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Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix after recent negative cytologic test results — A distinct subgroup?
204
Citations from the Literature
Two cases of adenocarcinoma arising in extraovarian endometriosis 19 and 8 years following abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy are described. Both patients presented with hydronephrosis. One had been on chronic estrogen therapy. The literature is reviewed in reference to frequency, tumor type, and sites of occurrence. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix after recent negative cytologic test results - A distinct subgroup? Peters RK; Thomas D; Sk&in G; Henderson BE
Department of Preventive Medicine, USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA AM. J. OBSTET. GYNECOL.; 158/4(926-935)/1988/ A study was conducted to determine if invasive cervical cancer diagnosed shortly after negative cytologic test results represents a demographically or epidemiologically distinct subgroup of these tumors. A total of 20C patients with invasive squamous cervical cancer and matched, neighborhood control subjects were interviewed. Cytology reports for smears taken 5 years before diagnosis were obtained, and reportedly negative smears were solicited and reevaluated. Thirty-three patients (group 1) had had one or more negative smears within 5 years and no previous abnormal cytologic results. At diagnosis cancers in group 1 had progressed further than those of patients with nondiagnostic positive smears (group 2, n = 43) but not as far as those of patients with no cytologic tests done within 5 years (group 3, n = 96). Age and social class were the same in groups 1 and 2, but both groups were younger and better educated than group 3. Otherwise group 1 did not differ from the other groups and the same risk factors prevailed roughly equally in all three groups. Therefore cervical tumors diagnosed soon after negative cytologic test results do not appear to differ etiologically from other squamous carcinomas at this site, and the failure of screening to detect these tumors is probably due to rapid progression through the preinvasive stages and/or failure to shed cancer cells in quantities sufficient for detection by routine cytologic screening.
TROPHOBLAST AND PLACENTA Aspects of in vitro placental perfusion: and phenol red
Effects of hyperoxia
Kuhn DC; Crawford MA; Gordon GB; Stuart MJ Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA PLACENTA; 9/2 (201-213)/1988/ The study of a number of parameters of placental function indicated that the perfused human placental lobe maintained its structural and functional integrity when PO, levels in buffer perfusate were near physiological values, despite low 0, consumption. High 0, content in the perfusate may reduce placental transfer either through a direct vasoconstrictor effect or in combination with the destruction of vascular cycle-oxygenase, resulting in the reduced synthesis of the vasodilator prostacyclin. A similar mechanism may be involved in the reduction of placental transfer observed in the presence of phenol red. Int J Gynecol Obstet 28
These studies suggest that aspects of in vitro methodologies which may relate to prostaglandin productions deserve careful consideration and further study. Human trophoblast cells cultured in modified supported by extracellular matrix
medium
and
Loke YW; Burland K Division of Experimental and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 IQP, UK PLACENTA; 9/2 (173-182)/1988/ This paper describes a culture procedure which consistently yields 80 to 90 per cent trophoblast from human first-trimester placentae. The trophoblast cells are selected and maintained but there is no increase in proliferation. The cultured cells are found to resemble extravillous rather than villous trophoblast in their immunocytochemical characteristics. This technique provides a means of obtaining human trophoblast cells with a sufficient degree of homogeneity and viability to be used for in vitro experiments. Characterization of placental Iactogen release from perifused human tropboblast cells Sane A; Harman I; Quarfordt S; et al
Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA PLACENTA; 9/12 (129-138)/1988/ The dynamics of the release of human placental lactogen (hPL) under basal conditions and in response to various secretogogues has been studied in perifused enriched hPL-producing cells from term placentae prepared by the isopycnic centrifugation of callagenase/hyahrronidase-dispersed placental cells on Percoll gradients. Under basal conditions, the perifused cells relesaed hPL at a relatively constant rate for up to 24 h in culture. The mean rates of hPL release from cells (5 x 106cells) from 18 normal full-term placentae varied from 1.8 to 20.2 ng/ 5 min (mean 7.7 ng/5 min). The cells from term placentae, however, did not release detectable amounts of chorionic gonadotrophin or the cytosolic enzymes lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. The amounts of hPL released by the perifused cells were inversely related to cell density with mean rates of hPL release by 2, 5, and 10 X 106cells of 15.8, 8.6, and 5.7 ng/l06 cells/O.5 h. The perifused cells responded to provocative stimuli (high-density lipoproteins (HDL), apolipoproteins AI, AH, and CI, partially purified hPL-releasing factor, phorbol esters, sn-l,Zdiacylglycerol, and CAMP) in a manner qualitatively similar to enriched trophoblast cells and placental explants in static culture. Release of hPL in response to HDL, apoproteins AI, AI1 and CI, and partially purified hPL-releasing factor was dose-dependent and occurred within 5 min of exposure. Basal and stimulated hPL release by perifused trophoblast cells that had been previously frozen at -70°C for four weeks was identical to that of freshly dispersed cells from the same placenta. These experiments indicate that perifused trophoblast cells may be used as a model system to examine the dynamics of hPL release under basal conditions and in response to provocative stimuli.
Citations from the Literature
Two cases of adenocarcinoma arising in extraovarian endometriosis 19 and 8 years following abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy are described. Both patients presented with hydronephrosis. One had been on chronic estrogen therapy. The literature is reviewed in reference to frequency, tumor type, and sites of occurrence. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix after recent negative cytologic test results - A distinct subgroup? Peters RK; Thomas D; Sk&in G; Henderson BE
Department of Preventive Medicine, USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA AM. J. OBSTET. GYNECOL.; 158/4(926-935)/1988/ A study was conducted to determine if invasive cervical cancer diagnosed shortly after negative cytologic test results represents a demographically or epidemiologically distinct subgroup of these tumors. A total of 20C patients with invasive squamous cervical cancer and matched, neighborhood control subjects were interviewed. Cytology reports for smears taken 5 years before diagnosis were obtained, and reportedly negative smears were solicited and reevaluated. Thirty-three patients (group 1) had had one or more negative smears within 5 years and no previous abnormal cytologic results. At diagnosis cancers in group 1 had progressed further than those of patients with nondiagnostic positive smears (group 2, n = 43) but not as far as those of patients with no cytologic tests done within 5 years (group 3, n = 96). Age and social class were the same in groups 1 and 2, but both groups were younger and better educated than group 3. Otherwise group 1 did not differ from the other groups and the same risk factors prevailed roughly equally in all three groups. Therefore cervical tumors diagnosed soon after negative cytologic test results do not appear to differ etiologically from other squamous carcinomas at this site, and the failure of screening to detect these tumors is probably due to rapid progression through the preinvasive stages and/or failure to shed cancer cells in quantities sufficient for detection by routine cytologic screening.
TROPHOBLAST AND PLACENTA Aspects of in vitro placental perfusion: and phenol red
Effects of hyperoxia
Kuhn DC; Crawford MA; Gordon GB; Stuart MJ Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA PLACENTA; 9/2 (201-213)/1988/ The study of a number of parameters of placental function indicated that the perfused human placental lobe maintained its structural and functional integrity when PO, levels in buffer perfusate were near physiological values, despite low 0, consumption. High 0, content in the perfusate may reduce placental transfer either through a direct vasoconstrictor effect or in combination with the destruction of vascular cycle-oxygenase, resulting in the reduced synthesis of the vasodilator prostacyclin. A similar mechanism may be involved in the reduction of placental transfer observed in the presence of phenol red. Int J Gynecol Obstet 28
These studies suggest that aspects of in vitro methodologies which may relate to prostaglandin productions deserve careful consideration and further study. Human trophoblast cells cultured in modified supported by extracellular matrix
medium
and
Loke YW; Burland K Division of Experimental and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 IQP, UK PLACENTA; 9/2 (173-182)/1988/ This paper describes a culture procedure which consistently yields 80 to 90 per cent trophoblast from human first-trimester placentae. The trophoblast cells are selected and maintained but there is no increase in proliferation. The cultured cells are found to resemble extravillous rather than villous trophoblast in their immunocytochemical characteristics. This technique provides a means of obtaining human trophoblast cells with a sufficient degree of homogeneity and viability to be used for in vitro experiments. Characterization of placental Iactogen release from perifused human tropboblast cells Sane A; Harman I; Quarfordt S; et al
Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA PLACENTA; 9/12 (129-138)/1988/ The dynamics of the release of human placental lactogen (hPL) under basal conditions and in response to various secretogogues has been studied in perifused enriched hPL-producing cells from term placentae prepared by the isopycnic centrifugation of callagenase/hyahrronidase-dispersed placental cells on Percoll gradients. Under basal conditions, the perifused cells relesaed hPL at a relatively constant rate for up to 24 h in culture. The mean rates of hPL release from cells (5 x 106cells) from 18 normal full-term placentae varied from 1.8 to 20.2 ng/ 5 min (mean 7.7 ng/5 min). The cells from term placentae, however, did not release detectable amounts of chorionic gonadotrophin or the cytosolic enzymes lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. The amounts of hPL released by the perifused cells were inversely related to cell density with mean rates of hPL release by 2, 5, and 10 X 106cells of 15.8, 8.6, and 5.7 ng/l06 cells/O.5 h. The perifused cells responded to provocative stimuli (high-density lipoproteins (HDL), apolipoproteins AI, AH, and CI, partially purified hPL-releasing factor, phorbol esters, sn-l,Zdiacylglycerol, and CAMP) in a manner qualitatively similar to enriched trophoblast cells and placental explants in static culture. Release of hPL in response to HDL, apoproteins AI, AI1 and CI, and partially purified hPL-releasing factor was dose-dependent and occurred within 5 min of exposure. Basal and stimulated hPL release by perifused trophoblast cells that had been previously frozen at -70°C for four weeks was identical to that of freshly dispersed cells from the same placenta. These experiments indicate that perifused trophoblast cells may be used as a model system to examine the dynamics of hPL release under basal conditions and in response to provocative stimuli.