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Investigation of lubricating oils in two-stroke gasoline engines. I (in Russian)
or a compo~nd~~d oil. l‘ht of external friction was derivctl from various equations based on for\vard slip and roll force. Although the numerical value of y depended on the computing rnctll\verc conclusions qualitatiwly qnitc od. unambiguous. \\‘hile p was largely indc>pcndcnt of pass reduction in the. rolling of htwl, it incrcasctl rapidl)- \\ith rc~ll pressure xvhen rolling .\I and .\I Mn alloy. The incrcasc XIiLS less when a compounded oil was employed and was rattle]- limited with strong allovs, especialI\. .\I j",, Mg alloy. This behavior is attributed to difl’crenccs in the tendency of the rolled materials to weld to steel. ‘l’hc case with which .\I can be pressure welded is assumcd to lcad to the formation of welded joints at thv asperities of contacting surfaces, only partly prew!nted by boundary adclitiws, anti I-(xsulting in a marked rise of fri&on. Thcs coefficient of friction was typically 0.034 0.045 for mild steel and varied from 0.01 to 0.3 for .\I allow. :\ wry slight change from 3.~1 to 1.8 46 in. c.1.a. in the surface roughness of the rolls had a noticeablr cffcct in reducing friction. straight
mineral
mc’ancocfficicnt
Contribution to the Determination of the Lubrication Conditions in Internal Combustion Engines (in German). J. Holland. I./)l-~~~.~~k/ric~~l~i’jt, 475 (l()j<)) 3’ PP. ,\nalytical and experimental results are given and compared for performance characteristics of engine bearings. \$‘ide use is made of the results obtained by a select group of earlier workers in this field Investigation of Lubricating Oils in TwoStroke Gasoline Engines. I (in Russian), IA. Vajta. ilcta Chim. Arad. Scf. Hung., Z.+(I) (1960) 19-30. The general problems connected with the lubrication of the two-stroke gasoline engines are prcsentcd. Studies were made of the effect of lubricating oils on the resistance of gasolines to compression.
The Heat of Adsorption of a Boundary Lubricant. E. P. Kingsbury. ASLE ?‘YUIZS.,~ (I) (1960) 30-33; 6 figs., 1 table, 4 refs. l’or the case of physical bonding, the heat of adsorption of a boundary lubricant on a bearing surface has been shown to determine frictional behaviour. The theory is here extended to include the effects of temperature and velocity on wear, and corresponding experimental results are presehtcd. The mathematical form of these dependcnties is discussed and a characteristic tern-
perature defined and calculated. .\h a 1.csnl1, a class of wry high temperature boundary lubricants is suggested and somc~ turthc,rexperimental wsLllts snmmarizctl The Behavior of Lubricating Oils in Inert Gas Atmospheres. .\. T3ccrbowcr and I). I;. Grwne. /ISLE PU~PI So. 60fX-6, (Oct. 1960) 1 10; 3 figs., 8 tablci_;, L7 rcfs. The interactions of five gases (helium. hydragcn, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide) with mineral and synthetic lubricating oils were studietl. The interactions examined included gas solubility, foaming, entrainment. evaporation of oil into gas, stability of oil in presence of gas. and effect of dissolved gas on oil viscosity. Several of the gases showed Ixhavior (appreciably different from that of air) that was not predicted by cc>nventional theories. So important differences were found lwtwecn mineral and synthetic (diester) oils in these respects. The additives used can have appreciable influence on the foaming and entrainment characteristics. and evaporation rates, of both types of oils. The Effect of Lubricant Viscosity and Composition on Engine Friction and Bearing Wear. E. H. Okrent. <‘ISLE Papvv .\:o. 60 I-C-S, (Oct. 1960) l--10; 9 figs., IL tables, 16 refs. Effect of lubricant composition on cn:ine friction and connecting-rod bearing war. Special attention has been given to polymerthickened (VI improved) oils since these oils are characterized bl- shear-dependent viscosity and a simultaneous occurrence of viscous and elastic properties. The variables inlrc+ tigated in this study included lubricant visco&y, polymer typo, and concentration. Two sets of engine studies wcrc conductctl, one to determine engine friction, the othrr to measure connecting-rod bearing wear, using irradiated bearings. l;or Scwtonian fluids, the engine friction and wear rc.iponsa can be predicted from classical lubrication theory, I c. (a) friction dccrcases wth increasing viscosity until a viscosity is reached where friction is a minimum; beyond this viscosit)-, further incrcasc;j in wscosity result in increased friction; (1,) bearing wear docreases with increasing viscosity, but as a stcl) and the transition not linearly, function, viscosity (of the step) corresponds to the x%xosity which gives a minimum engine friction. The addition of polymeric \‘I improvcrb (non-Newtonian fluids) to mineral oil base stocks reduces engine friction and lowers bearing wear ~- the amount of friction and Lvcar reduction depending on the polymer type and concentration. This paper demonstratcs that polymer-thickcncd oils actnail?
mineral
mc’ancocfficicnt
Contribution to the Determination of the Lubrication Conditions in Internal Combustion Engines (in German). J. Holland. I./)l-~~~.~~k/ric~~l~i’jt, 475 (l()j<)) 3’ PP. ,\nalytical and experimental results are given and compared for performance characteristics of engine bearings. \$‘ide use is made of the results obtained by a select group of earlier workers in this field Investigation of Lubricating Oils in TwoStroke Gasoline Engines. I (in Russian), IA. Vajta. ilcta Chim. Arad. Scf. Hung., Z.+(I) (1960) 19-30. The general problems connected with the lubrication of the two-stroke gasoline engines are prcsentcd. Studies were made of the effect of lubricating oils on the resistance of gasolines to compression.
The Heat of Adsorption of a Boundary Lubricant. E. P. Kingsbury. ASLE ?‘YUIZS.,~ (I) (1960) 30-33; 6 figs., 1 table, 4 refs. l’or the case of physical bonding, the heat of adsorption of a boundary lubricant on a bearing surface has been shown to determine frictional behaviour. The theory is here extended to include the effects of temperature and velocity on wear, and corresponding experimental results are presehtcd. The mathematical form of these dependcnties is discussed and a characteristic tern-
perature defined and calculated. .\h a 1.csnl1, a class of wry high temperature boundary lubricants is suggested and somc~ turthc,rexperimental wsLllts snmmarizctl The Behavior of Lubricating Oils in Inert Gas Atmospheres. .\. T3ccrbowcr and I). I;. Grwne. /ISLE PU~PI So. 60fX-6, (Oct. 1960) 1 10; 3 figs., 8 tablci_;, L7 rcfs. The interactions of five gases (helium. hydragcn, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide) with mineral and synthetic lubricating oils were studietl. The interactions examined included gas solubility, foaming, entrainment. evaporation of oil into gas, stability of oil in presence of gas. and effect of dissolved gas on oil viscosity. Several of the gases showed Ixhavior (appreciably different from that of air) that was not predicted by cc>nventional theories. So important differences were found lwtwecn mineral and synthetic (diester) oils in these respects. The additives used can have appreciable influence on the foaming and entrainment characteristics. and evaporation rates, of both types of oils. The Effect of Lubricant Viscosity and Composition on Engine Friction and Bearing Wear. E. H. Okrent. <‘ISLE Papvv .\:o. 60 I-C-S, (Oct. 1960) l--10; 9 figs., IL tables, 16 refs. Effect of lubricant composition on cn:ine friction and connecting-rod bearing war. Special attention has been given to polymerthickened (VI improved) oils since these oils are characterized bl- shear-dependent viscosity and a simultaneous occurrence of viscous and elastic properties. The variables inlrc+ tigated in this study included lubricant visco&y, polymer typo, and concentration. Two sets of engine studies wcrc conductctl, one to determine engine friction, the othrr to measure connecting-rod bearing wear, using irradiated bearings. l;or Scwtonian fluids, the engine friction and wear rc.iponsa can be predicted from classical lubrication theory, I c. (a) friction dccrcases wth increasing viscosity until a viscosity is reached where friction is a minimum; beyond this viscosit)-, further incrcasc;j in wscosity result in increased friction; (1,) bearing wear docreases with increasing viscosity, but as a stcl) and the transition not linearly, function, viscosity (of the step) corresponds to the x%xosity which gives a minimum engine friction. The addition of polymeric \‘I improvcrb (non-Newtonian fluids) to mineral oil base stocks reduces engine friction and lowers bearing wear ~- the amount of friction and Lvcar reduction depending on the polymer type and concentration. This paper demonstratcs that polymer-thickcncd oils actnail?