest that neuronal circuits of the auditory cortex actively participate in the generation of the 40 Hz auditory SSR.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND EMOTION
VISCERAL
individual difference variables that are significantly related to accuracy of visceral perception. Finally, a proposal will be outlined for future research linking visceral perception and affect assessment to the assessment of anhedonia, a presumed factor in severe psychopathology.
LATERALIZATION AND AUTONOMIC REACTIVITY WITH EMOTIONAL STIMULATION J. Kayser and G. E r d m a n n Department of Physiological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, G e r m a n y In literature, the majority of authors suggest a right hemispheric superiority in emotional processing. Experimental findings from healthy subjects mostly refer to behavioral measures (latency, accuracy) of the recognition of lateralized emotional stimuli while only a few investigations have tried to demonstrate hemispheric differences from recordings of peripheral-physiological activity. Using a visual half-field paradigm emotionally charged and 'neutral' stimuli, i.e., slides of patients with dermatological diseases before and after a cosmetic surgery, were selectively presented to both hemispheres while measuring phasic bilateral electrodermal and heart activity, and subjective evaluations of the stimuli. Several parameters of the electrodermal activity revealed differential hemispheric effects which support theories of a right hemispheric advantage in emotional processing. On the basis of phasic heart rate activity it is discussed whether these results indicate a more general right hemispheric modulatory mechanism of vegetative reactions comparing emotional arousal. Further implications concerning possible asymmetrical cortical influences on bilateral electrodermal activity (excitatory vs. inhibitory and ipsilateral vs. contralateral, respectively) are considered.
SELF-
Edward S. Katkin SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, U S A This paper addresses theoretical and empirical issues bearing on the relationships among visceral arousal, visceral perception, and the experience of emotion. William James stated that the 'feeling of (bodily) changes as they occur is the emotion.' Yet, this critical component of James' theory, that perception of bodily changes is the essential defining characteristic of an emotion, has received little empirical attention. This is a result, in part, of the difficulty in developing appropriate methods. In this paper, proper methods for assessing visceral perception will be reviewed. T h e n a series of studies will be presented to demonstrate that: there is a relationship between visceral arousal and accuracy of visceral self perception; that there is a relationship between accuracy of visceral perception and the experience of emotion; and that there are
VECTORCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF REPOL A R I Z A T I O N C H A N G E S D U E T O S Y M P A T H E T I C ACT I V A T I O N OF T H E H E A R T E. Kellerova and I. Ruttkay-Nedeck~ Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic In an earlier study, we demonstrated the decrease of the frontal-plane ventricular gradient magnitude induced by mental arithmetics (MA), indicating QRS-independent T-wave changes. The aim of the presented studies was to test whether the T-wave amplitude changes under psychoemotional stress reflect heart rate independent sympathetic influences on the working myocardium. Parameters of the maximal spatial T vector (STmax) were used as a measure of cardiac repolarization. In healthy subjects and patients with ventricular hypertrophy, M A provoked only partially H R - d e p e n d e n t decrease of STmax magnitude. STma× changes were lacking in Ss with