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Investigation of Alternanthera repens and Bidens odorata on gastrointestinal disease
Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 577 – 580 www.elsevier.com/locate/fitote
Short report
Investigation of Alternanthera repens and Bidens odorata on gastrointestinal disease Adela Astudillo-Vázquez a,⁎, Hortencia Dávalos Valle a , Leyvert De Jesús a , Guadalupe Herrera a , Andrés Navarrete b a
Departamento de Biofísica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Casco de Santo Tomás 11340, México D. F., México b Facultad de Química, Conjunto E, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D. F., México Received 15 December 2007 Available online 10 July 2008
Abstract Alternanthera repens and Bidens odorata are used as medication for gastrointestinal diseases today, mainly in relation to diarrhea; therefore, pharmacological tests with aqueous and ethanol extracts of both species were carried out in mice. Using charcoal meal, the activity of the four extracts on intestinal motility was determined, finding that they inhibit the advance of the gastrointestinal content. Also, the lethal media doses were estimated in order to examine the plants’ safety. The data confirmed the validity of the medicinal use for both plant species, contributing to explain the use of these plants as antidiarrheal agents in Mexican traditional medicine. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Alternanthera repens; Bidens odorata; Antidiarrheal
1. Plants Alternanthera repens Kuntze (Amaranthaceae) (“Tianguis”) and Bidens odorata Cav. (Asteraceae) (“Acahualillo”), aerial parts collected from urban environments in México City, between July and September 1998 and 2002, were identified by the Biologist Alfredo Patiño Siciliano (Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium ENCB, N. 1471 (A. repens) and 980 (B. odorata). 2. Uses in traditional medicine A. repens and B. odorata are used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders [1]. A. repens has been used since prehispanic times to treat a number of illnesses like typhus (“matlazahuatl” from Nahuatl language) and as diaphoretic, diuretic, astringent agent [2]. ⁎ Corresponding author. Apartado Postal 32-114, Administración 32, Ponciano Arriaga No. 11. Col. Tabacalera, México, D. F. CP06030, México. Tel./fax: +52 55 57 29 60 00/62306. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Astudillo-Vázquez). 0367-326X/$ - see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2008.07.001
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A. Astudillo-Vázquez et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 577–580
Table 1 Lethal media dose of total extracts from A. repens and B. odorata in mice Extract g/kg bw, i.p.
A. repens B. odorata
Aqueous
Ethanol
3.4782 3.1843
4.0639 1.6689
N = 10.
3. Previously isolated constituents A. repens: triterpene saponins [3]. 4. Tested material Aqueous extracts from A. repens (12.2%) and from B. odorata (15.18%). EtOH extracts from A. repens (9.6%) and from B. odorata (11.5%). 5. Animals Swiss mice (20–25 g), NIH, female, maintained under standard conditions and fed with standard diet and water ad libitum were used in all experiments. The animals were treated in compliance with the National and International recommendations [4–6].
Fig. 1. Effect of aqueous extracts (1–300 mg/kg) from A. repens (■) and B. odorata ( with respect to the control group. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM. (N = 10).
) on intestinal motility in mice. Atropine 1 mg/kg. ⁎P b 0.05
A. Astudillo-Vázquez et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 577–580
Fig. 2. Effect of ethanol extracts (1–300 mg/kg) from A. repens (■) and B. odorata ( with respect to the control group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. (N = 10).
579
) on intestinal motility in mice. Atropine 1 mg/kg. ⁎P b 0.05
6. Studied activity Dried and powdered aerial parts of each plant were Soxhlet extracted with distilled water and ethanol. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analyses were realized [7,8]. The lethal media dose (LD50) was determined for each extract in mice, intraperitoneally [9,10]. Doses between 0.25 to 8 g/kg of each extract were administered. Mortality was monitored during 24 h [11] and survivors over seven days period. The LD50 were determined using the probits method [12]. Effect on gastrointestinal motility was tested using charcoal meal method [8]. Mice received the extracts intragastrically (1–300 mg/kg) [13]. Control group received atropine (1 mg/kg). 7. Results A.repens and B. odorata contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins and reducing sugars. B. odorata also showed flavonoids. The LD50 values figured in Table 1. Extracts showed a descrease in the advance of gastrointestinal content (Figs. 1 and 2). Antimotility activity from A.repens in mice agrees with a previous work performed in rat with methanol extract from this species [14]. 8. Conclusion Based on the LD50, the plant extracts can be regarded as slightly toxic. Pharmacological test showed that both A. repens and B. odorata contain metabolites with antidiarrheal activity. Data contribute to explain the popular use of these species as antidiarrheal drug in the Mexican tradicional medicine. Acknowledgements Thanks to QFI Gabriela Calderón and Mrs. Norma González for their technical assistance. Astudillo-Vázquez thanks for the COFAA-IPN grant. Sponsors: Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico, UNAM (Grant: 203902) and the Secretaría de Investigacion y Posgrado SIP-IPN (20082387).
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A. Astudillo-Vázquez et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 577–580
References [1] Argueta A. (Coordinador). Atlas de las plantas de la medicina tradicional mexicana. Instituto Nacional Indigenista. Vol.1,3, México:INI, 1994.p. 41, 1334–35. [2] Hernández F. Historia de las plantas de Nueva España. México: Imprenta Universitaria; 1946. p. 720. [3] Sanoko R, Speranza G, Pizza C, De Tommasi N. Phytochemistry 1999;51:1043–7. [4] Olfert ED, Cross BM, McWilliam AA, editors. Guide to the care and use of experimental animals, vol.1. Ontario, Canada: Canadian Council on Animal Care; 1993. 211pp. [5] Secretaría de Salud. Norma Oficial Mexicana. Especificaciones técnicas para la producción, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio (NOM-062-ZOO-1999). México: Diario Oficial de la Federación, 1999. [6] Lomeli C, editor. Guia para el cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources Council, Commission on Life Sciences, National research Council. México: Academia Nacional de Medicina; 2002. p. 25–55. [7] Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods. A guide to Modern techniques of plants analysis. Chapman and Hall; 1984. pp. 38, 39, 176, 177. [8] Williamson EM, Okpako DT, Evans FJ. Selection, preparation and pharmacological evaluation of plant material. Pharmacological methods in Phytotherapy Research. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp.15–23,28. [9] Akah PA, Aguwa CN, Agu RU. Phytother Res 1999;13:292–5. [10] Hosseinzadeh H, Ramezani M, Namjo N. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;84:275–8. [11] Abdullahi AL, Agho MO, Amos S, Gamaniel KS. Phytother Res 2001;15:431–4. [12] Tallarida RJ. The dose–response relation in pharmacology. New York: Spriger-Verlag; 2000. p. 107–9. [13] Astudillo A, Hong E, Bye R, Navarrete A. Phytother Res 2004;18:102–6. [14] Zavala MA, Perez S, Perez C, Vargas R, Perez RM. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;61:41–7.
Short report
Investigation of Alternanthera repens and Bidens odorata on gastrointestinal disease Adela Astudillo-Vázquez a,⁎, Hortencia Dávalos Valle a , Leyvert De Jesús a , Guadalupe Herrera a , Andrés Navarrete b a
Departamento de Biofísica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Casco de Santo Tomás 11340, México D. F., México b Facultad de Química, Conjunto E, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510, México D. F., México Received 15 December 2007 Available online 10 July 2008
Abstract Alternanthera repens and Bidens odorata are used as medication for gastrointestinal diseases today, mainly in relation to diarrhea; therefore, pharmacological tests with aqueous and ethanol extracts of both species were carried out in mice. Using charcoal meal, the activity of the four extracts on intestinal motility was determined, finding that they inhibit the advance of the gastrointestinal content. Also, the lethal media doses were estimated in order to examine the plants’ safety. The data confirmed the validity of the medicinal use for both plant species, contributing to explain the use of these plants as antidiarrheal agents in Mexican traditional medicine. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Alternanthera repens; Bidens odorata; Antidiarrheal
1. Plants Alternanthera repens Kuntze (Amaranthaceae) (“Tianguis”) and Bidens odorata Cav. (Asteraceae) (“Acahualillo”), aerial parts collected from urban environments in México City, between July and September 1998 and 2002, were identified by the Biologist Alfredo Patiño Siciliano (Departamento de Botánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium ENCB, N. 1471 (A. repens) and 980 (B. odorata). 2. Uses in traditional medicine A. repens and B. odorata are used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders [1]. A. repens has been used since prehispanic times to treat a number of illnesses like typhus (“matlazahuatl” from Nahuatl language) and as diaphoretic, diuretic, astringent agent [2]. ⁎ Corresponding author. Apartado Postal 32-114, Administración 32, Ponciano Arriaga No. 11. Col. Tabacalera, México, D. F. CP06030, México. Tel./fax: +52 55 57 29 60 00/62306. E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Astudillo-Vázquez). 0367-326X/$ - see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2008.07.001
578
A. Astudillo-Vázquez et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 577–580
Table 1 Lethal media dose of total extracts from A. repens and B. odorata in mice Extract g/kg bw, i.p.
A. repens B. odorata
Aqueous
Ethanol
3.4782 3.1843
4.0639 1.6689
N = 10.
3. Previously isolated constituents A. repens: triterpene saponins [3]. 4. Tested material Aqueous extracts from A. repens (12.2%) and from B. odorata (15.18%). EtOH extracts from A. repens (9.6%) and from B. odorata (11.5%). 5. Animals Swiss mice (20–25 g), NIH, female, maintained under standard conditions and fed with standard diet and water ad libitum were used in all experiments. The animals were treated in compliance with the National and International recommendations [4–6].
Fig. 1. Effect of aqueous extracts (1–300 mg/kg) from A. repens (■) and B. odorata ( with respect to the control group. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM. (N = 10).
) on intestinal motility in mice. Atropine 1 mg/kg. ⁎P b 0.05
A. Astudillo-Vázquez et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 577–580
Fig. 2. Effect of ethanol extracts (1–300 mg/kg) from A. repens (■) and B. odorata ( with respect to the control group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. (N = 10).
579
) on intestinal motility in mice. Atropine 1 mg/kg. ⁎P b 0.05
6. Studied activity Dried and powdered aerial parts of each plant were Soxhlet extracted with distilled water and ethanol. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analyses were realized [7,8]. The lethal media dose (LD50) was determined for each extract in mice, intraperitoneally [9,10]. Doses between 0.25 to 8 g/kg of each extract were administered. Mortality was monitored during 24 h [11] and survivors over seven days period. The LD50 were determined using the probits method [12]. Effect on gastrointestinal motility was tested using charcoal meal method [8]. Mice received the extracts intragastrically (1–300 mg/kg) [13]. Control group received atropine (1 mg/kg). 7. Results A.repens and B. odorata contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins and reducing sugars. B. odorata also showed flavonoids. The LD50 values figured in Table 1. Extracts showed a descrease in the advance of gastrointestinal content (Figs. 1 and 2). Antimotility activity from A.repens in mice agrees with a previous work performed in rat with methanol extract from this species [14]. 8. Conclusion Based on the LD50, the plant extracts can be regarded as slightly toxic. Pharmacological test showed that both A. repens and B. odorata contain metabolites with antidiarrheal activity. Data contribute to explain the popular use of these species as antidiarrheal drug in the Mexican tradicional medicine. Acknowledgements Thanks to QFI Gabriela Calderón and Mrs. Norma González for their technical assistance. Astudillo-Vázquez thanks for the COFAA-IPN grant. Sponsors: Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico, UNAM (Grant: 203902) and the Secretaría de Investigacion y Posgrado SIP-IPN (20082387).
580
A. Astudillo-Vázquez et al. / Fitoterapia 79 (2008) 577–580
References [1] Argueta A. (Coordinador). Atlas de las plantas de la medicina tradicional mexicana. Instituto Nacional Indigenista. Vol.1,3, México:INI, 1994.p. 41, 1334–35. [2] Hernández F. Historia de las plantas de Nueva España. México: Imprenta Universitaria; 1946. p. 720. [3] Sanoko R, Speranza G, Pizza C, De Tommasi N. Phytochemistry 1999;51:1043–7. [4] Olfert ED, Cross BM, McWilliam AA, editors. Guide to the care and use of experimental animals, vol.1. Ontario, Canada: Canadian Council on Animal Care; 1993. 211pp. [5] Secretaría de Salud. Norma Oficial Mexicana. Especificaciones técnicas para la producción, cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio (NOM-062-ZOO-1999). México: Diario Oficial de la Federación, 1999. [6] Lomeli C, editor. Guia para el cuidado y uso de los animales de laboratorio. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources Council, Commission on Life Sciences, National research Council. México: Academia Nacional de Medicina; 2002. p. 25–55. [7] Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods. A guide to Modern techniques of plants analysis. Chapman and Hall; 1984. pp. 38, 39, 176, 177. [8] Williamson EM, Okpako DT, Evans FJ. Selection, preparation and pharmacological evaluation of plant material. Pharmacological methods in Phytotherapy Research. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1996. pp.15–23,28. [9] Akah PA, Aguwa CN, Agu RU. Phytother Res 1999;13:292–5. [10] Hosseinzadeh H, Ramezani M, Namjo N. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;84:275–8. [11] Abdullahi AL, Agho MO, Amos S, Gamaniel KS. Phytother Res 2001;15:431–4. [12] Tallarida RJ. The dose–response relation in pharmacology. New York: Spriger-Verlag; 2000. p. 107–9. [13] Astudillo A, Hong E, Bye R, Navarrete A. Phytother Res 2004;18:102–6. [14] Zavala MA, Perez S, Perez C, Vargas R, Perez RM. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;61:41–7.