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Inverse hardness distribution and its influence on mechanical properties
Fatigue the
final
process
600 s to fatigue hardening
in
700°C
for
to
analyses
were
of
zirconium
hardnes\
80% life
unirradiated rates
alloys.
An
proposed
by
and
of
faster
using
predict
regression
strength
on
ment
with
the
crack
analysis
Q23SB.
4 rel..
strejs
fraction
tensile
of
strength
The
principles,
The
basic
metals
lead
alloys,
rinc.
The
nickel
methods
two
main
hydrogen
types
of
strength
and
is
methods
for
quality
and
plating
nickel
life.
stress,
The
iron
ohviow
which
effect
discussed
of plating
covered
controlling
the
properties
of
bath
nickel
Graphs,
other
pH
and
properties elongation.
on the mechanical
nickel
deposits
Studying
the
pattern
Shimizu
hardening’.
Opposite
at the
surface
dependent and
Laser
ensure
tionally
plating
2 rel..
higher
before
change
50 mm
the
diameter,
made
solutions
yield
quenching
(CDQ@)
extraction,
has a great
to conventional
shown
a higniticant
inverse
hardnes\
mens
having
and
to the
steel This
intentionally the
increase
impact
of
the
hardening,
fatigue
life
quenching,
that
Eurocode
( 1997)
Wrlding 1,s the Wo/kl A
short
overview
particular The
with
main
design weld
welded
by
than
has
to avoid
specimen\ with
edges
are
of Eurocode
treatment
of
rules,
execution
of
to materials
and
welding
design.
and
standards.
Graph\,
concerning
steel
by
of
fillet
wmi-rlgld
structural
34(8).
article
order
to contribute
enhance awe,
the were
base
were
by three
fatigue
with model.
the
111%
when
longitudinal
direction.
controlled
toe
irregularity,
presented,
and
results
of
an
of with
in the A
carbon
cracks
parameter?,
fatigue
are discussed.
improve
life Graphs,
Weld the
to
the
with
containing
Material\:
I6MnR
and
with high reliability.
and
a1umiwum
\hcct
metal\
for
optimizing
the
proce\~
limit\
and
conlidencc
scm-cobular
to spot
a Ggnificant
higher
rivet\
weldmg of
of
the
reprwxts
Thi\
increase
grade\
the
tests
S355N
of. consumable
without
limit\
fatigue
,joining
from
weldings.
endurance
Wohler
\tccl
known
:I
I\ especially
joint‘\
strength.
and
edges wire,
preview
compnmhle cawed
S3SSJZG.i.
of
which
reach
wire\.
than wxc
le\s
were
on
Graph\,
strength alloy
the fatigue
of
For and
01. cro\z
welds
AIMgS
on
Iawl
thichne\\
Cut
8-
thermally
and
endurance
mechanically
numerical
in a local
6 alloy
for
limit\
u!t
data.
tube\
The
for
of butt
weld\
for
:ioining
9 ICI
given
trusacd
structure\
sldr,
I ( IO96 /
and
tohc\
M ith
that
of AIMgS for
\trcue\
wing
The of
fatigue
alummium cros
r\cltl\
hy ‘TICi welding.
hox~type
of local
c~rcuhu
weld\
are .SGN CLI~VC’L for
and
distribution
square and 90
\qu:w
is compared
welds,
tranmis\lve
rnhc\.
01 ~\cld\
illustrated
K-t)pe
htrel tube
alloys.
data
xc
and
of
the circular
weld\
wrngtli
.S~-N dugram\
and
vamw
tubes. fillet
The
plate
of 6061-T
an
convcn
out
\hcct
increased
publications
conwnable
[Wohlerbersuche
58-69
cubes.
tru\\cd
zttxuurc\
I\ analq/ctl
ill
weld
ref.
fatigue
showed
tc\t\
the
on
for corrosion
t NaCI)aquccu
wlution of
number studied
hands
tc\ts
Crack
fatigue
slip
I-ewlting
cxplnm
of austenitic
ge\ted
to
fatigue
of awtenitic
SS, which
decrcnse
re\istancc
111 0 5 M
(SEMI
stainless
the
NaCl
than
solutwn
;LII after
high
crack
spcc ~mcn
\tl-cc\w\ \almc
to
cau\c
wlution
with
A mcch~~n~w~
coalescence
\trcs?,
lclcl
bchaviour
fw
Graph\.
fol
ua\
rug
corroGon
and gcncrnlly
at pH = 4 2
a
fatl~ue
of prepol~~hrd
maxlmunl pa\si\e
in
\hxl chloride
corrowx
the 511~ band\. and
\ia~nlc\\
wd~um
of
of the acidic
formation m
lower
wfficientlq
along
exhibited
0.5 M
mechanisms
lnteractlon
pit
S3 IhOO) in
one-third
at
corroswn
(UNS
failure
micrwcopy
hand!, from
the
wa\
conducted
pitting
316 for
initiation
electron were
caused
initiation
lebcl
at pH = 4.2
cycle\.
of intensive
slip
type
we\\
scanning
Fatigue
formation the
by
annealed
m;1ximum
Gmilnr
graphs,
prediction toe
and
fatigue
re\iat-
good
photomicro-
8 ref.
The analysis of failure causes for the cast stainless steel hipjoint in viva. Xi<,, J.. Wu, Y. wd Z/III, R
toes
fatigue
were toes,
using
fatigue
method
for
surface
surface
of a ust
wcrc
fracturr
was
corroGon
fatigue
crack
which
\tainle\s
studied
by
fatigue imtiated
of co-effect
of
\tcel
SEM
to the
hending
crack
due
corroded and
t’ractwed
It
from
corrosion
hip Joint
method. place
btre\\.
was
fractured
11, VIIO
concluded
and that
it\ the
\tre\\.
The
corro\ioil
propagated
and
t~ucwed
Photomicrograph\.
1 rcl
the The
and
Intezrable
k-solutions
Alternative
\tres
for common
fatigue crack prowth
soecimens.
its
a fracture
life
decreased
fracture
normal
hecauw
of
duections.
geometry
to
propertie\
weld
photomicrographs,
that
Bead-on-plate
modelled
welds,
direction,
defined
and
from were
process
as a means
longitudinal
straight
transversal
toe.
developed.
steel. and
growing
standard
considering
and
was
weld
weld
Composition
low
geometric
automatic
cracks
(DART)
method.
jointa
agree-
5 ref.
to the
in the transverse
Compared loaded
interaction
SAEIOIO
behaviour defined
of
irregularity
this
bending
propagation
mechanics
of
of
technique
using
thoce point
relationship up to
and
arc rotating
fabricated
metal
tested
development
degree
development
the double
welds
to the
a controlled
steel
in opposite
getting
show
dcxrlbr\
aluminium
The In
load
of
means
3S-J3.
corrouon
detailing
A technique to produce automatic welds with enhanced fatigue crack propagation lives under transverse loading. Chqwtti. M.D. md Otq+, J.L. I,?trnlotionol Joun~ni of Pwv.\wr Vcwrl., md P,pirrg ( 1997) 70. I 7% IX I introduces
clwr
claw
Fatigue design data and concepts of aluminium structures. XVII. 7bkrut~hi, K. Kc4 Kirrohu Yrwtw ~Jo~o?~rdo/ Light Meto/ WtMwr,q ~rml (‘omtr~rr tuv!
crack
function\. bridges,
concept
achieved
3 in
i\ given.
re\i\tancc
for
connections.
durability
Eurocode
agreement\
requirements
section
fatigue,
and
properties
toughness
hollow,
Eurocode\
state
3, material
fracture,
unatiffened
limit
regard
alternative
weldings,
welded
uerc
related
of
riveting
weldings.
jomt\
Cwrosion
of the
n,lrh
\how
butt-welded
loading.
;I \aluablc
llfc
spcci-
5
on the rules
brittle
resistance, execution
8-l
u ith
Self-piercing fatigue
been
wrfacr\.
discussed
contents
connections. and
emphasi\
topics
reliability,
39,
on
Imestigatiom
Crack initiation mechanisms steel. Qinrr. Y.R. rir~/ (‘&o~uI. .J.R. C,Ir-n,.~iofr ( 1997) 53. 12% I35
ohtamed specimen\
tempered
Laser
portion\
rules for the design of steel structures.
on the development
plo\ide\
fatigue
inverse
be
comparison
IO mm.
for
of heat
distribution.
unified European
3:
knowledge
weldings
butt
(SS)
Sd~lC~4. G.
law
the
a procedure
spectrum
the ,joining
r&ability.
produced
of AIMg3
microstructure can
heam
delayed compared
adequate
for
in
under
delayed
having
uniform
tests with
realiw
and effective
u diaphragm ol
shown
cause
toughness,
fatigue
after
have
a workpiece
temperature,
beat
specimens
controllable
of
Such
experiments
and
process.
welded
The
with
conaumed
the dynamics
depth
tempering
workpiece
period
reproducibly
influencing Al.ter
the
place
quenching
cylindrical
may
hardne\\
takes
of
incubation
AISI-4140
after ‘inverse
lower
delayed
distribution.
Bending
hardness
six
the using
of
of
phenomenon
to increase
distribution
normal
heat
the
cross-section.
with
rate,
tempering
giving
have
to
practice.
to suitable
the whole
cross-section
hardnes\
potential
marten&e,
steel,
concentration
technology,
distribution
This
related
cross-section
expression it shows
core.
same
inwrse
quenching
tempered
through
the
distribution
Experiments
of high
bars
the
is
rate.
of
(PAG)
and
hardnes?
cooling
round
in the
the It
cooling
quenching
of
of
of
on
introduced
hardness
condition.
changing
polymer
have
hardness
hardenability
quenching
discontinuous
distribution
Tamum
to normal
and
on:
on
of hardness and
fatigue
Paris‘
7 ref.
electroforming, to
Inverse hardness distribution and its influence on mechanical properties. Lkic. B.. Grubi.+ V. crud Torte& G.E. Cmfrrem: Secmrd Inrrmntionol Cotffbrerw or, Quenchiq ~/MI t/w Corrtwl of Di.\tortim, Cleveland. OH, USA (4-7 Nov. 1996) quenching,
practice.
Wohler fatigue tests on laser beam Laserstrahl-Scweissverbindungen.]. Drrhl, W. crnd Reinhold, P. Bkh Rohr-e Ptwfilr ( I996 143. 37 I-374
resistance,
ductility,
include
castings, steel?
corrosion
strength.
calculate
are decoratiw
and
include
tensile
topics
materials.
alloys.
Mechanical
Other
anode
copper
methods
discussed.
nickel
powrful
carbon
ri\eung the
rivetmg
are revlewd.
high
and
of
of
to
non-con&tam
Hexibility
intensifie\
282-287
plating
steels,
plating.
are discussed,
internal
fatigue
carbon
278-280,
high
of nickel
alloys.
low
nickel
plating
embrittlement,
properties
ateel,
engineering
nickel
applications
arc aluminium
stainless
and
of engineering yield
mentioned
nickel,
plating
and various
272, 275-276,
rewlts
loading
posihle
Self-piercing riveting-flexible sheet joining technology [Stanznieten mit Halbhohlniet.]. Voelkrwr. W.. Ho/w 0. md Liehrwlrt, t B/w/, Rob,-r Pro/i/c, ( 1996) 43. 634-636 by
95, 267-270.
is
theory
under
Self-piercing
( 1997)
eqwalcnt It
IS 5 at
and
values.
Nickel plating. DiBnri. G.A. Metal Fini.yhirq
the
between
surface
for
remaining
at
on
method.
at 606
X-ray
worked
analysis
based
agreement
irradiation
annealing
the
analysis
The
of
on cold
Sm
engineering
treatment
width
after
those
for
measurements,
tensile
heat
value
tube
to
the
after
half
than
equation
specimens. ultimate
that
and
at SOO-700°C
hardneaa
on those
cladding
were
treated tests,
temperature
15 s. Fatigue
recovery
was
room
heat
Tensile made
approximately
these
These
hardenmg
dry-out.
at
to
less than
recovered relieved
X-ray
were
term
hardness
recovered
600°C.
manufacture,
short
tests and
343°C
and
in their
simulate
Asbstracts
improved - 10%
welds
parameters,
in
with is
16 ref
fatigue the
crack
X-solutions
crack
growth
Graphs.
intenuty
propagation
factor
developed rate
numerical
wlution\
\pccimens. herein
powder data.
law
are developed
Unlike allow
whde
the X-solution\
direct retaining
integration the
\ame
for
w\er:~l
prc\cntly of
the
degree
common employed,
Par!\ of
fatigue
accuracy
I I ref.
A study on fatigue life in butt-welded joints containing surface crack under non-constant spectrum loading. Zhno, J. cmd Hucm,q, W. Internntionol Jownol of Pressurr Vcr\el.\ md Piping ( 1997) 70. 1 I I- 120
Fatigue crack growth threshold and fatigue crack growth behaviour 316LN, alloy 800 and T9I. Temo~ F. nnd Rntwrt. G. Cor2ferm P: Eurnnxrt 96, Bournemouth, UK (2 I-23 Oct. 19961
This paper discuses several methoda of calculating the fatigue life under nonconstant spectrum loading. It reaches the conclusions that a ‘cycle by cycle’
different
The
ohjectibr
of thi\
structural
paper
material\
is to determine wed
or
fatigue
ewisaged
for
crack nuclear
growth
behaviour
application\.
of
of Two
final
process
600 s to fatigue hardening
in
700°C
for
to
analyses
were
of
zirconium
hardnes\
80% life
unirradiated rates
alloys.
An
proposed
by
and
of
faster
using
predict
regression
strength
on
ment
with
the
crack
analysis
Q23SB.
4 rel..
strejs
fraction
tensile
of
strength
The
principles,
The
basic
metals
lead
alloys,
rinc.
The
nickel
methods
two
main
hydrogen
types
of
strength
and
is
methods
for
quality
and
plating
nickel
life.
stress,
The
iron
ohviow
which
effect
discussed
of plating
covered
controlling
the
properties
of
bath
nickel
Graphs,
other
pH
and
properties elongation.
on the mechanical
nickel
deposits
Studying
the
pattern
Shimizu
hardening’.
Opposite
at the
surface
dependent and
Laser
ensure
tionally
plating
2 rel..
higher
before
change
50 mm
the
diameter,
made
solutions
yield
quenching
(CDQ@)
extraction,
has a great
to conventional
shown
a higniticant
inverse
hardnes\
mens
having
and
to the
steel This
intentionally the
increase
impact
of
the
hardening,
fatigue
life
quenching,
that
Eurocode
( 1997)
Wrlding 1,s the Wo/kl A
short
overview
particular The
with
main
design weld
welded
by
than
has
to avoid
specimen\ with
edges
are
of Eurocode
treatment
of
rules,
execution
of
to materials
and
welding
design.
and
standards.
Graph\,
concerning
steel
by
of
fillet
wmi-rlgld
structural
34(8).
article
order
to contribute
enhance awe,
the were
base
were
by three
fatigue
with model.
the
111%
when
longitudinal
direction.
controlled
toe
irregularity,
presented,
and
results
of
an
of with
in the A
carbon
cracks
parameter?,
fatigue
are discussed.
improve
life Graphs,
Weld the
to
the
with
containing
Material\:
I6MnR
and
with high reliability.
and
a1umiwum
\hcct
metal\
for
optimizing
the
proce\~
limit\
and
conlidencc
scm-cobular
to spot
a Ggnificant
higher
rivet\
weldmg of
of
the
reprwxts
Thi\
increase
grade\
the
tests
S355N
of. consumable
without
limit\
fatigue
,joining
from
weldings.
endurance
Wohler
\tccl
known
:I
I\ especially
joint‘\
strength.
and
edges wire,
preview
compnmhle cawed
S3SSJZG.i.
of
which
reach
wire\.
than wxc
le\s
were
on
Graph\,
strength alloy
the fatigue
of
For and
01. cro\z
welds
AIMgS
on
Iawl
thichne\\
Cut
8-
thermally
and
endurance
mechanically
numerical
in a local
6 alloy
for
limit\
u!t
data.
tube\
The
for
of butt
weld\
for
:ioining
9 ICI
given
trusacd
structure\
sldr,
I ( IO96 /
and
tohc\
M ith
that
of AIMgS for
\trcue\
wing
The of
fatigue
alummium cros
r\cltl\
hy ‘TICi welding.
hox~type
of local
c~rcuhu
weld\
are .SGN CLI~VC’L for
and
distribution
square and 90
\qu:w
is compared
welds,
tranmis\lve
rnhc\.
01 ~\cld\
illustrated
K-t)pe
htrel tube
alloys.
data
xc
and
of
the circular
weld\
wrngtli
.S~-N dugram\
and
vamw
tubes. fillet
The
plate
of 6061-T
an
convcn
out
\hcct
increased
publications
conwnable
[Wohlerbersuche
58-69
cubes.
tru\\cd
zttxuurc\
I\ analq/ctl
ill
weld
ref.
fatigue
showed
tc\t\
the
on
for corrosion
t NaCI)aquccu
wlution of
number studied
hands
tc\ts
Crack
fatigue
slip
I-ewlting
cxplnm
of austenitic
ge\ted
to
fatigue
of awtenitic
SS, which
decrcnse
re\istancc
111 0 5 M
(SEMI
stainless
the
NaCl
than
solutwn
;LII after
high
crack
spcc ~mcn
\tl-cc\w\ \almc
to
cau\c
wlution
with
A mcch~~n~w~
coalescence
\trcs?,
lclcl
bchaviour
fw
Graph\.
fol
ua\
rug
corroGon
and gcncrnlly
at pH = 4 2
a
fatl~ue
of prepol~~hrd
maxlmunl pa\si\e
in
\hxl chloride
corrowx
the 511~ band\. and
\ia~nlc\\
wd~um
of
of the acidic
formation m
lower
wfficientlq
along
exhibited
0.5 M
mechanisms
lnteractlon
pit
S3 IhOO) in
one-third
at
corroswn
(UNS
failure
micrwcopy
hand!, from
the
wa\
conducted
pitting
316 for
initiation
electron were
caused
initiation
lebcl
at pH = 4.2
cycle\.
of intensive
slip
type
we\\
scanning
Fatigue
formation the
by
annealed
m;1ximum
Gmilnr
graphs,
prediction toe
and
fatigue
re\iat-
good
photomicro-
8 ref.
The analysis of failure causes for the cast stainless steel hipjoint in viva. Xi<,, J.. Wu, Y. wd Z/III, R
toes
fatigue
were toes,
using
fatigue
method
for
surface
surface
of a ust
wcrc
fracturr
was
corroGon
fatigue
crack
which
\tainle\s
studied
by
fatigue imtiated
of co-effect
of
\tcel
SEM
to the
hending
crack
due
corroded and
t’ractwed
It
from
corrosion
hip Joint
method. place
btre\\.
was
fractured
11, VIIO
concluded
and that
it\ the
\tre\\.
The
corro\ioil
propagated
and
t~ucwed
Photomicrograph\.
1 rcl
the The
and
Intezrable
k-solutions
Alternative
\tres
for common
fatigue crack prowth
soecimens.
its
a fracture
life
decreased
fracture
normal
hecauw
of
duections.
geometry
to
propertie\
weld
photomicrographs,
that
Bead-on-plate
modelled
welds,
direction,
defined
and
from were
process
as a means
longitudinal
straight
transversal
toe.
developed.
steel. and
growing
standard
considering
and
was
weld
weld
Composition
low
geometric
automatic
cracks
(DART)
method.
jointa
agree-
5 ref.
to the
in the transverse
Compared loaded
interaction
SAEIOIO
behaviour defined
of
irregularity
this
bending
propagation
mechanics
of
of
technique
using
thoce point
relationship up to
and
arc rotating
fabricated
metal
tested
development
degree
development
the double
welds
to the
a controlled
steel
in opposite
getting
show
dcxrlbr\
aluminium
The In
load
of
means
3S-J3.
corrouon
detailing
A technique to produce automatic welds with enhanced fatigue crack propagation lives under transverse loading. Chqwtti. M.D. md Otq+, J.L. I,?trnlotionol Joun~ni of Pwv.\wr Vcwrl., md P,pirrg ( 1997) 70. I 7% IX I introduces
clwr
claw
Fatigue design data and concepts of aluminium structures. XVII. 7bkrut~hi, K. Kc4 Kirrohu Yrwtw ~Jo~o?~rdo/ Light Meto/ WtMwr,q ~rml (‘omtr~rr tuv!
crack
function\. bridges,
concept
achieved
3 in
i\ given.
re\i\tancc
for
connections.
durability
Eurocode
agreement\
requirements
section
fatigue,
and
properties
toughness
hollow,
Eurocode\
state
3, material
fracture,
unatiffened
limit
regard
alternative
weldings,
welded
uerc
related
of
riveting
weldings.
jomt\
Cwrosion
of the
n,lrh
\how
butt-welded
loading.
;I \aluablc
llfc
spcci-
5
on the rules
brittle
resistance, execution
8-l
u ith
Self-piercing fatigue
been
wrfacr\.
discussed
contents
connections. and
emphasi\
topics
reliability,
39,
on
Imestigatiom
Crack initiation mechanisms steel. Qinrr. Y.R. rir~/ (‘&o~uI. .J.R. C,Ir-n,.~iofr ( 1997) 53. 12% I35
ohtamed specimen\
tempered
Laser
portion\
rules for the design of steel structures.
on the development
plo\ide\
fatigue
inverse
be
comparison
IO mm.
for
of heat
distribution.
unified European
3:
knowledge
weldings
butt
(SS)
Sd~lC~4. G.
law
the
a procedure
spectrum
the ,joining
r&ability.
produced
of AIMg3
microstructure can
heam
delayed compared
adequate
for
in
under
delayed
having
uniform
tests with
realiw
and effective
u diaphragm ol
shown
cause
toughness,
fatigue
after
have
a workpiece
temperature,
beat
specimens
controllable
of
Such
experiments
and
process.
welded
The
with
conaumed
the dynamics
depth
tempering
workpiece
period
reproducibly
influencing Al.ter
the
place
quenching
cylindrical
may
hardne\\
takes
of
incubation
AISI-4140
after ‘inverse
lower
delayed
distribution.
Bending
hardness
six
the using
of
of
phenomenon
to increase
distribution
normal
heat
the
cross-section.
with
rate,
tempering
giving
have
to
practice.
to suitable
the whole
cross-section
hardnes\
potential
marten&e,
steel,
concentration
technology,
distribution
This
related
cross-section
expression it shows
core.
same
inwrse
quenching
tempered
through
the
distribution
Experiments
of high
bars
the
is
rate.
of
(PAG)
and
hardnes?
cooling
round
in the
the It
cooling
quenching
of
of
of
on
introduced
hardness
condition.
changing
polymer
have
hardness
hardenability
quenching
discontinuous
distribution
Tamum
to normal
and
on:
on
of hardness and
fatigue
Paris‘
7 ref.
electroforming, to
Inverse hardness distribution and its influence on mechanical properties. Lkic. B.. Grubi.+ V. crud Torte& G.E. Cmfrrem: Secmrd Inrrmntionol Cotffbrerw or, Quenchiq ~/MI t/w Corrtwl of Di.\tortim, Cleveland. OH, USA (4-7 Nov. 1996) quenching,
practice.
Wohler fatigue tests on laser beam Laserstrahl-Scweissverbindungen.]. Drrhl, W. crnd Reinhold, P. Bkh Rohr-e Ptwfilr ( I996 143. 37 I-374
resistance,
ductility,
include
castings, steel?
corrosion
strength.
calculate
are decoratiw
and
include
tensile
topics
materials.
alloys.
Mechanical
Other
anode
copper
methods
discussed.
nickel
powrful
carbon
ri\eung the
rivetmg
are revlewd.
high
and
of
of
to
non-con&tam
Hexibility
intensifie\
282-287
plating
steels,
plating.
are discussed,
internal
fatigue
carbon
278-280,
high
of nickel
alloys.
low
nickel
plating
embrittlement,
properties
ateel,
engineering
nickel
applications
arc aluminium
stainless
and
of engineering yield
mentioned
nickel,
plating
and various
272, 275-276,
rewlts
loading
posihle
Self-piercing riveting-flexible sheet joining technology [Stanznieten mit Halbhohlniet.]. Voelkrwr. W.. Ho/w 0. md Liehrwlrt, t B/w/, Rob,-r Pro/i/c, ( 1996) 43. 634-636 by
95, 267-270.
is
theory
under
Self-piercing
( 1997)
eqwalcnt It
IS 5 at
and
values.
Nickel plating. DiBnri. G.A. Metal Fini.yhirq
the
between
surface
for
remaining
at
on
method.
at 606
X-ray
worked
analysis
based
agreement
irradiation
annealing
the
analysis
The
of
on cold
Sm
engineering
treatment
width
after
those
for
measurements,
tensile
heat
value
tube
to
the
after
half
than
equation
specimens. ultimate
that
and
at SOO-700°C
hardneaa
on those
cladding
were
treated tests,
temperature
15 s. Fatigue
recovery
was
room
heat
Tensile made
approximately
these
These
hardenmg
dry-out.
at
to
less than
recovered relieved
X-ray
were
term
hardness
recovered
600°C.
manufacture,
short
tests and
343°C
and
in their
simulate
Asbstracts
improved - 10%
welds
parameters,
in
with is
16 ref
fatigue the
crack
X-solutions
crack
growth
Graphs.
intenuty
propagation
factor
developed rate
numerical
wlution\
\pccimens. herein
powder data.
law
are developed
Unlike allow
whde
the X-solution\
direct retaining
integration the
\ame
for
w\er:~l
prc\cntly of
the
degree
common employed,
Par!\ of
fatigue
accuracy
I I ref.
A study on fatigue life in butt-welded joints containing surface crack under non-constant spectrum loading. Zhno, J. cmd Hucm,q, W. Internntionol Jownol of Pressurr Vcr\el.\ md Piping ( 1997) 70. 1 I I- 120
Fatigue crack growth threshold and fatigue crack growth behaviour 316LN, alloy 800 and T9I. Temo~ F. nnd Rntwrt. G. Cor2ferm P: Eurnnxrt 96, Bournemouth, UK (2 I-23 Oct. 19961
This paper discuses several methoda of calculating the fatigue life under nonconstant spectrum loading. It reaches the conclusions that a ‘cycle by cycle’
different
The
ohjectibr
of thi\
structural
paper
material\
is to determine wed
or
fatigue
ewisaged
for
crack nuclear
growth
behaviour
application\.
of
of Two