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Investigating and Improving the Cold Flow Properties of Waste Cooking Biodiesel Using Winterization and Blending
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 23051–23056
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICAER-2015
Investigating and Improving the Cold Flow Properties of Waste Cooking Biodiesel Using Winterization and Blending Mukesh Kumara,* , M.P. Sharmaa a
Biofuel Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
Abstract Waste cooking oil (WCO) can be used as a potential feedstocks for biodiesel production owing to its availability and cheap price. The main obstacle of using waste cooking biodiesel (WCB) as a fuel in engine is its cold flow properties (CFP) such as cloud point (CP) and pour point (PP). The CFP of biodiesel results in gum formation which is further leads to solidification of fuel, fuel line and filter which ultimately resulted in starting problem of engine. The CFP can be improved by adding cold flow improvers, blending and winterization. The present study investigates and improves the CFP of WCB using blending, and winterization. The result of the present study shows that CP and PP are improved from 14.1 to 8.6 °C and 10.3 to 2.1 °C respectively by using three steps winterization. The result also concluded that drastic improvement in CFP of WCB by 20% ethanol blending. It is found that ethanol as cold flow improver plays major role in enhancement of CFP of WCB as it improve both by 8 °C. The result of investigation recommends the use of WCBE20 blend of WCB with ethanol for engine operation under cold climatic condition without any fuel quality problem. Out of various methods for improving cold flow properties addition of cold flow improver is best method to achieve the desired values of cold flow properties for biodiesel. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Committee Members of International Conference on Advances in Energy Research 2015 (ICAER-2015). Keywords: Waste cooking biodiesel; Cloud point; Pour point; winterization; ethanol
*Corresponding author: E-mail [email protected] 2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Committee Members of International Conference on Advances in Energy Research 2015 (ICAER-2015).
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Kumar and Sharma/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 23051–23056
1. Introduction The demand of diesel is increases exponentially as it used for transportation, power generation and agricultural, industrial sector and associated environmental emissions, the search for renewable biofuels, like bioethanol and biodiesel has become inevitable in these days [1, 2]. Biodiesel, a mixture of mono-alkyl esters produced from edible, non-edible oils or animal fats can be produced by transesterification processes [3]. Due to inherent problems of low oil productivities requiring huge land area for growing the edible and non-edible oil resources, the microalgae has attracted the attention of researchers all over the world as future source of biodiesel. Its disadvantages are that it requires less land area, less maturity time and its ability to grow in highly saline water, waste water from domestic/commercial/agricultural sectors [4]. The main lynch problem associated with the use of biodiesel as engine fuel is its poor cold weather properties, which lead to crystallization of biofuel at low temperatures. When such fuel is used for engine operation, it can clog the filters or even become so viscous causing its pumping difficult from the fuel tank to the engine and the engine starts facing the fuel starvation and operational problems [6-7]. It is reported that the presence of saturated fatty acids in biodiesel helps to lower crystallization temperature causing the deterioration in the cold flow properties (CFP) of biodiesel. Literature reports that very little work on assessing/predicting the CFP of different oils on the basis of fatty acid compositions and recommending most suitable oils for biodiesel production from fuel quality point of view [8]. The main hinder with the use of biodiesel as fuel is its poor cold weather characteristics causing crystallization of biofuel at low temperatures that led to the clogging of filters or cause fuel pumping difficult due to viscosity during engine operation, thereby, creating [9] fuel starvation and operational problems [10]. This is due to the presence of saturated fatty acids in biodiesel and reduces the crystallization temperature resulting in the deterioration of its CFP [11]. To overcome and improve these problems, Dwivedi et al. [9] suggested methods like blending of biodiesel with diesel, use of cold flow improvers and winterization. Veríssimo et al. [12] improved low temperature properties of vegetable oil using ethanol as a cold flow improver. Usta et al. [13] improved the CFP of tobacco seed biodiesel from 7º to 2 ºC by using Ethylene Vinyl acetate copolymer. Joshi et al. [14] reported the reduction of CP and PP from 5º to 1 °C and 4º to 1 ºC respectively using Ethyl Levulinate. Pérez et al. [15] further improved the CFP of peanut biodiesel from 8º to -17 ºC using winterization. This literature reveals that considerable work is available on improving the CFP of biodiesel experimentally but very little work is available on improving of CFP properties of WCB. The present paper attempts to investigating and improving the CFP of WCB using winterization and blending with ethanol. 2. Cold flow properties (CFP) CFP of diesel and other fuels consists of: cloud point (CP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and pour point (PP) and is briefly discussed below: 2.1. Cloud Point (CP) CP is the temperature, at which crystallization begins and first small solid crystal becomes visible when the fuel is cooled continuously [17]. It is the temperature, at which liquid fuel becomes cloudy due to the formation of crystals and solidifications of saturates. With continuous lowering of temperature, more and more solids are produced [18]. 2.2. Pour Point (PP) PP is the temperature at which the fuel becomes solid and no longer flow freely. Hence, it is a measure of the fuel gelling point. The PP is always lower than CP [17, 19]. 2.3. Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) It is the lowest temperature, at which a given volume of liquid fuel still passes through a standardized filtration device in a specified time when cooled under certain conditions [19].
Kumar and Sharma/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 23051–23056
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3. Experimental Investigation 3.1. Material WCO was procured from hostel messes of IIT Roorkee campus. All the chemicals like KOH, methanol, H2SO4, anhydrous Na2SO4, etc. used were of analytical grade (A.R.) and 99% pure. WCO was filtered to remove all insoluble impurities followed by heating at 100 °C for 10 min to remove all the moisture. 3.2. Conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using Transesterification Owing to low FFA content (as shown in Table 1) base catalyst (KOH) is used from transesterify WCO into WCB. A mixture of methanol (5% v/v) and KOH (1% w/w of oil) was prepared and heated at 50°C then this hot mixture was further mixed with WCO and stirred at 50°C for 2 hours. After that the mixture was allowed to settle down in separating funnel for overnight. Two layers were formed, the upper layer contained biodiesel while the lower glycerin. The biodiesel was separated from glycerin by gravity separately. A biodiesel yield of 97.05% was obtained was neutralized by H2SO4 and excess methanol was removed by vacuum distillation. The resulting biodiesel was washed thrice with hot water to remove excess impurities and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Table 1. Fuel properties of WCO and its methyl ester.
S. No.
Properties
Unit
WCO
WCB
1
Density
Kg/m3
930
882
2
Kinematic viscosity @ 40 °C
cSt
46
4.2
3
Flash point
°C
235
168
4
FFA
%
0.9
0.7
5
Gross calorific value
MJ/kg
31.5
30.5
3.3. Fuel properties The biodiesel samples were tested for physicochemical properties as per ASTM D-6751 and Indian IS 15607 specification and the properties are given in Table 1, which shows that although the WCB meets most of the specifications but according to Indian Climate, cannot be used in winter season. 4. Experimental Investigation of Cold Flow Property of Waste Cooking Biodiesel The CP and PP were measured as per the American standards ASTM D-6751 test methods ASTM D2500, D97 respectively. The biodiesel sample in a definite volume was cooled in a glass tube and inspected at definite intervals of 1°C until a cloud appeared. The temperature at which first cloud or haze appeared was recorded as CP and when sample was no longer flow is recorded as PP. All data was taken in triplicate and the mean of all is used. Subsequent analysis showed no statistically significant difference among the measurements. For winterization the sample was weighted and cooled to 0.2 ºC below its PP. The lower layer of biodiesel was solidified. The solid and liquid fractions were separated by using filter paper and pump. The weight of liquid and solid fractions were calibrated and
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the liquid portion was subjected to further test for calculating CP and PP as per ASTM D-6751. The CP and PP of liquid show the improvement. This process was repeated thrice to achieve three stage winterization of WCB. 5. Winterization Winterization process was employed earlier to improve the quality of oils and fats, especially vegetable oils, not to become cloudy at low temperatures. It is a physical process of cooling a liquid fuel to undergo crystallization followed by fractionalization of fuel to remove its high melting components [9]. Extending this approach to biodiesel has been found to significantly reduce the CP and PP of the biodiesel. Biodiesel is cooled to 0.2°C below its CP and PP and any crystals formed are separated and reported. This process is repeated thrice until the crystals are no longer formed when the sample is held at that temperature for more than three hours. The solids formed are usually the crystals of the high melting point saturated fatty esters and the resultant liquid biodiesel is made to contain lower percentage of saturated fatty acids. The process of winterization results in the loss of biodiesel yield from 5.4% to 15 % at each stage as shown in Table 2. Table 2. Biodiesel yield, CP, PP of WCB after winterization.
S. No.
Blend
%Solid Mass (g)
%liquid Mass (g)
%Yield
CP (°C)
PP (°C)
1
WCB-100
0
50
100
14.1
10.3
2
WCB-100 (1st)
2.7
47.3
94.6
11.6
7.6
3
WCB-100 (2nd)
2.5
44.8
89.6
10.1
5.8
4
WCB-100 (3rd)
2.3
42.5
85
8.6
2.1
Fig. 1 shows the variation of CP and PP with %yield loss during the 3 step winterization process. The R2=0.98 and 0.97 is obtained for CP and PP respectively which shows that the experiment results are hold good and significant for waste cooking biodiesel. Table 2 shows the improvement in CP and PP of WCB by 5.5 °C and 8.2 °C respectively but the biodiesel yield reduction of 15% reduction in three step winterization. During winterization at every step there is loss of saturated fatty acids which have an adverse effect on the cetane number of the biodiesel because of these saturated fatty acid, biodiesel have better ignition qualities and higher cetane numbers [9]. Moreover, the various steps required achieving a significant reduction in cloud point and the low yield translates into a higher production cost which impedes the widespread use of this particular method. 5.1. Blending of Waste Cooking Biodiesel with Ethanol Waste cooking biodiesel (WCB) and ethanol were blended in weight percent 100:00 (WCB), 98:02, 95:05, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20 (Ethanol). Fig. 2 shows that high CP and PP of WCB was lowered after blending with the ethanol having low CP and PP. It is due low CP and PP value of ethanol. The result of experiment shows the improvement in cloud point and pour point of waste cooking biodiesel blended with ethanol. The results show that as the biodiesel concentration percentage decreases the value of CP and
Kumar and Sharma/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 23051–23056
23055
PP is improved from 14.1 °C to 6.8 °C and 10.3 °C to 3.2 °C respectively. It shows that fuel WCBE20 can be recommended for cold climatic condition.
16
CP ((°C)
14 12 CP & PP (°C)
PP (°C)
y = -0.3611x + 13.881 R² = 0.9893
10 8 6 4
y = -0.5257x + 10.498 R² = 0.9747
2 0 0
2
4
6
8 10 Yield loss (%)
12
14
16
Fig. 1. Variation of CP and PP with % yield loss.
16 14 12 CP (°C)
CP & PP (°C)
10 8 6 4 2 0 B100
B100+E2
B100+E5 B100+E10 Blends of WCB with ethanol
B100+E15
Fig. 2. Effect of ethanol blending with WCB on CP and PP.
B100+E20
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6. Conclusion The experimental investigation shows that the cloud point and pour point of WCB is 14.1 °C and pour point is 10.3 °C. The investigation includes the three step winterization of WCB. The effect of ethanol as blending agent for WCB is also investigated. The result of winterization shows the improvement in CP and PP of WCB by 8.6 °C and 2.1 °C respectively but the biodiesel yield reduction of 12.6 % reduction in three steps while the ethanol remarkably improved the CP and PP of WCB. The CP and PP of WCB is improved from 14.1 °C to 6.8 °C and 10.3 °C to 3.2 °C respectively by blending with ethanol. Blending of biodiesel is simple but effective method to improve the low temperature flow properties, of biodiesel. The result shows that WCBE20 fuel can be recommended for cold climatic condition. Acknowledgement One of the authors (MK) greatly acknowledges the financial support from Ministry of human resources and development, Govt. of India in the form of research scholarship. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
K. Bozbas, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 12 (2008) 542–552. M. Kumar, M.P.Sharma, J. Integr. Sci. Technol. 2 (2014) 72-75. M. Kumar, M.P. Sharma MP, IJAER 8 (2013) 1825-1832. Y. Chisti, Biotech. Adv. 25 (2007) 294–306. X. Miao,Q.Wu, Biores. Tech. 97 (2006) 841–846. A.B. Chhetri, M.S. Tango, S.M. Budge, K.C. Watts, M.R. Islam, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9 (2008)169-80. M. Kumar, M.P. Sharma, G. Dwivedi, IJRER 3 (2013) 913-921. M. Kumar, M.P. Sharma, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 44 (2015) 814-823. G. Dwivedi, M.P. Sharma, Waste. Biomass Valor. 6 (2015) 73–79. M. Kumar, M.P. Sharma, J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 3 (2014)757-766. S.P. Singh, D. Singh, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 14 (2010) 200-216. M. Veríssimo, M. Teresa, Fuel 90 (2011) 2315–2320. N. Usta, B. Aydogan, Energ. Convers. Manag. 52 (2011) 2031–2039. H. Joshi, B.R. Moser, J. Toler, Biomas. Bioenerg. 35 (2011) 3262-3266. A. Perez, A. Casas, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 7375–7381.
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 23051–23056
www.materialstoday.com/proceedings
ICAER-2015
Investigating and Improving the Cold Flow Properties of Waste Cooking Biodiesel Using Winterization and Blending Mukesh Kumara,* , M.P. Sharmaa a
Biofuel Research Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
Abstract Waste cooking oil (WCO) can be used as a potential feedstocks for biodiesel production owing to its availability and cheap price. The main obstacle of using waste cooking biodiesel (WCB) as a fuel in engine is its cold flow properties (CFP) such as cloud point (CP) and pour point (PP). The CFP of biodiesel results in gum formation which is further leads to solidification of fuel, fuel line and filter which ultimately resulted in starting problem of engine. The CFP can be improved by adding cold flow improvers, blending and winterization. The present study investigates and improves the CFP of WCB using blending, and winterization. The result of the present study shows that CP and PP are improved from 14.1 to 8.6 °C and 10.3 to 2.1 °C respectively by using three steps winterization. The result also concluded that drastic improvement in CFP of WCB by 20% ethanol blending. It is found that ethanol as cold flow improver plays major role in enhancement of CFP of WCB as it improve both by 8 °C. The result of investigation recommends the use of WCBE20 blend of WCB with ethanol for engine operation under cold climatic condition without any fuel quality problem. Out of various methods for improving cold flow properties addition of cold flow improver is best method to achieve the desired values of cold flow properties for biodiesel. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Committee Members of International Conference on Advances in Energy Research 2015 (ICAER-2015). Keywords: Waste cooking biodiesel; Cloud point; Pour point; winterization; ethanol
*Corresponding author: E-mail [email protected] 2214-7853 © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Committee Members of International Conference on Advances in Energy Research 2015 (ICAER-2015).
23052
Kumar and Sharma/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 23051–23056
1. Introduction The demand of diesel is increases exponentially as it used for transportation, power generation and agricultural, industrial sector and associated environmental emissions, the search for renewable biofuels, like bioethanol and biodiesel has become inevitable in these days [1, 2]. Biodiesel, a mixture of mono-alkyl esters produced from edible, non-edible oils or animal fats can be produced by transesterification processes [3]. Due to inherent problems of low oil productivities requiring huge land area for growing the edible and non-edible oil resources, the microalgae has attracted the attention of researchers all over the world as future source of biodiesel. Its disadvantages are that it requires less land area, less maturity time and its ability to grow in highly saline water, waste water from domestic/commercial/agricultural sectors [4]. The main lynch problem associated with the use of biodiesel as engine fuel is its poor cold weather properties, which lead to crystallization of biofuel at low temperatures. When such fuel is used for engine operation, it can clog the filters or even become so viscous causing its pumping difficult from the fuel tank to the engine and the engine starts facing the fuel starvation and operational problems [6-7]. It is reported that the presence of saturated fatty acids in biodiesel helps to lower crystallization temperature causing the deterioration in the cold flow properties (CFP) of biodiesel. Literature reports that very little work on assessing/predicting the CFP of different oils on the basis of fatty acid compositions and recommending most suitable oils for biodiesel production from fuel quality point of view [8]. The main hinder with the use of biodiesel as fuel is its poor cold weather characteristics causing crystallization of biofuel at low temperatures that led to the clogging of filters or cause fuel pumping difficult due to viscosity during engine operation, thereby, creating [9] fuel starvation and operational problems [10]. This is due to the presence of saturated fatty acids in biodiesel and reduces the crystallization temperature resulting in the deterioration of its CFP [11]. To overcome and improve these problems, Dwivedi et al. [9] suggested methods like blending of biodiesel with diesel, use of cold flow improvers and winterization. Veríssimo et al. [12] improved low temperature properties of vegetable oil using ethanol as a cold flow improver. Usta et al. [13] improved the CFP of tobacco seed biodiesel from 7º to 2 ºC by using Ethylene Vinyl acetate copolymer. Joshi et al. [14] reported the reduction of CP and PP from 5º to 1 °C and 4º to 1 ºC respectively using Ethyl Levulinate. Pérez et al. [15] further improved the CFP of peanut biodiesel from 8º to -17 ºC using winterization. This literature reveals that considerable work is available on improving the CFP of biodiesel experimentally but very little work is available on improving of CFP properties of WCB. The present paper attempts to investigating and improving the CFP of WCB using winterization and blending with ethanol. 2. Cold flow properties (CFP) CFP of diesel and other fuels consists of: cloud point (CP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and pour point (PP) and is briefly discussed below: 2.1. Cloud Point (CP) CP is the temperature, at which crystallization begins and first small solid crystal becomes visible when the fuel is cooled continuously [17]. It is the temperature, at which liquid fuel becomes cloudy due to the formation of crystals and solidifications of saturates. With continuous lowering of temperature, more and more solids are produced [18]. 2.2. Pour Point (PP) PP is the temperature at which the fuel becomes solid and no longer flow freely. Hence, it is a measure of the fuel gelling point. The PP is always lower than CP [17, 19]. 2.3. Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) It is the lowest temperature, at which a given volume of liquid fuel still passes through a standardized filtration device in a specified time when cooled under certain conditions [19].
Kumar and Sharma/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 23051–23056
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3. Experimental Investigation 3.1. Material WCO was procured from hostel messes of IIT Roorkee campus. All the chemicals like KOH, methanol, H2SO4, anhydrous Na2SO4, etc. used were of analytical grade (A.R.) and 99% pure. WCO was filtered to remove all insoluble impurities followed by heating at 100 °C for 10 min to remove all the moisture. 3.2. Conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using Transesterification Owing to low FFA content (as shown in Table 1) base catalyst (KOH) is used from transesterify WCO into WCB. A mixture of methanol (5% v/v) and KOH (1% w/w of oil) was prepared and heated at 50°C then this hot mixture was further mixed with WCO and stirred at 50°C for 2 hours. After that the mixture was allowed to settle down in separating funnel for overnight. Two layers were formed, the upper layer contained biodiesel while the lower glycerin. The biodiesel was separated from glycerin by gravity separately. A biodiesel yield of 97.05% was obtained was neutralized by H2SO4 and excess methanol was removed by vacuum distillation. The resulting biodiesel was washed thrice with hot water to remove excess impurities and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4. Table 1. Fuel properties of WCO and its methyl ester.
S. No.
Properties
Unit
WCO
WCB
1
Density
Kg/m3
930
882
2
Kinematic viscosity @ 40 °C
cSt
46
4.2
3
Flash point
°C
235
168
4
FFA
%
0.9
0.7
5
Gross calorific value
MJ/kg
31.5
30.5
3.3. Fuel properties The biodiesel samples were tested for physicochemical properties as per ASTM D-6751 and Indian IS 15607 specification and the properties are given in Table 1, which shows that although the WCB meets most of the specifications but according to Indian Climate, cannot be used in winter season. 4. Experimental Investigation of Cold Flow Property of Waste Cooking Biodiesel The CP and PP were measured as per the American standards ASTM D-6751 test methods ASTM D2500, D97 respectively. The biodiesel sample in a definite volume was cooled in a glass tube and inspected at definite intervals of 1°C until a cloud appeared. The temperature at which first cloud or haze appeared was recorded as CP and when sample was no longer flow is recorded as PP. All data was taken in triplicate and the mean of all is used. Subsequent analysis showed no statistically significant difference among the measurements. For winterization the sample was weighted and cooled to 0.2 ºC below its PP. The lower layer of biodiesel was solidified. The solid and liquid fractions were separated by using filter paper and pump. The weight of liquid and solid fractions were calibrated and
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Kumar and Sharma/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 23051–23056
the liquid portion was subjected to further test for calculating CP and PP as per ASTM D-6751. The CP and PP of liquid show the improvement. This process was repeated thrice to achieve three stage winterization of WCB. 5. Winterization Winterization process was employed earlier to improve the quality of oils and fats, especially vegetable oils, not to become cloudy at low temperatures. It is a physical process of cooling a liquid fuel to undergo crystallization followed by fractionalization of fuel to remove its high melting components [9]. Extending this approach to biodiesel has been found to significantly reduce the CP and PP of the biodiesel. Biodiesel is cooled to 0.2°C below its CP and PP and any crystals formed are separated and reported. This process is repeated thrice until the crystals are no longer formed when the sample is held at that temperature for more than three hours. The solids formed are usually the crystals of the high melting point saturated fatty esters and the resultant liquid biodiesel is made to contain lower percentage of saturated fatty acids. The process of winterization results in the loss of biodiesel yield from 5.4% to 15 % at each stage as shown in Table 2. Table 2. Biodiesel yield, CP, PP of WCB after winterization.
S. No.
Blend
%Solid Mass (g)
%liquid Mass (g)
%Yield
CP (°C)
PP (°C)
1
WCB-100
0
50
100
14.1
10.3
2
WCB-100 (1st)
2.7
47.3
94.6
11.6
7.6
3
WCB-100 (2nd)
2.5
44.8
89.6
10.1
5.8
4
WCB-100 (3rd)
2.3
42.5
85
8.6
2.1
Fig. 1 shows the variation of CP and PP with %yield loss during the 3 step winterization process. The R2=0.98 and 0.97 is obtained for CP and PP respectively which shows that the experiment results are hold good and significant for waste cooking biodiesel. Table 2 shows the improvement in CP and PP of WCB by 5.5 °C and 8.2 °C respectively but the biodiesel yield reduction of 15% reduction in three step winterization. During winterization at every step there is loss of saturated fatty acids which have an adverse effect on the cetane number of the biodiesel because of these saturated fatty acid, biodiesel have better ignition qualities and higher cetane numbers [9]. Moreover, the various steps required achieving a significant reduction in cloud point and the low yield translates into a higher production cost which impedes the widespread use of this particular method. 5.1. Blending of Waste Cooking Biodiesel with Ethanol Waste cooking biodiesel (WCB) and ethanol were blended in weight percent 100:00 (WCB), 98:02, 95:05, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20 (Ethanol). Fig. 2 shows that high CP and PP of WCB was lowered after blending with the ethanol having low CP and PP. It is due low CP and PP value of ethanol. The result of experiment shows the improvement in cloud point and pour point of waste cooking biodiesel blended with ethanol. The results show that as the biodiesel concentration percentage decreases the value of CP and
Kumar and Sharma/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 23051–23056
23055
PP is improved from 14.1 °C to 6.8 °C and 10.3 °C to 3.2 °C respectively. It shows that fuel WCBE20 can be recommended for cold climatic condition.
16
CP ((°C)
14 12 CP & PP (°C)
PP (°C)
y = -0.3611x + 13.881 R² = 0.9893
10 8 6 4
y = -0.5257x + 10.498 R² = 0.9747
2 0 0
2
4
6
8 10 Yield loss (%)
12
14
16
Fig. 1. Variation of CP and PP with % yield loss.
16 14 12 CP (°C)
CP & PP (°C)
10 8 6 4 2 0 B100
B100+E2
B100+E5 B100+E10 Blends of WCB with ethanol
B100+E15
Fig. 2. Effect of ethanol blending with WCB on CP and PP.
B100+E20
23056
Kumar and Sharma/ Materials Today: Proceedings 5 (2018) 23051–23056
6. Conclusion The experimental investigation shows that the cloud point and pour point of WCB is 14.1 °C and pour point is 10.3 °C. The investigation includes the three step winterization of WCB. The effect of ethanol as blending agent for WCB is also investigated. The result of winterization shows the improvement in CP and PP of WCB by 8.6 °C and 2.1 °C respectively but the biodiesel yield reduction of 12.6 % reduction in three steps while the ethanol remarkably improved the CP and PP of WCB. The CP and PP of WCB is improved from 14.1 °C to 6.8 °C and 10.3 °C to 3.2 °C respectively by blending with ethanol. Blending of biodiesel is simple but effective method to improve the low temperature flow properties, of biodiesel. The result shows that WCBE20 fuel can be recommended for cold climatic condition. Acknowledgement One of the authors (MK) greatly acknowledges the financial support from Ministry of human resources and development, Govt. of India in the form of research scholarship. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
K. Bozbas, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 12 (2008) 542–552. M. Kumar, M.P.Sharma, J. Integr. Sci. Technol. 2 (2014) 72-75. M. Kumar, M.P. Sharma MP, IJAER 8 (2013) 1825-1832. Y. Chisti, Biotech. Adv. 25 (2007) 294–306. X. Miao,Q.Wu, Biores. Tech. 97 (2006) 841–846. A.B. Chhetri, M.S. Tango, S.M. Budge, K.C. Watts, M.R. Islam, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 9 (2008)169-80. M. Kumar, M.P. Sharma, G. Dwivedi, IJRER 3 (2013) 913-921. M. Kumar, M.P. Sharma, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 44 (2015) 814-823. G. Dwivedi, M.P. Sharma, Waste. Biomass Valor. 6 (2015) 73–79. M. Kumar, M.P. Sharma, J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 3 (2014)757-766. S.P. Singh, D. Singh, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 14 (2010) 200-216. M. Veríssimo, M. Teresa, Fuel 90 (2011) 2315–2320. N. Usta, B. Aydogan, Energ. Convers. Manag. 52 (2011) 2031–2039. H. Joshi, B.R. Moser, J. Toler, Biomas. Bioenerg. 35 (2011) 3262-3266. A. Perez, A. Casas, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 7375–7381.