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Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings A. Devaraju a, P. Rajendran a, A. Elaya Perumal b, I. Saravanan a,⇑ a b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adhi College of Engineering and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India Engineering Design Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, CEG, Tamil Nadu, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 31 July 2019 Received in revised form 4 December 2019 Accepted 5 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: TiN AlTiN CAD Wear Friction
a b s t r a c t Nitride coatings are performed for wear resistant applications considering their improved hardness nature. The wear behavior of nitride coatings at elevated temperature over SS 316L steel surface have been studied. The variation in wear mechanism in terms of temperature difference have been analyzed for the identical testing conditions when slide against steel surface. Uniform and dense nitride coatings were attained through arc deposition. The surface studies and the worn surface analysis were demonstrated the incidental wear mechanism of the contact interfaces. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction Surface modification provides solutions for durability and efficiency of the materials working in severe sliding environment [1–4]. Normally, thin surface coatings are done to improve the wear resistance of different stainless steel [5–7]. However, multi layer thin coatings TiN AlTiN are providing the enhancement for the surface properties through Physical vapor deposition [8]. Nitride coatings provides the improvements in surface hardness, wear and corrosion resistance at the same time addition of aluminum forms ternary thin films with improved hardness particularly for cutting tool applications [9]. The multilayer coatings are often used as protective solution for long term durability and extended performance against friction and wear environments [10]. Nitride coatings have their own impact by their combine effect of bond strength to the substrate and enhanced resistance to wear, and corrosion. In particular, transition metal nitrides are taken in to account by their intrinsic surface properties and high melting point, chemical stability. Transition metal nitrides have been used as diffusion barriers in wear resistant and anticorrosion coatings [11]. The FCC structured monolithic AlTiN coating exhibits advanced performance by its high hardness, and
⇑ Corresponding author.
excellent thermal properties. The better thermal stability of AlTiN coatings under thermal load, provides enhanced hardness at high temperatures [12]. Stainless steel (SS) 316L has better corrosion resistance, due to the oxide film formation on its surface [13] and the Nickel releases due to friction would cause to be letdown the performance of SS 316L. An oxide film of chromium protects the surface against a wear environment of SS 316L [14]. Hence, it is significant to improve the wear resistance and to prevent the nickel release. Ti-based coatings have a weak oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures which limits their applications. Due to its high Al content, the AlTiN coating shows significantly improved oxidation resistance and hardness com-pared to other Ti-based coatings. This makes the AlTiN coating one of the most promising coatings. Tribological tests at high temperature also show that the test temperature plays a key role in determining wear rate and deformation mechanism [15]. Cathodic arc deposition (CAD) has been used for the deposition of Nitride coatings with improved adhesion and better orientation [16]. Cathodic Arc Deposition (CAD) had been recommended mainly for their extensive features like deposition rate, denser formation, homogeneity in coating and adhesion strength. Tribological study of transition metal nitride coatings have been described by the earlier work by I. Saravanan etal. From the observation of the previous study, the thermal influence on the wear studies has to be investigated to evaluate the impact of temperature in friction and wear applications.
E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Saravanan). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
2
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Materials and methods The SS 316L samples were prepared in dimensions of 35 mm in diameter and 5 mm in thickness. The samples were polished in alumina solution in velvet polishing disc after using various ranges of silicon carbide graded paper (grit400–1000). Cathodic arc deposition technique is used to perform the TiN/AlTiN multilayer coatings. The CAD strikes a high current, low voltage arc on the surface of the cathode (Ti) that gives rise to a small highly ener-
a)
getic emitting area known as a cathode spot. The localized temperature at the cathode spot is extremely high (around 600–700 °C), which results in a high velocity (104 m/s) jet of vaporized cathode material, leaving a crater behind on the cathode surface. Nitrogen (reactive gas) is introduced into the chamber during the deposition process. The ionization occurs during interaction with the ion flux, and deposits the compound TiN film over the surface. SS 304 balls are 6 mm in diameter, with the Ra about 0.05 mm were used as the counterparts of the TiN coated SS 316L disc for the wear studies.
b)
Wear study of TiN/AlTiN coated surfaceat 36o C @2N
c)
d)
Wear study ofTiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450o C temperature @2N
e)
f)
Wear study of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 36o C temperature @6N
g)
h)
Wear study of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450o C temperature @6N Fig. 1. Microstructure of TiN/AlTiN coated surface (a) @2N & (c) @ 6 N of 36 °C and (e)@2N& (f) @ 6 N of 450 °C, and b,d,f,h are the corresponding pin.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fig. 1 (c) & (g) shows the mild abrasive wear at room temperature for 6 N load which was experienced due to high pressure leads to non vibrated sliding motion. Fig. 1 (d) & (h) shows mild adhesive wear occurred due to 450 °C chamber temperature at contact zone. 3.2. Hardness Cathodic arc deposited AlTiN coated surface have the hardness of 1800 VHN whereas TiN has 1350 VHN (Fig. 2) which was due to the Aluminium oxide formation on the AlTiN surface and homogeneous dense coating deposited by cathodic arc deposition. 3.3. Surface profile studies
Fig. 2. Hardness of TiN and TiN-AlTiN surface.
The microstructure evaluation was carried out by Optical Microscope. The wear test was carried out using the Pin-on-disc wear tester as per the ASTM: G99 and DIN 50,324 standard with three trials of each experiment to ensure its repeatability. All the specimens were carefully cleaned by ethanol and dried before the wear test. The test was conducted at the laboratory temperature and ambient humidity under dry sliding conditions. Surface morphology examined by FESEM (ZEISS). 3. Results and discussion
The surface roughness of the TiN surface was influenced by macro droplets and pits, made by titanium particles detached during wear test [17]. The surface roughness depends on the substrate surface, deposition time, coating thickness, substrate temperature, and bias voltage. The minimum surface roughness results in better mechanical and adhesion properties of the material. Fig. 3 (a) shows the non uniform profile for 2 N applied load in wear track but for 6 N applied load a linear profile can be shown in Fig. 3 (b). At high temperature 450 °C the surface roughness is progressive and homogeneous when compared to 6 N applied load. The insignificant profile and variations in the roughness for the 6 N applied load due to thermal expansion and dissipation. Fig. 4 (a) shows the vertical deviations of the worn surface at 2 N load for 0.5 m/s the profile reaches up to 2500 nm and the average surface roughness is about 1200 nm whereas the 6 N load at 450° C the average surface roughness is 500 nm and the maximum deviation is 1000 nm. The results coincide with the wear test result analysis Figs. 5 and 6.
3.1. Surface studies 4. Wear test results The microstructural evaluation of the worn surface was carried out using triangular microscope for the magnification of 500X. It exhibits the wear track direction and the impression of the sliding direction for the loading conditions. Fig. 1 (a) and (e) shows the worn surface of disc and pin for 2 N applied load at room temperature which exhibits the mild wear on the TiN surface and abrasive wear on the Pin surface due to detached hard particles slides between disc and pin surfaces. Fig. 1 (b) and (f) exhibits the occurrence of mild adhesive wears for both disc and pin surface which was due to temperature influence on the contact surface at 450 °C chamber temperature.
a)
From the Fig. 5 (a) and (b) it was observed that the wear depth is 40 mm for 2 N applied load 5 (a) at room temperature at 0.5 m/s, and the COF is 0.7 whereas for 6 N applied load 5 (b) the wear depth is 350 mm and the corresponding COF is 0.21 for the pin chamber temperature of 1400° C. From the Fig. 6 (a) and (b) it was studied that the wear depth is 40 mm for 2 N applied load Fig. 6 (a) at 450 °C temperature at 0.5 m/s, and the COF is 0.4 whereas for 6 N applied load 6 (b) the wear depth is 55 mm and the corresponding COF is 0.3 for the pin chamber temperature of 450 °C.
b)
Fig. 3. Surface Profile of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 36 °C temperature (a) 2N and (b) 6N.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
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A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
5. Wear behavior 5.1. Worn surface analysis TiN/AlTiN multilayer coatings obtained with TiN interlayer on SS 316L through cathodic arc deposition. The tribological properties were tested in a ball-on-disc apparatus using steel as counterpart, for a linear velocity of 0.5 m/s, and a normal load of 2 and 6 N. Fig. 7 (a),(b)&(c) shows the worn surface morphology of 2 N applied load on TiN/AlTiN multilayer coatings for the sliding veloc-
a)
ity of 0.5 m/s. Normally, single and/or multiple wear mechanism will be exhibited [22] according to the friction factors [23]. The grooves were observed with delamination for the low load of 2 N, it was due to the lower hardness of the counterpart SS 304 pin and their detached particles reformed from hard Nitride layer. The particles from steel pin plow the coating initially and detached particle from TiN and Al2O3 made severe worn on the coated surface it can be proved by the EDS analysis in Fig. 7 (d). AlvarezVera et.al stated that the worn surface in TiN and AlTiN coating study, formation of abrasion grooves and delamination by fatigue
b)
Fig. 4. Surface Profile of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature (a) 2N and (b) 6N.
a)
b)
Fig. 5. Wear study of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 36 °C temperature (a) 2N and (b) 6N.
a)
b)
Fig. 6. Wear study of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at at 450 °C temperature (a) 2N and (b) 6N.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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b)
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Fig. 7. Worn Surface Morphology of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 36 °C temperature@2N.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Fig. 8. Worn Surface Morphology of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 36 °C temperature@6N.
are the dominant wear mechanisms observed in the hard facing surfaces of TiN. Moreover it was concluded that increases in wear resistance was attained by Al, which influences in the formation of AlTiN because this is incorporated into the FCC-TiN lattice to form a substitutional solid solution.
Eleonora.et.al stated that plowing wear mechanism on AlTiN surface is experienced in Titanium based coatings due to creation of debris by the formation of TiO2. Small abrasive particles detached from the coating leads tobrittle failure which makes third bodywear leads to plowing wear.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
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A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
b)
a)
c)
d)
Fig. 9. Worn Surface Morphology of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature@2N.
a)
b)
Fig. 10. Worn Surface Morphology of Steel Pin on TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature@2N.
Fig. 8 (a) (b) &(c) shows the adhesive wear on the TiN/TiAlN coated multilayer surface for the sliding velocity of 0.5 m/s at room temperature. The formation of adhesive wear mechanism initiated primarily by abrasive wear and for the applied load and the coating hardness which was due to the applied load 6 N provides increased frictional force during sliding motion and the softer material deposited over the surface due to produced pin chamber temperature of 1450° C. Liu Aihua et.al Confirms the wear mechanism of AlTiN coating is a combination of abrasive wear, oxidation, adhesive wear and brittle failure. At high sliding speed, high Al content in AlTiN coating increased the chemical reactivity, which aroused severe adhesive wear. In addition, oxides of aluminum can increase brittleness of the coating. Abrasive wear, oxidation, adhesive wear and brittle failure were the main wear mechanism of AlTiN. Xin Wang et al inferred that the tribo-film is substantially increased the friction on the AlTiN coating. Fig. 9. (a) (b) (c) shows the morphology of the worn surface for the loading condition of 2 N applied load, 0.5 m/s sliding velocity at 450 °C. The delamination and ploughing wear failures were found
on the TiN/AlTiN coated surface which was due to temperature impact of the chamber and pin chamber temperature. In the similar loading conditions for the room temperature environment the severe abrasive wear was produced. Here a mild abrasive wear with ploughed surface was due to detachment of particles from reformed microstructure of the coated surface by thermal effect. Adhesive wear probably was the key reason for the heavy wear of AlTiN coating [19]. Aluminum content in a coating directs to an increase of chemical reactivity. At the same time the strong interfacial bonds between sliding surfaces will be increased, in particular under high temperature which is raised due to high sliding speed. Oxidation and abrasive wear were the main wear mechanism of TiN coating. For TiAlN, the mechanism was a combination of abrasive wear, oxidation and microgrooves. The oxidation resistance increased by the addition of Al enabled ternary TiAlN to have the lowest wear rate [19]. In Fig. 10 (D) EDS analysis exhibits that the Al, Ti and oxide particles as major content in worn surface and other elements from pin surface transferred over the TiN/AlTiN multilayer surface.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
a)
7
b)
d)
c)
Fig. 11. Worn Surface Morphology of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature@6N.
b)
a)
Fig. 12. Worn Surface Morphology of Steel Pin on TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature@6N.
Fig. 10 (a) and (b) shows the slided surface of the steel pin at 450 °C on TiN/AlTiN multilayer surface have long grooves made up of sliding against hard abrasive coating material and oxide form of Ti an al particles. I. Saravanan et.al stated that the dense mixed oxide films of Al2O3 and TiO2 form on the AlTiN coating surface at high temperatures, hindering the diffusion of atoms in to the interior coating and improving the oxidation resistance of the AlTiN coating. As stated by kong Dejun the hard oxide particles scratches the steel surface lead to grooves formation [17]. Fig. 11 (a) (b) &(c) exhibits the worn Surface Morphology of TiN/ AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature for the applied load of 6 N which is mild adhesive wear by the homogeneous sliding and Al particles deposit over the coated surface from the coating. Contrary results can be found in this case that the oxide particle actsas lubricant over the surface which eliminates severe wear between contact surfaces. The AlTiN coating was completely oxidized to produce a large amount of Al2O3 and TiO2 oxides at 900 °C [14], which gathered on the worn zone and formed a lubricating film. When the wear temperature increased, the COFs of the AlTiN coating decreased
because the generation of TiO2 decreases the friction and because the average COF of the stable stage was0.40which is match with results obtained in this present work. Yang Deng et.al, inferred that Al2O3-coated exhibited good oxidation resistance at 550 °C [18]. Beake et.al, stated that the O atoms in the air were diffused to the AlTiN coating and the Al atom was diffused towards the AlTiN coating at high temperature during the wear test. The Al atoms combined with the O atoms to form a compact and high thermally stableAl2O3 at the high temperature. The lamination on the surface layer was high for Aluminium and low for Titanium, whereas the oxides in the inner layer were more for Titanium and low for Aluminium. Fig. 12 (d) demonstrated that the elemental information during wear test at 6 N for the temperature of 450 °C which exhibits the aluminum precipitation over the surface due to thermal effect [20,21]. Fig. 12 (a) and (b) shows the worn surface morphology of Steel Pin on TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature@6N, the sever abrasive wear leads to groove formation on steel surface and the particle adhesive with aluminium due to high chamber temperature of 450 °C [24,25].
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
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A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
6. Conclusion The surface hardness has been improved by TiN/AlTiN multilayer coating performed by arc deposition. The wear mechanism often incidents are spalling, ploughing and oxidation for TiN/AlTiN surface. The wear test and mechanism were studied for the temperature at 450 °C and thereby a minimal wear rate attained at 6 N applied load for 0.5 m/s at 450 °C. From the surface profile study the uniform surface roughness has been identified in 6 N applied load for 0.5 m/s at 450 °C. The effect of oxide layer and lubrication layer were found for all the testing conditions. CRediT authorship contribution statement A. Devaraju: Resources. P. Rajendran: Visualization. A. Elayaperumal: Supervision, Validation. I. Saravanan: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References [1] Vera et al., A study of the wear performance of TiN, CrN and WC/C coatings on different steel substrates, Wear 271 (2011) 2116–2124. [2] Hikmet Cicek et al., Wear behaviors of TiN/TiCN /DLC composite coatings in different environments, Ceram. Int. 44 (5) (2018) 4853–4858. [3] Zhen Yan et al., Friction and wear behavior of TiN films against ceramic and steel balls, Tribol. Int. 124 (2018) 61–69. [4] Guangming Zheng et al., Frictional and wear performance of TiAlN/TiN coated tool against high-strength steel, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018) 6878–6885. [5] Yazıcı et al., Structural, mechanical and tribological properties of Ti and TiN coatings on316L stainless steel, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018) 14195–14201. [6] Diego A. Colombo et al., Mechanical and tribological behavior of Ti/TiN and TiAl/TiAlN coated austempered ductile iron, Thin Solid Films 647 (2018) 19– 25.
[7] Elmkhah et al., A new approach to improve the surface properties of H13 steel for metal forming applications by applying the TiAlN multi-layer coatings, J. Manuf. Process 32 (2018) 873–877. [8] Alvarez-Vera et al., Wear resistance of TiN or AlTiN nanostructured Ni-based hard facing by PTA under pin on disc test, Wear 426–427 (2019) 1584–1593. [9] Liu Aihua et al., Friction and wear properties of TiN, TiAlN, AlTiN and CrAlN PVD nitride coatings, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater. 31 (2012) 82–88. [10] Aperador et al., Bilayer period effect on corrosion–erosion resistance for[TiN/ AlTiN]n multilayeredgrowthonAISI1045steel, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 71 (2010) 1754–1759. [11] Eleonora Santecchia et al., Wear resistance investigation of titanium nitridebased coatings, Ceram. Int. 41 (2015) 10349–10379. [12] Quan Zhang, Tribological properties, oxidation resistance and turning performance of AlTiN/AlCrSiN multilayer coatings by arc ion plating, Surf. Coat. Technol. 356 (2018) 1–10. [13] Artur R. Shugurov et al., Mechanical properties and tribological behavior of magnetron sputtered TiAlN/TiAl multilayer coatings, Surface Coat. Technol. 353 (2018) 254–262. [14] I. Saravanan et al., Wear behavior of c-irradiated Ti6Al4V alloy sliding on TiN deposited steel surface, Tribol. Int. 93 (2016) 451–463. [15] Xin Wang et al., Friction coefficient and sliding wear of AlTiN coating under various lubrication conditions, Wear 304 (2013) 67–76. [16] Bai-Jun Xiao et al., Microstructure, mechanical properties and cutting performance of AlTiN coatings prepared via arc ion plating using the arc splitting technique, Surf. Coat. Technol. 311 (2017) 98–103. [17] Kong Dejun et al., Friction-wear behaviors of cathodic arc ion plating AlTiN coatings at high temperatures, Tribol. Int. 88 (2015) 31–39. [18] Yang et al., Nanolayered CrAlTiN and multilayered CrAlTiN–AlTiN coatings for solid particle erosion protection, Tribol. Int. 83 (2015) 12–20. [19] I. Saravanan et al., Optimizing wear behavior of TiN coated SS 316L against Ti alloy using Response Surface Methodology, Mater. Des. 67 (2015) 469–482. [20] I. Saravanan et al., Optimization of wear parameters and their relative effects on TiN coated surface against Ti6Al4V alloy, Mater. Des. 92 (2016) 23–35. [21] Battiston et al., AlTiN based thin films for degradation protection of tetrahedritethermoelectric material, J. Alloy. Compd. 792 (2019) 953–959. [22] A. Devaraju, A Critical Review on Different Types of Wear of Materials, Int. J. Mech. Eng. Technol. 6 (11) (2015) 77–83. [23] A. Devaraju, A review on important factors affecting sliding friction, J. Surf. Sci. Technol. 32 (3–4) (2016) 71–76. [24] Yang Deng et al., Effects of tailored nitriding layers on comprehensive properties of duplex plasma-treated AlTiN coatings, Ceram. Int. 43 (2017) 8721–8729. [25] Beake et al., Elevated temperature repetitive micro-scratch testing of AlCrN, TiAlN and AlTiN PVD coatings, Int. J. Refract Metal Hard Mater. 69 (2017) 215– 226.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings A. Devaraju a, P. Rajendran a, A. Elaya Perumal b, I. Saravanan a,⇑ a b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adhi College of Engineering and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India Engineering Design Division, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, CEG, Tamil Nadu, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 31 July 2019 Received in revised form 4 December 2019 Accepted 5 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: TiN AlTiN CAD Wear Friction
a b s t r a c t Nitride coatings are performed for wear resistant applications considering their improved hardness nature. The wear behavior of nitride coatings at elevated temperature over SS 316L steel surface have been studied. The variation in wear mechanism in terms of temperature difference have been analyzed for the identical testing conditions when slide against steel surface. Uniform and dense nitride coatings were attained through arc deposition. The surface studies and the worn surface analysis were demonstrated the incidental wear mechanism of the contact interfaces. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
1. Introduction Surface modification provides solutions for durability and efficiency of the materials working in severe sliding environment [1–4]. Normally, thin surface coatings are done to improve the wear resistance of different stainless steel [5–7]. However, multi layer thin coatings TiN AlTiN are providing the enhancement for the surface properties through Physical vapor deposition [8]. Nitride coatings provides the improvements in surface hardness, wear and corrosion resistance at the same time addition of aluminum forms ternary thin films with improved hardness particularly for cutting tool applications [9]. The multilayer coatings are often used as protective solution for long term durability and extended performance against friction and wear environments [10]. Nitride coatings have their own impact by their combine effect of bond strength to the substrate and enhanced resistance to wear, and corrosion. In particular, transition metal nitrides are taken in to account by their intrinsic surface properties and high melting point, chemical stability. Transition metal nitrides have been used as diffusion barriers in wear resistant and anticorrosion coatings [11]. The FCC structured monolithic AlTiN coating exhibits advanced performance by its high hardness, and
⇑ Corresponding author.
excellent thermal properties. The better thermal stability of AlTiN coatings under thermal load, provides enhanced hardness at high temperatures [12]. Stainless steel (SS) 316L has better corrosion resistance, due to the oxide film formation on its surface [13] and the Nickel releases due to friction would cause to be letdown the performance of SS 316L. An oxide film of chromium protects the surface against a wear environment of SS 316L [14]. Hence, it is significant to improve the wear resistance and to prevent the nickel release. Ti-based coatings have a weak oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures which limits their applications. Due to its high Al content, the AlTiN coating shows significantly improved oxidation resistance and hardness com-pared to other Ti-based coatings. This makes the AlTiN coating one of the most promising coatings. Tribological tests at high temperature also show that the test temperature plays a key role in determining wear rate and deformation mechanism [15]. Cathodic arc deposition (CAD) has been used for the deposition of Nitride coatings with improved adhesion and better orientation [16]. Cathodic Arc Deposition (CAD) had been recommended mainly for their extensive features like deposition rate, denser formation, homogeneity in coating and adhesion strength. Tribological study of transition metal nitride coatings have been described by the earlier work by I. Saravanan etal. From the observation of the previous study, the thermal influence on the wear studies has to be investigated to evaluate the impact of temperature in friction and wear applications.
E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Saravanan). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials Engineering and Characterization 2019.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
2
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Materials and methods The SS 316L samples were prepared in dimensions of 35 mm in diameter and 5 mm in thickness. The samples were polished in alumina solution in velvet polishing disc after using various ranges of silicon carbide graded paper (grit400–1000). Cathodic arc deposition technique is used to perform the TiN/AlTiN multilayer coatings. The CAD strikes a high current, low voltage arc on the surface of the cathode (Ti) that gives rise to a small highly ener-
a)
getic emitting area known as a cathode spot. The localized temperature at the cathode spot is extremely high (around 600–700 °C), which results in a high velocity (104 m/s) jet of vaporized cathode material, leaving a crater behind on the cathode surface. Nitrogen (reactive gas) is introduced into the chamber during the deposition process. The ionization occurs during interaction with the ion flux, and deposits the compound TiN film over the surface. SS 304 balls are 6 mm in diameter, with the Ra about 0.05 mm were used as the counterparts of the TiN coated SS 316L disc for the wear studies.
b)
Wear study of TiN/AlTiN coated surfaceat 36o C @2N
c)
d)
Wear study ofTiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450o C temperature @2N
e)
f)
Wear study of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 36o C temperature @6N
g)
h)
Wear study of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450o C temperature @6N Fig. 1. Microstructure of TiN/AlTiN coated surface (a) @2N & (c) @ 6 N of 36 °C and (e)@2N& (f) @ 6 N of 450 °C, and b,d,f,h are the corresponding pin.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
A. Devaraju et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
3
Fig. 1 (c) & (g) shows the mild abrasive wear at room temperature for 6 N load which was experienced due to high pressure leads to non vibrated sliding motion. Fig. 1 (d) & (h) shows mild adhesive wear occurred due to 450 °C chamber temperature at contact zone. 3.2. Hardness Cathodic arc deposited AlTiN coated surface have the hardness of 1800 VHN whereas TiN has 1350 VHN (Fig. 2) which was due to the Aluminium oxide formation on the AlTiN surface and homogeneous dense coating deposited by cathodic arc deposition. 3.3. Surface profile studies
Fig. 2. Hardness of TiN and TiN-AlTiN surface.
The microstructure evaluation was carried out by Optical Microscope. The wear test was carried out using the Pin-on-disc wear tester as per the ASTM: G99 and DIN 50,324 standard with three trials of each experiment to ensure its repeatability. All the specimens were carefully cleaned by ethanol and dried before the wear test. The test was conducted at the laboratory temperature and ambient humidity under dry sliding conditions. Surface morphology examined by FESEM (ZEISS). 3. Results and discussion
The surface roughness of the TiN surface was influenced by macro droplets and pits, made by titanium particles detached during wear test [17]. The surface roughness depends on the substrate surface, deposition time, coating thickness, substrate temperature, and bias voltage. The minimum surface roughness results in better mechanical and adhesion properties of the material. Fig. 3 (a) shows the non uniform profile for 2 N applied load in wear track but for 6 N applied load a linear profile can be shown in Fig. 3 (b). At high temperature 450 °C the surface roughness is progressive and homogeneous when compared to 6 N applied load. The insignificant profile and variations in the roughness for the 6 N applied load due to thermal expansion and dissipation. Fig. 4 (a) shows the vertical deviations of the worn surface at 2 N load for 0.5 m/s the profile reaches up to 2500 nm and the average surface roughness is about 1200 nm whereas the 6 N load at 450° C the average surface roughness is 500 nm and the maximum deviation is 1000 nm. The results coincide with the wear test result analysis Figs. 5 and 6.
3.1. Surface studies 4. Wear test results The microstructural evaluation of the worn surface was carried out using triangular microscope for the magnification of 500X. It exhibits the wear track direction and the impression of the sliding direction for the loading conditions. Fig. 1 (a) and (e) shows the worn surface of disc and pin for 2 N applied load at room temperature which exhibits the mild wear on the TiN surface and abrasive wear on the Pin surface due to detached hard particles slides between disc and pin surfaces. Fig. 1 (b) and (f) exhibits the occurrence of mild adhesive wears for both disc and pin surface which was due to temperature influence on the contact surface at 450 °C chamber temperature.
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From the Fig. 5 (a) and (b) it was observed that the wear depth is 40 mm for 2 N applied load 5 (a) at room temperature at 0.5 m/s, and the COF is 0.7 whereas for 6 N applied load 5 (b) the wear depth is 350 mm and the corresponding COF is 0.21 for the pin chamber temperature of 1400° C. From the Fig. 6 (a) and (b) it was studied that the wear depth is 40 mm for 2 N applied load Fig. 6 (a) at 450 °C temperature at 0.5 m/s, and the COF is 0.4 whereas for 6 N applied load 6 (b) the wear depth is 55 mm and the corresponding COF is 0.3 for the pin chamber temperature of 450 °C.
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Fig. 3. Surface Profile of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 36 °C temperature (a) 2N and (b) 6N.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
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5. Wear behavior 5.1. Worn surface analysis TiN/AlTiN multilayer coatings obtained with TiN interlayer on SS 316L through cathodic arc deposition. The tribological properties were tested in a ball-on-disc apparatus using steel as counterpart, for a linear velocity of 0.5 m/s, and a normal load of 2 and 6 N. Fig. 7 (a),(b)&(c) shows the worn surface morphology of 2 N applied load on TiN/AlTiN multilayer coatings for the sliding veloc-
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ity of 0.5 m/s. Normally, single and/or multiple wear mechanism will be exhibited [22] according to the friction factors [23]. The grooves were observed with delamination for the low load of 2 N, it was due to the lower hardness of the counterpart SS 304 pin and their detached particles reformed from hard Nitride layer. The particles from steel pin plow the coating initially and detached particle from TiN and Al2O3 made severe worn on the coated surface it can be proved by the EDS analysis in Fig. 7 (d). AlvarezVera et.al stated that the worn surface in TiN and AlTiN coating study, formation of abrasion grooves and delamination by fatigue
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Fig. 4. Surface Profile of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature (a) 2N and (b) 6N.
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Fig. 5. Wear study of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 36 °C temperature (a) 2N and (b) 6N.
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Fig. 6. Wear study of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at at 450 °C temperature (a) 2N and (b) 6N.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
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Fig. 7. Worn Surface Morphology of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 36 °C temperature@2N.
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Fig. 8. Worn Surface Morphology of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 36 °C temperature@6N.
are the dominant wear mechanisms observed in the hard facing surfaces of TiN. Moreover it was concluded that increases in wear resistance was attained by Al, which influences in the formation of AlTiN because this is incorporated into the FCC-TiN lattice to form a substitutional solid solution.
Eleonora.et.al stated that plowing wear mechanism on AlTiN surface is experienced in Titanium based coatings due to creation of debris by the formation of TiO2. Small abrasive particles detached from the coating leads tobrittle failure which makes third bodywear leads to plowing wear.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
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Fig. 9. Worn Surface Morphology of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature@2N.
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Fig. 10. Worn Surface Morphology of Steel Pin on TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature@2N.
Fig. 8 (a) (b) &(c) shows the adhesive wear on the TiN/TiAlN coated multilayer surface for the sliding velocity of 0.5 m/s at room temperature. The formation of adhesive wear mechanism initiated primarily by abrasive wear and for the applied load and the coating hardness which was due to the applied load 6 N provides increased frictional force during sliding motion and the softer material deposited over the surface due to produced pin chamber temperature of 1450° C. Liu Aihua et.al Confirms the wear mechanism of AlTiN coating is a combination of abrasive wear, oxidation, adhesive wear and brittle failure. At high sliding speed, high Al content in AlTiN coating increased the chemical reactivity, which aroused severe adhesive wear. In addition, oxides of aluminum can increase brittleness of the coating. Abrasive wear, oxidation, adhesive wear and brittle failure were the main wear mechanism of AlTiN. Xin Wang et al inferred that the tribo-film is substantially increased the friction on the AlTiN coating. Fig. 9. (a) (b) (c) shows the morphology of the worn surface for the loading condition of 2 N applied load, 0.5 m/s sliding velocity at 450 °C. The delamination and ploughing wear failures were found
on the TiN/AlTiN coated surface which was due to temperature impact of the chamber and pin chamber temperature. In the similar loading conditions for the room temperature environment the severe abrasive wear was produced. Here a mild abrasive wear with ploughed surface was due to detachment of particles from reformed microstructure of the coated surface by thermal effect. Adhesive wear probably was the key reason for the heavy wear of AlTiN coating [19]. Aluminum content in a coating directs to an increase of chemical reactivity. At the same time the strong interfacial bonds between sliding surfaces will be increased, in particular under high temperature which is raised due to high sliding speed. Oxidation and abrasive wear were the main wear mechanism of TiN coating. For TiAlN, the mechanism was a combination of abrasive wear, oxidation and microgrooves. The oxidation resistance increased by the addition of Al enabled ternary TiAlN to have the lowest wear rate [19]. In Fig. 10 (D) EDS analysis exhibits that the Al, Ti and oxide particles as major content in worn surface and other elements from pin surface transferred over the TiN/AlTiN multilayer surface.
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
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Fig. 11. Worn Surface Morphology of TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature@6N.
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Fig. 12. Worn Surface Morphology of Steel Pin on TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature@6N.
Fig. 10 (a) and (b) shows the slided surface of the steel pin at 450 °C on TiN/AlTiN multilayer surface have long grooves made up of sliding against hard abrasive coating material and oxide form of Ti an al particles. I. Saravanan et.al stated that the dense mixed oxide films of Al2O3 and TiO2 form on the AlTiN coating surface at high temperatures, hindering the diffusion of atoms in to the interior coating and improving the oxidation resistance of the AlTiN coating. As stated by kong Dejun the hard oxide particles scratches the steel surface lead to grooves formation [17]. Fig. 11 (a) (b) &(c) exhibits the worn Surface Morphology of TiN/ AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature for the applied load of 6 N which is mild adhesive wear by the homogeneous sliding and Al particles deposit over the coated surface from the coating. Contrary results can be found in this case that the oxide particle actsas lubricant over the surface which eliminates severe wear between contact surfaces. The AlTiN coating was completely oxidized to produce a large amount of Al2O3 and TiO2 oxides at 900 °C [14], which gathered on the worn zone and formed a lubricating film. When the wear temperature increased, the COFs of the AlTiN coating decreased
because the generation of TiO2 decreases the friction and because the average COF of the stable stage was0.40which is match with results obtained in this present work. Yang Deng et.al, inferred that Al2O3-coated exhibited good oxidation resistance at 550 °C [18]. Beake et.al, stated that the O atoms in the air were diffused to the AlTiN coating and the Al atom was diffused towards the AlTiN coating at high temperature during the wear test. The Al atoms combined with the O atoms to form a compact and high thermally stableAl2O3 at the high temperature. The lamination on the surface layer was high for Aluminium and low for Titanium, whereas the oxides in the inner layer were more for Titanium and low for Aluminium. Fig. 12 (d) demonstrated that the elemental information during wear test at 6 N for the temperature of 450 °C which exhibits the aluminum precipitation over the surface due to thermal effect [20,21]. Fig. 12 (a) and (b) shows the worn surface morphology of Steel Pin on TiN/AlTiN coated surface at 450 °C temperature@6N, the sever abrasive wear leads to groove formation on steel surface and the particle adhesive with aluminium due to high chamber temperature of 450 °C [24,25].
Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045
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6. Conclusion The surface hardness has been improved by TiN/AlTiN multilayer coating performed by arc deposition. The wear mechanism often incidents are spalling, ploughing and oxidation for TiN/AlTiN surface. The wear test and mechanism were studied for the temperature at 450 °C and thereby a minimal wear rate attained at 6 N applied load for 0.5 m/s at 450 °C. From the surface profile study the uniform surface roughness has been identified in 6 N applied load for 0.5 m/s at 450 °C. The effect of oxide layer and lubrication layer were found for all the testing conditions. CRediT authorship contribution statement A. Devaraju: Resources. P. Rajendran: Visualization. A. Elayaperumal: Supervision, Validation. I. Saravanan: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Software. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References [1] Vera et al., A study of the wear performance of TiN, CrN and WC/C coatings on different steel substrates, Wear 271 (2011) 2116–2124. [2] Hikmet Cicek et al., Wear behaviors of TiN/TiCN /DLC composite coatings in different environments, Ceram. Int. 44 (5) (2018) 4853–4858. [3] Zhen Yan et al., Friction and wear behavior of TiN films against ceramic and steel balls, Tribol. Int. 124 (2018) 61–69. [4] Guangming Zheng et al., Frictional and wear performance of TiAlN/TiN coated tool against high-strength steel, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018) 6878–6885. [5] Yazıcı et al., Structural, mechanical and tribological properties of Ti and TiN coatings on316L stainless steel, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018) 14195–14201. [6] Diego A. Colombo et al., Mechanical and tribological behavior of Ti/TiN and TiAl/TiAlN coated austempered ductile iron, Thin Solid Films 647 (2018) 19– 25.
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Please cite this article as: A. Devaraju, P. Rajendran, A. Elaya Perumal et al., Investigation of temperature influence in wear studies on nitride coatings, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.045