Introduction -small satellites for countries emerging in space technology

Acta Asrronoutica

PII: s0094-5765(99)00003-x

Vol. 43, Nos. 11-12, pp. 545-555, 1998 01999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Printed in Great Britain 0094-5765/99 S - see front matter

INTRODUCTION -SMALL SATELLITES FOR COUNTRIES EMERGING IN SPACE TECHNOLOGY Susan M.P. McKenna-Lawlor, Space Technology Ireland, National Universio of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland. ABSTRACT

An account is provided of initiatives, under the aegis of the International Academy of Astronautics, to provide support structures to develop and promote the concepts and processes required by countries ‘Emergingin Space Technology’ to gain access to space using small economical satellites. The consequent setting up within the Academy of a new Sub-Committee of the already existing Committee for ‘Small Satellite Missions’ entitled ‘Small Satellites for European Countries Emerging in Space Technology’ is described This Sub-Committee has a philosophy of ‘learning by doing’ and it is hoped that the group will ultimately succeed in launching a microsatellite bearing an innovative scientific experiment A wish has been expressed by participants in the Sub-Committee that it3 remit be extended to include, not only European, but representatives of all count&s ‘Emergingin Space Technology’. 01999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. The International Academy of Astronautics

‘Small Satellites’ when he organized a dedicated session on ‘Inexpensive Scientific Satellites’ at the International Astronautical Congress in Bangalore. On that occasion a study team was formed to consider the subject further, and this group was upgraded with time within the Academy, first in 1989 at Malaga to a ‘Sub-Committee on Small Satellite Programs’ under the ‘Space Plans and Policy Committee’ then, at Washington in 1992, to the status of a full IAA Committee on ‘Small Satellite Missions’.

The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) was founded on 16 August 1960 in Stockholm by Thedore Von Kannan and, in its activities, it follows the tradition of the great classical scientific academies of the seventeenth century in Rome, London and Paris which fostered scientific enquiry and the exchange of new ideas and information in the earliest days of modem science. Its members, who form an elite international body composed of representatives from sixty five countries, are world leaders of space and aeronautical activities. Through their experienced inputs, the Academy functions as a working body, dedicated to producing effective results in the field of international cooperation in the space sciences and, thereby, a spirit of cooperation is fostered that transcends national boundaries and cultures.

The purpose of this latter Committee is to develop and promote the concepts and processes required by various user communities to gain access to space using small economical satellites and suitable associated launches. In this regard, it concerns itself not only with programs in countries already involved in space activity, but also with ways of including ‘Developing Nations’ (as defined in political terms by the United Nations) in future space activities for the overall benefit of mankind. To focus this latter effort, a SubCommittee to coordinate activities within

2. Small Satellites and the Academy In 1988 Gerhard Haerendel of Germany initiated a special activity within the Academy on the topic of

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‘Developing Nations’ was set up in 1992, and this body met for the iirst time in Graz, Austria in 1993 under the aegis of the IAA Committee on ‘Small Satellite Missions’. In June 1994 a Workshop on ‘Small Satellites for Latin America’ was held at the National Institute for Space Research in Brazil

(INPE) at the initiative of this Sub-Committee. ‘Developing Nations’ 3. Emerging’ Nations’

and

‘Space

In 1993 I was myself invited to join the above described IAA Sub-Committee and, in this setting, particularly at the Workshop held in Brazil during the Summer of 1994, I became aware that the problems and objectives of ‘Developing Nations’ in gaining access to space using small satellites are fundamentally different from the problems and objectives of small European nations - which already have an existing background in space technology and can thus now realistically aspire to fly a small satellite mission - in gaining such access. I highlighted the difference between

‘Developing’ and ‘Space Emerging’ countries in plenary session on Academy Day in Jerusalem in 1994 and, following various subsequent meetings and discussions, it was decided by the Academy to mount a Workshop at Maynooth University in Ireland on the topic ‘Small ,Sateliites for European Countries Emerging in Space Technology’ (May 7-10, 1996) - with a view to determining if a community of ‘Emerging Nations’ indeed exists in Europe with an interest in this subject. The need within ‘Space Emerging’ countries of the European community for this kind of Workshop was confiied by the arrival at Maynooth to participate in the Workshop of representatives of twelve countries (namely Austria, Denmark, England, Germany, Holland, Hungary, Ireland, Norway, Portugal Russia, Sweden and Switzerland). Expressions of interest in, and support for, the topic were further in parallel received from Bulgaria, The Czech Republic, Finland, Spain and Turkey which

countries, for various reasons, could not send a delegate but wished, nonetheless, to be kept closely informed concerning what went on. ’ In addition to formal presentations of some twenty two scientific and technical papers (see Appendix 1) an important product of the Workshop was the deliberations and recommendations of its members which, in view of their global interest, are presented, with some summarization, below. 2. Summary deliberations,

over four days, of delegates at the IAA Workshop on ‘Small Satellites forEuropean Countries Emerging in Space Technology (May 7-10,1996)

2.1.1 Day 1; Definition of Countries Emerging in Space Technology and their recommended ‘Mission Philosophy’ The participants were divided into three groups to discuss problems associated with the initiation/implementation of a small satellite

program. Each Group Chairperson collated inputs from his/her Group Members and these were then formally presented in plenary session and generally discussed in the context of trying to achieve a consensus. While there were some differences, the majority view on the following topics emerged over the following four days. ‘Countries Emerging in Space Technology’ were defined to be countries with a technical knowledge base and some space experience which are striving for small satellite missions to exploit the new, cost effective, possibilities they offer. It was the view of the meeting that any small satellite program undertaken should: Have strongly focused goals. Produce world class science Be affordable for ‘emerging countries’ (as well as for ‘emerging’institutes and universities) Have an educational component

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Introduction program could include innovative dedicated Earth Observation’ missions providing monitoring of particular phenomena over extended periods. (Telecommunications and other commercially oriented missions were deemed to be the province of specialist personnel within individual countries).

The

It was recognized that experimenters require to know the functionality and characteristics of the small satellite bus at a level comparable with their knowledge of the behavior of their individual instruments.

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Preparation of a Feasibility Study (interdisciplinary) Secure funding/lobby for the Project using the Feasibility Study as an explanatory document Establish Management Structures. Detailed design and development Manufacture and procurement AssemblyAntegratio~estiCalibration Launch campaign/launch Mission operations Data dissemination/analysis

Items that should be procured or decided include; It was debated that the name ‘Small Satellite Mission’ has an undesirable connOtation since ‘small’ might be construed as, somehow, ‘second rate’. A ‘Small Satellite Mission’ was deemed by the Group to be ‘small’ in terms of what it costs. The physical mass is not relevant. 2.1.2 Mission Support and Required Mission Elements ‘Small Missions’ are appropriate to individual countries, or to multinational groups co-operating together. As such, they constitute what can be defined as ‘part of the national space program within a country’. Major space agencies were not seen to constitute leading partners in such an activity. Although the primary source of support for such missions will probably come from Government, sponsorship should be sought (for example from industry - perhaps on a matching funds basis). Advantages for industry can arise through (a) strengthening its technology base, thereby rendering a particular company more competitive in applying later for commercial contracts; (b) through associated advertising. Other strategies for securing financial support should be explored if this is required. The following steps were identified as necessary to the mounting of a ‘small’space mission:

a. b. C.

d. e. f. ;: i.

The Feasibility Study/Mission Analysis Platform Payload Ground Station Management/support staff Launch services Mission operations Insurance Orbit Choice

It was recognized that not all orbits can be reached with the same frequency of secondary launch Bearing this in mind, it was opportunity. recommended that the scientific objectives of ‘Small Missions’ should be chosen having regard to the availability of access to those orbits required to implement the desired measurements- with due cognizance of the fact that secondary payloads are lofted into Polar, Geostationary Transfer and orbits of high inclination relatively frequently. It was noted that Sunsynchronous and Geostationary Transfer Orbits were particularly favored choices among the experimenters present. 2.1.3 Facilities required to accomplish the work It was recommended that a Catalogue listing upcoming launch opportunities should be compiled and kept updated within the Group. A need was also felt for a Catalogue specifying where affordable test/calibration facilities outside

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of the main space agencies and prime contractors can be found within Europe. Croup members undertook to collect this information for collation, and later distribution, by the Chairman.

involves training of personnel and the nurturing of national skills.

The unfavorable aspects of waiting for a ‘free launch’ were noted and it was agreed that there is ‘no such thing as a free launch’. Experience indicates that to pay for a secondary payload launch is a better alternative.

Training of necessary personnel can be realized:

2.2.2 Training

1.

Through Summer Schools mounted (say) under IAA patronage - the Academy should be approached to mount such courses.

2.

A limited number of those who have attended such Summer schools can then ‘go on’ for post graduate training abroad (involving hands on experience) extending over 1-2 years (brain drain issues should be carefully considered in individual cases).

2.2.3

Sources of Training

2.1.4 Insurance It was generally agreed that ‘Small Mission’ hardware should be insured to cover ground transportation and handling. An alternative to launch/post launch insurance could, however, be the construction of a redundant satellite. The decision in a particular case to carry insurance to cover launch/post launch failure depends, in the last analysis, on the level of available funding. 2.1.5 Ground Support Activities It was agreed that small, relatively cheap, local automatic ground stations would be sufficient for ‘operations’ activities. On-board GPS capability obviates the need for ground station hardware to provide in-orbit determinations. A manned ground tracking station can, however, provide a strong focus for public interest. 2.2.1 Day 2; Acquiring Technical Expertise to build a satellite. As a general philosophy it was considered that it is not necessary for experimenters to learn how to construct all required satellite subsystems. These items are available commercially and do not need to be developed ‘in-house’.A participative role for local industry in the activity of mounting a small space mission is, however, desirable and can take many forms (e.g. production of attitude control and data management systems; building of flight model scientific instruments etc.). A structured approach to the gaining of necessary expertise

Experienced Research Institutes/Universities might host, for training purposes, staff/Ph.D. students from countries emerging in space technology, particularly within the context of jointly mounted missions. The EC Human Mobility Program could provide support for such visits, ESA stipends and job opportunities provided within ESTEC at the Space Science Department already enable young people to learn how to participate in space projects. Courses at the International Space University also provide useful experience. Technology transfer to personnel involved in a particular Project can, in addition, be gained through ‘hands on’ experience at other organizations with relevant expertise. For example, spacecraft manufacturers typically provide support to their customers in learning to successfully exploit the hardware/software (including ‘turn-key systems) they offer commercially.

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Introduction 2.2.4

Nurturing National Skills

Nm$uring of national skills requires two kinds of

Appropriate procedures and technical standards should be adopted in construction/testing/calibration.

support, namely: 2.3.1 Day 3; Framework for Mounting a l l

Acquisition of Systems competence Structuring of the national substrate

Acquisition of systems competence achieved by: (0

(ii)

(iii)

can be

A national returning to his/her country with the required knowledge (reverse brain drain) where technical support is provided by personnel trained through one or more of the processes described in the previous section. Time-limited hiring of carefully selected Consultants. Outright acquisition of core foreign personnel.

Mission

A ‘groupe de reflexion’, including industrial and scientific elements, could produce a mission theme, involving scientific and technological development. A mission framework (defining participating countries, a budget ceiling and selection procedures for experiments) should be agreed at Governmental level. An Announcement of Opportunity (AO) should be issued simultaneously in all participating countries which would allow (within a predetermined budget) scientific, technical and cultural inputs to the mission and generate a feeling of competition in these different areas.

Structuring of the industrial substrate requires: (a) (b) (c)

Identification of local potential capability to participate in space activity. Encouragement to such groups to participate. Injection of suitable procedural standards

A successful scientific proposal should have the following characteristics: 1. 2.

2.2.5 Facilities required to Get the Work done

3.

Access should be available to all, or to a subset, of the following, depending on individual circumstances

4.

Workshop Clean Room Environmental testing facilities Spin Balance Test/deployment test /separation mechanism test Thermal/solar simulation Antenna range

5. 6. 7 8.

Capability to provide innovative world class science. A dedicated instrument package focused on a primary scientific goal. Maximization of the possible scientific gain (e.g. through integrated on board campaigns). A time scale relevant to the primary goal but within the constraints set by a small mission. Use of technological innovation if this is required to support the mission objectives. A high public profile. Small mission compatibility. Suitability for co-operative implementation/exploitation.

All of the Scientific, Technological, Educational and Cultural proposals submitted should undergo (a) peer review rating; (b) selection by a Steering

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Committee; (c) final review and acceptance political level.

at

The selected mission should then be implemented. The view was strongly held that such an initial mission should be mounted in the context of a longer term program. In this context, a thorough multidisciplinary evaluation of its success should be carried out as an input to the implementation of the next step in the program. 2.4.1 Day 4; Workshop Conclusions/Recommendations The experiences of the Workshop confirmed the existence of a community of European countries ‘Emerging in Space Technology’. The creation of a dedicated Sub-Committee within the framework of the International Academy of Astronautics was recommended by the Delegates to foster the interests and needs of this community of ‘European countries Emerging in Space Technology’. It was anticipated that (among other usell functions), this Sub-Committee would provide a forum where world class science programs could be developed, and partners identified to co-operatively implement them. It was recommended consider dedicating Astronautica to the Workshop and to its material could be audience.

that the Academy would a special issue of Acla papers presented at the ‘Deliberations’, so that this disseminated to a wider

I was myself, in my capacity of Chairperson of Maynooth Workshop, authorized to present of conclusions and recommendations Workshop at the next meeting of the Academy Beijing, China in October 1996.

the the the in

3 Formation of a new Sub-Committee of the IAA entitled ‘Small Satellites for European Countries Emerging iu Space Technology’

The recommendations of the Maynooth Workshop were unanimously supported by the IAA Committee on ‘Small Satellite Missions’ and I was invited to draw up and submit to the Adademy a document describing the objectives and goals of the proposed new Sub-Committee on ‘Small Satellites for European Countries Emerging in Space Technology’ . I was also required to provide, in parallel, a ’ Five Year Plan’ for the These activities of the new Sub-Committee. documents were duly prepared and submitted and, in consequence, the foundation of the new SubCommittee was authorized by the Academy while still at Beijing. The Sub-Committee held its first formal session at the next full IAA Meeting which was held in Turin, Italy in October 1997. 3.1 Publication of the Papers and Deliberations of the Maynooth Workshop In accordance with the wishes of Workshop attendees (Section 2.4.1) Professor Gerhard Haerendel was approached during the Beijing Meeting to request that he would consider dedicating a special issue of Actu Astronautica to the papers presented at, and the deliberations arrived at during, the Maynooth Workshop. It was decided that a selection of papers, subject to the usual refereeing process, would be considered for such publication and the texts concerned appear in the present volume. It is noted that all of the presentations (some consisting of viewgraphs only) were collected during the Workshop and published immediately thereafter in a two volume compendium entitled ‘Small Satellites for European Countries Emerging in Space Technology’ (1). Copies of this compendium are still available from the present author. A list of the papers it contains is presented in Appendix 1. 3.1 Objectives and Goals of the new SubCommittee The Objectives and Goals of the new SubCommittee, which are based on a philosophy of ‘learning by doing’, give to this body an identity

551

Introduction and profile different from that of other Committees/Sub-Committees presently within the Academy. These objectives and goals comprise: Selection of an innovative space experiment to fly on a microsatellite. 0

Exploitation of this experiment to provide the focus for a learning experience in determining how such a representative payload could be successfully flown.

cl

Identification of partners to participate in the experiment as a learning experience

0

Advancement through all stages of preparation for and flying the mission, putting in place along the way opportunities for participants to acquire necessary technical and managerial skills to carry out the work.

0

Publication of scientific and technical papers at all stages of the Project.

3.2

Terms of Reference

training purposes, staff7Ph.D. students on a trans-national level. Opportunities will be provided to bring together representatives of countries/universities/research institutes already successful in building and launching small satellite for scientific/educational/ commercial purposes, so that they can share their experiences, at meetings of the SubCommittee with those striving to mount the Mission. Representative of companies providing small satellites, satellite subsystems, and launch opportunities will also be given the possibility, at appropriate times, to describe what is commercially available to support small satellite missions. Papers produced through the scientific and technical activities of members of the Subcommittee will be contributed to the IAA (Acta Astronautica), the IAF and to COSPAR for refereed publication 3.3 Five Year Plan

Participation in the new Sub-Committee can most suitably be real&d by representatives of countries with a technical knowledge base and some space experience which are striving for small satellites to exploit the new, cost effective, possibilities they offer.

with the procedures of other and Sub-Committees within the IAA, a Five Year Plan was drawn up to guide the activities of the group

In conformity Committee

3.3.1 Year One A structured approach (having regard to the deliberations of the Maynooth Workshop), will be made by the Sub-Committee to muture national expertise within particular countries through, for example: Mounting Summer Schools (ideally under IAA patronage) on scientific and technical subjects. Facilitating processes whereby experienced Institutes/Universities will host, for

Send out a call for Proposals for an innovative scientific mission to be flown on a microsatellite, within a given budget envelope Establish a panel of experts within the Academy to review the merit of the Proposals received Set up a meeting of the Subcommittee at which all the Proposals are presented and one is formally chosen Publication of the winning Proposal

S. M. P. McKenna-Lawlor

552 3,3,2 . . .

. . .

. . . .

.

.

.

. . .

.

Year Two

Hold a Workshop to prepare a Feasibility Study for the Project Decide which countries will participate at a ‘learning level’ in Project activities Establish Management Structures to take care of the scientific, technical, educational. financial, and cultural aspects of the program Involve political decision makers from the participating countries in these structures Set up a formal agreement re data rights and other legal issues Start the work of investigating how to implement the project, with special emphasis on scheduling and on selecting the location of key facilities (for testing, calibration, tracking) Lobby for necessary funding Investigate launch opportunities Establish the availability of manpower for pre and post launch activities Encourage experienced Institutes to host, for training purposes, personnel working on the Project Ensure that the acquisition of necessary systems competence is equally gained by all participants Hold a Workshop in the second part of Year 2 to discuss problems encountered in educational, financial, technical and other areas Review and refine (a) the draft Feasibility Study for the Project and (b) the Plan for Implementing the Project. Order long lead time items Choose a suitable launch opportunity Arrange for WorkshopslSummer Schools under Academy patronage to ensure-that all participants gain competence in necessary project related activities (building of flight qualified electronics, testing, calibration) Organize assembly/integration/test/calibration and tracking facilities

l

Produce a Project Overview Report for Publication

3.3.3 Year Three Proceed to procurement and manufacture Prepare necessary software Mount the Workshops/Summer Schools planned during Year 2 Ensure that the arrangements for launch can be realized Ensure that the ground segment is fully operational Hold a Workshop to review the status of the Project Arrange for Workshops/Summer Schools under Academy patronage to train participants In operational skills/data handling/ archiving etc. Produce a Project Overview Report for publication. 3.3.4 Year Four l

l

l

Mount the Workshops/Summer Schools planned during Year 3 Proceed to assembly /integration/ test/ calibration activities Produce a Project Overview Report for publication

3.3.5 Year Five l l

l

Implement the launch campaign Proceed to mission operations; data dissemination and analysis. Produce a Final Report for publication on the Project.

It is particularly noted that there is no obligation within the Academy to make this Project happen. Success will only come about through the efforts of the participants themselves. The program is designed to constitute a valuable learning experience which could, in the best case, be crowned by the triumph of flying an IAA

5.53

Introduction microsatellite experiment.

bearing

an

innovative

scientific

4. Outcome of the First Meeting of the new Sub-Committee at Turin, Italy (October, 1997) The first meeting of the new Sub-Committee was held in Turin, Italy in October 1997 with a multinational attendance, and the Terms of Reference of the Sub-Committee and its proposed Five year Plan were, at that time, generally adopted. ‘?he names and addresses of the officers of this SubCommittee are contained in Appendix 2. A strong wish was expressed by participants that the remit of the Sub-Committee be extended to include, not only European, but representatives of all countries ‘Emerging in Space Technology’ and this matter will be raised with the Academy at their next meeting in Melbourne, Australia in October 1998.

hardware/software also be described.

and mission operations should

A panel of experts within the Academy shpuld be established to review the l l l

Scientific Aspects Technical Aspects Management Aspects

of individual proposals. It was suggested that, for scientific aspects, Dr. Yarymovych and Dr. Valenzuela should be approached to act as Referees. The Board of Referees should include persons from Europe, America and Asia. It was also recommended to include among these personnel experts from the major Space Agencies.

The first action of ‘The Plan’, the sending out of a Call for Proposals, was discussed and it was decided that, as a first step, the Sub-Committee Chairman should send out a call for a Declaration of Interest in taking part in a scientific small satellite mission to be launched ‘piggy-back’. The mission could be implemented by individuals, within a capped budget and within the compass of defined spacecraft resources, through forming Teams, and sharing in funding on a non-exchange of funds basis. The international co-operation concerned should not be restricted to European countries only.

The Referees could meet at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth at a suitable date to discuss and decide upon the Proposals received. An account of the winning proposal should be published in Acta Astronautica (as per the announced activities for Year 1). Efforts would be made by the Sub-Committee to move towards the mounting of this mission over succeeding years, in accordance with the tenets of the Five Year Plan.

Following this ‘Call’ for a Declaration of Interest, a Mission Workshop should be organized to bring interested persons and their experiences together. Experts would ideally be present to advise prospective applicants on various detailed aspects of ‘writing up’, and costing, a formal proposal for a Space Mission.

It is recognized within the International Academy of Astronautics that the problems and objectives of ‘Developing Nations’ in gaining access to space using small satellites are fundamentally different from the problems and objectives of countries’ Emerging in Space Technology’ in gaining such access.

The next step would be to issue a formal call for a Scientific Mission Proposal, in which teams would describe the instrument, satellite bus, and orbit to be used to support their experiment. The availability of funding to support the

‘Countries Emerging in Space Technology’ are defined to be those with a technical knowledge base and some space experience which are striving

This program is presently already underway. 5. Conclusion

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M. P.McKenna-Lawlor

for small satellite missions to exploit the new, cost effective, possibilities they offer. A new Sub-Committee has been set up under the aegis of the IAA to provide support structures to develop and promote the concepts and processes required by ‘European Countries Emerging in Space Technology’ to gain access to space using small economical satellites. A wish was expressed by participants in the first meeting of the SubCommittee that its remit be extended to include interested representatives of, not only European, but of all countries in the world.

N. Lund ‘Orsted Satellitten 1997’ F. Von Scheele and K. Lund Satellites’

‘Swedish Small

R. Sandau and K. Briess ‘Reasons for Satellite Miniaturization and its Consequences’. P. Kiraly ‘CEASAR - The Central European Satellite for Advanced Research’ M. Allery, ‘Small Satelllites for Affordable Access to Space’

This Sub-Committee has a philosophy of ‘learning by doing’ and it is hoped that the group will ultimately succeed in launching a microsatellite bearing an innovative scientific experiment.

A.K.Ward, A. J. Barrington-Brown and S.J. Gardner ‘The MicroSIL and MiniSIL Small Satelllite Buses’

The first action of the Sub-Committee in pursuance of a detailed ‘Five Year Plan’ is to issue a Call for ‘Declarations of Intent’ to participate in a small satellite scientific mission.

A.R. Martin, ‘AEA Technology Capabilities in Small Satellites’ F. Ongaro ‘The European Space Agency’s Small Missions Opportunities (SMO) Initiative’

REFERENCES

J.E. Kvistedal ‘The Andoya Rocket range (APR) as a European Launch site for Small Satellites and The Norwegian Ionospheric Small Satellite Experiment (NISSE) and efforts to establish the Polar Satellite Services (PSS)

Proceedings of a Workshop of the International Academy of Astronautics on ‘Small Satellites for European Countries Emerging in Space Technology ’ (May 7-10,1996), Ed. S. McKenna-

Lawlor (Publ. STIL, Maynooth, Ireland).

M. Ovchinnikov, ‘Russian Launch Opportunities for Small Satellites’

Appendix 1 Complete list of papers contained in the Proceedings of a Workshop of the International Academy of Astronautics on ‘SmallSatellites for

E. Settelmeyer, M. Lampen, R. Hartmann and G. Lippner, ‘FLEXBUS - An Attractive Technical Solution for Small Mission Opportunities’

Lawlor (Publ. STIL, Maynooth, Ireland).

S. McKenna-Lawlor, ‘State of the Art, Lightweight Scientific Experiments Available for Small to Microsatellite Missions’.

M. Bernasconi, Missions’

A.K. Ward, A. J. Barrington-Brown, N.P. Smith and P.B.A. Maguire, ‘The SIL Low-Cost S-Band Ground Station’.

European Countries Emerging in Space Technology ’ (May 7-10,1996), Ed.. S. McKenna-

‘The Case for Small Space

I. Ahnar ‘Small Countries and Small Satellites’

B. Stewart, R. Holdaway and E. Dunford, ‘Lowcost Ground Systems for Small Satellite Programs’

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Introduction

‘Education, Support and M. Alery Services for Small Satellite Missions’

Tel; 353-l-6286788; Fax; 353-l-6286470; E-mail; STIL@MAY .IE

Ground

‘Simple Attitude Control M. Ovchhmikov, Systems for Small Satellites’ A.J. Ilyin ’ The Cosmos SL-8 Satellite Launch Vehicle’

Vice-Chairperson; Dr. Petr Lala, Office of Outer Space Affairs, United Nations, Vienna International Center, P.O. Box 500, Room F-08 18, A- 1400, Vienna, Austria.

N. Lund, ‘CHAMELEON - or How to Catch a Gamma-Ray Burster in the Act’ D. J.M. Rosa, D.A. Riberio, A.M.B. Gomes and I. Camellier ‘The PoSAT- 1 Project’ P. Lala, The Role of the United Nations Promoting the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space’

Tel; 43-1-21131-4952, Fax; 43-l- 21345-5830, E-mail; [email protected]

in Secretary;

Appendix 2 Present executives of the new IAA SubCommittee on ‘Small Satellites for Countries Emerging in Space Technology’ Chairperson; Professor S. McKenna-Lawlor. Space Technology Ireland, Ltd., National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.

Dr. R. Sandau, German Aerospace Research Establishment, Institut for Sensor Space Technology of DLR, Aldershof, Rudower Chaussee 5, Geb. 16.16, D- 12489 Berlin, Germany Tel; 30-695-45-530; Fax; 30-695-45-532, E-mail; [email protected].