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Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel C. Syed Aalam Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 30 November 2019 Accepted 6 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Biodiesel CRDI diesel engine Combustion Emission Nanoparticles
a b s t r a c t This experimental investigation was carried out to suggest the suitable dose quantity of Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles into mahua biodiesel blend (MME20) at which the best possible CRDI diesel engine combustion and emissions is reached. In this work, the dosing quantity of Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles is varied from 40 to 120 ppm into the MME20 fuel blend with the assist of ultrasonicator. The Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was utilized as cationic surfactant to increase the stability of dispersion of nanoparticles with MME20 fuel blend. The outcomes obtained from this experiment proved that the MME20 reduces the CRDI diesel engine brake thermal efficiency and increases its emission. The accumulation of Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles was originate to enhance the brake thermal efficiency and combustion parameters. The best emission characteristics are obtained at a dosing of 80 ppm of Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Similarly better combustion characteristics are observed at a dosing of 80 ppm of Al2O3 compared with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovation and Industries.
1. Introduction There is huge quantity of vegetable oils that could be modified into biodiesel fuel. Blend, transesterification, thermal cracking and pyrolysis are the four main techniques applied to overcome the problems arise by the high viscosity of vegetable oils. The blending of non edible oils with diesel generates several performance problems in diesel engine due to their higher viscosity. A number of researches have concluded that vegetable oils are a successful alternative fuel in diesel engine. Generally, non edible oils restrain free fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols. The free fatty acids and water contents present in vegetable oil have produced considerable effects on the transesterification of glycerides with alcohols using acid or alkaline catalysts. The problems with processing these vegetable oils are that they normally contain some amounts of free fatty acids (FFA) that is unfeasible to convert into methyl ester. At first stage, the FFA can be converted into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by acid catalyst and in next transesterification is made via an alkaline catalyst to mitigate the amount of free fatty acids. Methanol was considered as desired alcohol for transesteriE-mail address: [email protected]
fication process as it is derived from farming waste and is organically a harmless to the environment. Methanol is the extensively employed in transesterification by reason of its easy availability and low cost. Methanol is used in this method, so this process is called as methanolysis. Transesterification method is reverse reaction progression and ensues by reckoning of reactants. However, the presence of a catalyst (KOH or NaOH) stimulates the conversion. Transesterification is the conversion process of vegetable oil to biodiesel by breaks the triglyceride molecules into fatty acid alkyl esters with glycerol as a by-product. Based on review, mahua biodiesel blend is better because of its lower viscosity, higher cetane index, ease availability and low cost in comparison to other non-edible biodiesel [1–3]. Nano science is an ample area of research activity and development that has been expanding global technology. It has the opportunity for reforming the corridors in which recent materials are prepared and character of functionality that can be accessed. It is having an important industrial impact, which will unquestionably enhance in the prospect. Materials with micron sized configurations of length scales beneath than 100 nm are called nano particles. The atoms present in the nano particles are organized as nano clusters, which turn into the part grains. Normal materials
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovation and Industries.
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
2
C. Syed Aalam / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
have grain sizes ranging from milli meters to microns and have a number of billion atoms each. Nano meter sized grains contain approximately 900–1000 atoms each. The customary of an atom is varied from one to two angstroms (Å) in radius size. Owing to the smaller size of grain and particle size, there is a significant raise in the grain boundaries and volume fraction of interfaces. This aspect persuades the thermo-physical and chemical characteristics of the material. Nano metal particles reveal much better in yield strength and elastic modulus. Nano-crystalline materials are extremely hard, ductile at very high temperatures, and chemically very active. Among the different techniques accessible to reduce exhaust emissions from the compression ignition engine while using methyl ester, the use of fuel-borne metal catalyst is currently focused due to the advantage of an enhancement in fuel efficiency while reducing risky exhaust emissions and health threatening pollutants [7,8]. Many researchers have found that the combustion behaviour of methyl esters with the addition of nano-size energetic materials as an additive improves the combustion and engine performance of diesel engines. By reason of the smaller size of nanoparticles, the constancy of particles in fuel should be markedly enhanced [9–12]. There are quite a few benefits of incorporating nanoparticles into fuels, for instance shorter ignition delay period and shorter fuel burning times. The metal oxide nano particles can be diffused without difficulty into high temperature zones for rapid energy release, enhanced propulsive performance and oxidation reaction with enlarged density impulse. In this work, mahua biodiesel blend used as base fuel and Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were added as additive to enhance the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine.
2. Addition of nanoparticles with MME20 For the blending of nanoparticles in methyl ester blend, taken a sample of methyl ester say 1 L and then 0.04 g of nanoparticles were added to make the dosing level of 40 ppm. Consequently, to increase the dosing level of 80 ppm, we have to increase to 0.08 g/l, respectively. Nanoparticles with mahua methyl ester it is poured into ultrasonicator where it is agitated for about 30 min to make uniform suspension. Nanoparticles without surfactant in fuel clustered together to form a micro molecule and start to sediment. To make Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles be stable in a MME20 fuel blend, it should necessitate to surface modification. Making of homogeneous biodiesel blend and nanoparticles remains a technical confront because the nanoparticles form aggregates caused by strong Vander Waals interactions. To make stable nanofluid, physical or chemical treatment has been conducted by surface modification of the suspended particles. With the intention of diffuse the Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles to the MME20; the ultrasonication process was followed. A known quantity of aluminium oxide nanoparticles (40, 80 and 120 ppm) and CTAB (C19H42NBr) was weighed and poured in the ethanol solvent (1vv %) and magnetically stirred for 2 h. CTAB has a stronger Vander Waals interaction with the nanoparticles ligands. It has been known that Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles tend to aggregate caused by a strong magnetic dipole–dipole attractions between the particles. Therefore, Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant. These improved properties of the coated nanoparticles play an important role in combustion of fuel. Further, a mechanical stirrer was installed in the fuel tank and the stirrer was operated continuously during the experimentation to avoid any possibility of sedimentation. Moreover, CTAB did not alter the magnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles, as simple separation by using a magnetic field was easily achieved.
3. Experimental setup Experiments were conducted on Kirloskar AV1, four stroke, single cylinder and water cooled diesel fuelled engine assisted by common rail direct injection fuel system. The rated power of the CRDI diesel engine was 3.7 kW. The test engine was operated at a steady speed of 1500 rpm. The schematic diagram of the CRDI diesel engine setup is shown in Fig. 1. Image of engine management system with post injection is shown in Fig. 6. The common rail system used on the test bed was provided by Bosch. This is a linear rail providing four injector ports with a maximum pressure up to 100 MPa and a volume of 18 cm3. A high-pressure sensor is fitted on the one side of the tube for pressure measurements. The pressure readings are sent to the ECU of the engine for closed-loop control of the injection pressure and for the calculation of injection flow-rate and timing. 4. Result and discussions The operation of the engine was found to be very smooth throughout the rated load, without any operational trouble for the aluminium oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles blended mahua methyl ester fuel blend. In the present section, based on the combustion data, cylinder pressure and heat release rate are plotted against crank angle. The performance attributes such as brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and the emission parameters such as CO, HC, NOx, and smoke opacity are plotted against brake power. 4.1. Engine performance parameters Fig. 2 shows the impact on brake thermal efficiency with different concentrations of AONP and IONP. The BTE of the nanoparticles blended MME20 was observed to be better, compared to sole MME20 and neat diesel. This could be attributed due to the better combustion characteristics of aluminium oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles. The nano particles hold high surface contact areas that give higher chemical activity to perform as a potential fuel additive [11]. The BTE for MME20 + AONP40 is 24.73% where it is 24.71% for MME20 + IONP40 and 24.62% for MME20 at full load. Whereas, it was 24.97 and 24.96% for MME20 + AONP80 and MME20 + IONP80 fuel blends, respectively. In the case of MME20 + AONP40 the BTE was increased up to 0.44%, but in the case MME20 + IONP40 the BTE was increased upto 0.40%. There is significant increase of BTE in the cases of MME20 + AONP80 and MME20 + IONP80. Further there is no major change in BTE when the dosing level of nanoparticles increased. From the results, it was revealed that the AONP was effective in increase the BTE of diesel engine compared with IONP. 4.2. Emission parameters Fig. 3 shows the impact on hydrocarbon (HC) emissions for 40, 80 and 120 ppm levels of aluminium oxide (AONP) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) in MME20. Metal oxide nanoparticles enhanced the level of active oxygen in the biodiesel blend [5]. The present of active oxygen in fuel blend is the most important cause for reduction in HC emission [6]. Hydrocarbon emission is to be considerably reduced with the accumulation of the metal oxide NP to MME20. From the figure, it is seen that the HC decreased with the increase the dosing level of metal oxide NP with MME20. HC emission was 110, 108.2 and 106.4 ppm for MME20, MME20 + IONP40 and MME20 + AONP40 blends respectively. While HC emission was 103.8 and 102.7 ppm for MME20 + IONP80 and MME20 + AONP80 blends. The above-cited outcomes
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
C. Syed Aalam / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.
Fig. 2. Variation of BTE with different dosage of NP.
are in agreement with a number of existing investigations on this concern [4–8]. There are no major amends was found in the 120 ppm dosing level of metal oxide NP. Fig. 4 shows NOx emissions with, and without the addition of AONP and IONP on MME20. It can be seen that NOx steadily enhanced with dosing of metal oxide NP with MME20 in all the cases. NOx emission is depended on the concentration of oxygen, heat release rate and the duration on the different combustion phases. By the dosing of metal oxide NP the combustion duration of the biofuel blend enhances that raise the NOx. Up to part load gradual increases of NOx was observed and considerably higher at maximum load with dosing of metal oxide NP. NOx emission of MME20 without metal oxide NP was 808 ppm and after addition of metal oxide NP it will be increased. When the dosage of 40 ppm AONP, NOx emissions will be 843 ppm and for dosage of 40 ppm of IONP, it will be 825 ppm. Increased in the dosage of AONP and IONP further increased the NOx. The NOx was observed 884 and 965 ppm for MME20 + IONP80 and MME20 + AONP80 biofuel blends respectively. Further dosing of AONP and IONP (120 ppm) NOx was slightly increased.
Fig. 5 shows the impact on smoke emission with brake power for MME20 and modified MME20 with nanoparticles additive. The smoke emission of MME20 fuel blend was decreased with the dosing of metal oxide NP by about 15–18%, particularly at full load. The significant drop in smoke possibly attributed to the metal oxide NP present in the MME20 fuel blend. The most important cause for the smoke is the deficient combustion of MME20 fuel blend in the diffusive combustion phase. The metal oxide NP makes feasible an enhancement in diffusive combustion for MME20 fuel blend. Reduced smoke is observed in the case of MME20 + AONP80 blended fuel. The smoke emission was 67.8 HSU for MME20 blend and it was 62.4, 58.3 HSU for MME20 + IONP40 and MME20 + AONP40 fuels. Whereas it was 58.4 and 52.9 HSU for MME20 + IONP80 and MME20 + AONP80 fuel blends respectively. Small reduction in smoke was observed when the dosing of metal oxide NP increased. The smoke emission was 57.9 and 52.7 HSU for MME20 + IONP120 and MME20 + AONP120 respectively. The impact of carbon monoxide (CO) emission with metal oxide NP is shown in Fig. 6. The metal oxide NP blended fuel confirmed better combustion caused by the shortened ignition delay period. Owing to shorter of ignition delay, the quantity of fuel–air incorporation and uniform combustion of MME20 could have improved [4]. As metal oxide NP acts as an oxygen barrier, stored and releasing oxygen depends upon the partial pressure of oxygen during combustion. From the results it is observed that the CO much reduced with the blending of AONP and IONP with the MME20 fuel blend. The CO emission decrements are about 3.71% and 9.43% of the cases of MME20 + IONP40 and MME20 + AONP40 fuels respectively at the full load of the engine. Where the CO emission was reduced up to 11.32% and 15.09% for MME20 + IONP80 and MME20 + AONP80 fuel blends, respectively. From the results it is clear that the AONP80 is effectively reduce the CO emission compared with IONP80 and there is no major reduction in CO was observed, when the nanoparticles dosage was increased to 120 ppm. 4.3. Combustion parameters Fig. 7 shows the impact of in-cylinder pressure with AONP and IONP nanoparticles. From the results, it is exposed that the cylinder
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
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C. Syed Aalam / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 3. Variation of HC with different dosage of NP.
Fig. 4. Variation of NOx with different dosage of NP.
pressure during diffusion combustion higher for AONP blended MME20 when compared with IONP. From the figure, it is observed that the peak pressure is 56.82 bar in the case of MME20 + AONP120 fuel blend, whereas the peak pressure is 56.65 bar for the MME20 + AONP80 blend at full load. The pressure enhancement observed in the case of MME20 + ANP120 compared to the other fuel blends is due to the higher oxygen content present in
the aluminium oxide nanoparticles and the inbuilt oxygen present in the MME20 that increases the improved rapid combustion. The impact on heat release of AONP and IONP nanoparticles blended MME20 is shown in Fig. 8. The metal oxide nanoparticles enhance the higher carbon combustion commencement and so endorse the complete combustion of biofuel blend [10]. The rate of heat release was to be increased with the Al2O3 and Fe3O4
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
C. Syed Aalam / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fig. 5. Variation of smoke density with different dosage of NP.
Fig. 6. Variation of CO with different dosage of NP.
nanoparticles to MME20. The amount of heat release rate is 113.25, 113.85 and 114.82 kJ/m3deg for MME20, MME20 + IONP40 and MME20 + AONP40 fuel blends respectively. Whereas increasing the dosing level of nanoparticles tends to increase the heat release rate (HRR). The HRR is 114.82, 115.28, 114.64 and 115.36 kJ/m3deg for MME20 + IONP80, MME20 + AONP80, MME20 + IONP120 and MME20 + AONP120 fuel blends respectively. From the figure, it is
clear that the addition of AONP significantly increases the heat release rate when compared with IONP. 5. Conclusion From the experiments carried out on the CRDI system assisted diesel engine fuelled with MME20, aluminium oxide and iron oxide
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
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C. Syed Aalam / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 7. Variation of cylinder pressure with different dosage of NP.
Al2O3 nanoparticles blended MME20 showed higher cylinder pressure and heat release rate at optimized operating load condition. Hence, Al2O3 nanoparticles were effective in improving combustion and reduced the emissions compared with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, from the CRDI diesel engine. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References
Fig. 8. Variation of heat release rate with different dosage of NP.
nanoparticles blended MME20; the following conclusions can be drawn: Good improvement in brake thermal efficiency was observed with nanoparticles blended MME20 at optimized operating conditions. Particularly AONP80 was effective in improvement of brake thermal efficiency compared with IONP80. There is no major improvement in BTE when the dosing level of nanoparticles was further increased. With the dosing of nanoparticles to MME20 fuel, the level of harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases was significantly reduced when compared to that MME20. When the dosage level 40 ppm of Al2O3 nanoparticles, HC emissions will be 82 ppm and in the case of 40 ppm Fe3O4 nanoparticles, it was 84 ppm. The smoke emission of MME20 was decreased on the addition of nanoparticles by about 15–18%, especially at full load
[1] C.S. Aalam, C.G. Saravanan, Biodiesel production from Mahua oil via catalytic transesterification method, Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res. 8 (4) (2015) 1706–1709. [2] M.A. Lenin, M.R. Swaminathan, G. Kumaresan, Performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine with a nanofuel additive, Fuel 109 (2013) 362–365. [3] C.S. Aalam, C.G. Saravanan, B.P. Anand, Impact of high fuel injection pressure on the characteristics of CRDI diesel engine powered by mahua methyl ester blend, J. Appl. Therm. Eng. 106 (2016) 702–711. [4] T. Shaafi, R. Velraj, Influence of alumina nanoparticles, ethanol and iso propanol blend as additive with diesel–soybean biodiesel blend fuel: combustion, engine performance and emissions, Renewable Energy 80 (2015) 655–663. [5] J. Sadikbasha, R.B. Anand, Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using carbon Nanotubes blended Jatropha Methyl Ester Emulsions, Alex. Eng. J. 53 (2014) 259–273. [6] C.S. Aalam, C.G. Saravanan, M. Kannan, Experimental investigations on a CRDI system assisted diesel engine fuelled with aluminium oxide nanoparticles blended biodiesel, J. Alex Eng. 54 (3) (2015) 351–358. [7] V. Selvan, Arul Mozhi, R.B. Anand, M. Udayakumar, Effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes as fuel borne additives in diesterol blends on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine, Fuel 130 (2014) 160–167. [8] V. Arul, Mozhi Selvan, R.B. Anand, M. Udayakumar, Effects of cerium oxide nanoparticle addition in diesel and diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI Engine, ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 4 (2009) 1–7.
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
C. Syed Aalam / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx [9] C.S. Aalam, C.G. Saravanan, Effects of nano metal oxide blended Mahua biodiesel on CRDI diesel engine, Ain Shams Eng. J. 8 (2017) 689–696. [10] C.S. Aalam, C.G. Saravanan, M. Kannan, Experimental investigation on CRDI system assisted diesel engine fulled by diesel with nanotubes, Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 8 (3) (2015) 380–389.
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[11] M.B. Shafi, F. Daneshwar, N. Jahani, K. Mobini, Effect of ferro fluid on the performance and emission patterns of four-stroke diesel engine, Adv. Mech. Eng. (2011) ID529049. [12] J. Sadikbasha, R.B. Anand, Role of nano-additive blended biodiesel emulsion fuel on the working characteristics of a diesel engine, J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 3 (2011).
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel C. Syed Aalam Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 30 November 2019 Accepted 6 December 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Biodiesel CRDI diesel engine Combustion Emission Nanoparticles
a b s t r a c t This experimental investigation was carried out to suggest the suitable dose quantity of Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles into mahua biodiesel blend (MME20) at which the best possible CRDI diesel engine combustion and emissions is reached. In this work, the dosing quantity of Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles is varied from 40 to 120 ppm into the MME20 fuel blend with the assist of ultrasonicator. The Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was utilized as cationic surfactant to increase the stability of dispersion of nanoparticles with MME20 fuel blend. The outcomes obtained from this experiment proved that the MME20 reduces the CRDI diesel engine brake thermal efficiency and increases its emission. The accumulation of Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles was originate to enhance the brake thermal efficiency and combustion parameters. The best emission characteristics are obtained at a dosing of 80 ppm of Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Similarly better combustion characteristics are observed at a dosing of 80 ppm of Al2O3 compared with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovation and Industries.
1. Introduction There is huge quantity of vegetable oils that could be modified into biodiesel fuel. Blend, transesterification, thermal cracking and pyrolysis are the four main techniques applied to overcome the problems arise by the high viscosity of vegetable oils. The blending of non edible oils with diesel generates several performance problems in diesel engine due to their higher viscosity. A number of researches have concluded that vegetable oils are a successful alternative fuel in diesel engine. Generally, non edible oils restrain free fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols. The free fatty acids and water contents present in vegetable oil have produced considerable effects on the transesterification of glycerides with alcohols using acid or alkaline catalysts. The problems with processing these vegetable oils are that they normally contain some amounts of free fatty acids (FFA) that is unfeasible to convert into methyl ester. At first stage, the FFA can be converted into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by acid catalyst and in next transesterification is made via an alkaline catalyst to mitigate the amount of free fatty acids. Methanol was considered as desired alcohol for transesteriE-mail address: [email protected]
fication process as it is derived from farming waste and is organically a harmless to the environment. Methanol is the extensively employed in transesterification by reason of its easy availability and low cost. Methanol is used in this method, so this process is called as methanolysis. Transesterification method is reverse reaction progression and ensues by reckoning of reactants. However, the presence of a catalyst (KOH or NaOH) stimulates the conversion. Transesterification is the conversion process of vegetable oil to biodiesel by breaks the triglyceride molecules into fatty acid alkyl esters with glycerol as a by-product. Based on review, mahua biodiesel blend is better because of its lower viscosity, higher cetane index, ease availability and low cost in comparison to other non-edible biodiesel [1–3]. Nano science is an ample area of research activity and development that has been expanding global technology. It has the opportunity for reforming the corridors in which recent materials are prepared and character of functionality that can be accessed. It is having an important industrial impact, which will unquestionably enhance in the prospect. Materials with micron sized configurations of length scales beneath than 100 nm are called nano particles. The atoms present in the nano particles are organized as nano clusters, which turn into the part grains. Normal materials
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Nanotechnology: Ideas, Innovation and Industries.
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
2
C. Syed Aalam / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
have grain sizes ranging from milli meters to microns and have a number of billion atoms each. Nano meter sized grains contain approximately 900–1000 atoms each. The customary of an atom is varied from one to two angstroms (Å) in radius size. Owing to the smaller size of grain and particle size, there is a significant raise in the grain boundaries and volume fraction of interfaces. This aspect persuades the thermo-physical and chemical characteristics of the material. Nano metal particles reveal much better in yield strength and elastic modulus. Nano-crystalline materials are extremely hard, ductile at very high temperatures, and chemically very active. Among the different techniques accessible to reduce exhaust emissions from the compression ignition engine while using methyl ester, the use of fuel-borne metal catalyst is currently focused due to the advantage of an enhancement in fuel efficiency while reducing risky exhaust emissions and health threatening pollutants [7,8]. Many researchers have found that the combustion behaviour of methyl esters with the addition of nano-size energetic materials as an additive improves the combustion and engine performance of diesel engines. By reason of the smaller size of nanoparticles, the constancy of particles in fuel should be markedly enhanced [9–12]. There are quite a few benefits of incorporating nanoparticles into fuels, for instance shorter ignition delay period and shorter fuel burning times. The metal oxide nano particles can be diffused without difficulty into high temperature zones for rapid energy release, enhanced propulsive performance and oxidation reaction with enlarged density impulse. In this work, mahua biodiesel blend used as base fuel and Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were added as additive to enhance the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine.
2. Addition of nanoparticles with MME20 For the blending of nanoparticles in methyl ester blend, taken a sample of methyl ester say 1 L and then 0.04 g of nanoparticles were added to make the dosing level of 40 ppm. Consequently, to increase the dosing level of 80 ppm, we have to increase to 0.08 g/l, respectively. Nanoparticles with mahua methyl ester it is poured into ultrasonicator where it is agitated for about 30 min to make uniform suspension. Nanoparticles without surfactant in fuel clustered together to form a micro molecule and start to sediment. To make Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles be stable in a MME20 fuel blend, it should necessitate to surface modification. Making of homogeneous biodiesel blend and nanoparticles remains a technical confront because the nanoparticles form aggregates caused by strong Vander Waals interactions. To make stable nanofluid, physical or chemical treatment has been conducted by surface modification of the suspended particles. With the intention of diffuse the Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles to the MME20; the ultrasonication process was followed. A known quantity of aluminium oxide nanoparticles (40, 80 and 120 ppm) and CTAB (C19H42NBr) was weighed and poured in the ethanol solvent (1vv %) and magnetically stirred for 2 h. CTAB has a stronger Vander Waals interaction with the nanoparticles ligands. It has been known that Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles tend to aggregate caused by a strong magnetic dipole–dipole attractions between the particles. Therefore, Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant. These improved properties of the coated nanoparticles play an important role in combustion of fuel. Further, a mechanical stirrer was installed in the fuel tank and the stirrer was operated continuously during the experimentation to avoid any possibility of sedimentation. Moreover, CTAB did not alter the magnetic properties of magnetic nanoparticles, as simple separation by using a magnetic field was easily achieved.
3. Experimental setup Experiments were conducted on Kirloskar AV1, four stroke, single cylinder and water cooled diesel fuelled engine assisted by common rail direct injection fuel system. The rated power of the CRDI diesel engine was 3.7 kW. The test engine was operated at a steady speed of 1500 rpm. The schematic diagram of the CRDI diesel engine setup is shown in Fig. 1. Image of engine management system with post injection is shown in Fig. 6. The common rail system used on the test bed was provided by Bosch. This is a linear rail providing four injector ports with a maximum pressure up to 100 MPa and a volume of 18 cm3. A high-pressure sensor is fitted on the one side of the tube for pressure measurements. The pressure readings are sent to the ECU of the engine for closed-loop control of the injection pressure and for the calculation of injection flow-rate and timing. 4. Result and discussions The operation of the engine was found to be very smooth throughout the rated load, without any operational trouble for the aluminium oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles blended mahua methyl ester fuel blend. In the present section, based on the combustion data, cylinder pressure and heat release rate are plotted against crank angle. The performance attributes such as brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and the emission parameters such as CO, HC, NOx, and smoke opacity are plotted against brake power. 4.1. Engine performance parameters Fig. 2 shows the impact on brake thermal efficiency with different concentrations of AONP and IONP. The BTE of the nanoparticles blended MME20 was observed to be better, compared to sole MME20 and neat diesel. This could be attributed due to the better combustion characteristics of aluminium oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles. The nano particles hold high surface contact areas that give higher chemical activity to perform as a potential fuel additive [11]. The BTE for MME20 + AONP40 is 24.73% where it is 24.71% for MME20 + IONP40 and 24.62% for MME20 at full load. Whereas, it was 24.97 and 24.96% for MME20 + AONP80 and MME20 + IONP80 fuel blends, respectively. In the case of MME20 + AONP40 the BTE was increased up to 0.44%, but in the case MME20 + IONP40 the BTE was increased upto 0.40%. There is significant increase of BTE in the cases of MME20 + AONP80 and MME20 + IONP80. Further there is no major change in BTE when the dosing level of nanoparticles increased. From the results, it was revealed that the AONP was effective in increase the BTE of diesel engine compared with IONP. 4.2. Emission parameters Fig. 3 shows the impact on hydrocarbon (HC) emissions for 40, 80 and 120 ppm levels of aluminium oxide (AONP) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) in MME20. Metal oxide nanoparticles enhanced the level of active oxygen in the biodiesel blend [5]. The present of active oxygen in fuel blend is the most important cause for reduction in HC emission [6]. Hydrocarbon emission is to be considerably reduced with the accumulation of the metal oxide NP to MME20. From the figure, it is seen that the HC decreased with the increase the dosing level of metal oxide NP with MME20. HC emission was 110, 108.2 and 106.4 ppm for MME20, MME20 + IONP40 and MME20 + AONP40 blends respectively. While HC emission was 103.8 and 102.7 ppm for MME20 + IONP80 and MME20 + AONP80 blends. The above-cited outcomes
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
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Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.
Fig. 2. Variation of BTE with different dosage of NP.
are in agreement with a number of existing investigations on this concern [4–8]. There are no major amends was found in the 120 ppm dosing level of metal oxide NP. Fig. 4 shows NOx emissions with, and without the addition of AONP and IONP on MME20. It can be seen that NOx steadily enhanced with dosing of metal oxide NP with MME20 in all the cases. NOx emission is depended on the concentration of oxygen, heat release rate and the duration on the different combustion phases. By the dosing of metal oxide NP the combustion duration of the biofuel blend enhances that raise the NOx. Up to part load gradual increases of NOx was observed and considerably higher at maximum load with dosing of metal oxide NP. NOx emission of MME20 without metal oxide NP was 808 ppm and after addition of metal oxide NP it will be increased. When the dosage of 40 ppm AONP, NOx emissions will be 843 ppm and for dosage of 40 ppm of IONP, it will be 825 ppm. Increased in the dosage of AONP and IONP further increased the NOx. The NOx was observed 884 and 965 ppm for MME20 + IONP80 and MME20 + AONP80 biofuel blends respectively. Further dosing of AONP and IONP (120 ppm) NOx was slightly increased.
Fig. 5 shows the impact on smoke emission with brake power for MME20 and modified MME20 with nanoparticles additive. The smoke emission of MME20 fuel blend was decreased with the dosing of metal oxide NP by about 15–18%, particularly at full load. The significant drop in smoke possibly attributed to the metal oxide NP present in the MME20 fuel blend. The most important cause for the smoke is the deficient combustion of MME20 fuel blend in the diffusive combustion phase. The metal oxide NP makes feasible an enhancement in diffusive combustion for MME20 fuel blend. Reduced smoke is observed in the case of MME20 + AONP80 blended fuel. The smoke emission was 67.8 HSU for MME20 blend and it was 62.4, 58.3 HSU for MME20 + IONP40 and MME20 + AONP40 fuels. Whereas it was 58.4 and 52.9 HSU for MME20 + IONP80 and MME20 + AONP80 fuel blends respectively. Small reduction in smoke was observed when the dosing of metal oxide NP increased. The smoke emission was 57.9 and 52.7 HSU for MME20 + IONP120 and MME20 + AONP120 respectively. The impact of carbon monoxide (CO) emission with metal oxide NP is shown in Fig. 6. The metal oxide NP blended fuel confirmed better combustion caused by the shortened ignition delay period. Owing to shorter of ignition delay, the quantity of fuel–air incorporation and uniform combustion of MME20 could have improved [4]. As metal oxide NP acts as an oxygen barrier, stored and releasing oxygen depends upon the partial pressure of oxygen during combustion. From the results it is observed that the CO much reduced with the blending of AONP and IONP with the MME20 fuel blend. The CO emission decrements are about 3.71% and 9.43% of the cases of MME20 + IONP40 and MME20 + AONP40 fuels respectively at the full load of the engine. Where the CO emission was reduced up to 11.32% and 15.09% for MME20 + IONP80 and MME20 + AONP80 fuel blends, respectively. From the results it is clear that the AONP80 is effectively reduce the CO emission compared with IONP80 and there is no major reduction in CO was observed, when the nanoparticles dosage was increased to 120 ppm. 4.3. Combustion parameters Fig. 7 shows the impact of in-cylinder pressure with AONP and IONP nanoparticles. From the results, it is exposed that the cylinder
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
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Fig. 3. Variation of HC with different dosage of NP.
Fig. 4. Variation of NOx with different dosage of NP.
pressure during diffusion combustion higher for AONP blended MME20 when compared with IONP. From the figure, it is observed that the peak pressure is 56.82 bar in the case of MME20 + AONP120 fuel blend, whereas the peak pressure is 56.65 bar for the MME20 + AONP80 blend at full load. The pressure enhancement observed in the case of MME20 + ANP120 compared to the other fuel blends is due to the higher oxygen content present in
the aluminium oxide nanoparticles and the inbuilt oxygen present in the MME20 that increases the improved rapid combustion. The impact on heat release of AONP and IONP nanoparticles blended MME20 is shown in Fig. 8. The metal oxide nanoparticles enhance the higher carbon combustion commencement and so endorse the complete combustion of biofuel blend [10]. The rate of heat release was to be increased with the Al2O3 and Fe3O4
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
C. Syed Aalam / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fig. 5. Variation of smoke density with different dosage of NP.
Fig. 6. Variation of CO with different dosage of NP.
nanoparticles to MME20. The amount of heat release rate is 113.25, 113.85 and 114.82 kJ/m3deg for MME20, MME20 + IONP40 and MME20 + AONP40 fuel blends respectively. Whereas increasing the dosing level of nanoparticles tends to increase the heat release rate (HRR). The HRR is 114.82, 115.28, 114.64 and 115.36 kJ/m3deg for MME20 + IONP80, MME20 + AONP80, MME20 + IONP120 and MME20 + AONP120 fuel blends respectively. From the figure, it is
clear that the addition of AONP significantly increases the heat release rate when compared with IONP. 5. Conclusion From the experiments carried out on the CRDI system assisted diesel engine fuelled with MME20, aluminium oxide and iron oxide
Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040
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C. Syed Aalam / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 7. Variation of cylinder pressure with different dosage of NP.
Al2O3 nanoparticles blended MME20 showed higher cylinder pressure and heat release rate at optimized operating load condition. Hence, Al2O3 nanoparticles were effective in improving combustion and reduced the emissions compared with Fe3O4 nanoparticles, from the CRDI diesel engine. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References
Fig. 8. Variation of heat release rate with different dosage of NP.
nanoparticles blended MME20; the following conclusions can be drawn: Good improvement in brake thermal efficiency was observed with nanoparticles blended MME20 at optimized operating conditions. Particularly AONP80 was effective in improvement of brake thermal efficiency compared with IONP80. There is no major improvement in BTE when the dosing level of nanoparticles was further increased. With the dosing of nanoparticles to MME20 fuel, the level of harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases was significantly reduced when compared to that MME20. When the dosage level 40 ppm of Al2O3 nanoparticles, HC emissions will be 82 ppm and in the case of 40 ppm Fe3O4 nanoparticles, it was 84 ppm. The smoke emission of MME20 was decreased on the addition of nanoparticles by about 15–18%, especially at full load
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Please cite this article as: C. Syed Aalam, Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.040