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IODINE AND FLUORINE
745 under forty was present, and the overpowering majority either wore spectacles or had some other more or less conspicuous physical defect. One poor gentleman came in on crutches; another had the rolling eye of inherited tendencies"; and the little linen that was present was evidently
woman
"
enforced leave from the wash-tub. At first the " casual " thought the audience had collected itself as an outward and visible sign of the dire necessity for "improvement " ; and as a protest against the sins of their fathers who had taken no heed of the matter. But, as the meeting advanced, and the view was delicately unfolded that marriages should be made with an eye more to the physical of the race than to wealth, or beauty, or love, development " casual" found that he was grossly rnistaken-the the audience was there to protest against any interference with their individual freedom in matters of love and marriage. One gentleman of ninety-odd emphatically, and with many a senile tremor declared to his junior by a decade " we are
on
going to marry to please the State, but to please ourselves." Another gentleman from the audience bounded on to the platform and with a tongue which sadly needed the agility of his toes, stammered that so long as there was not
"L-1-l-l-love in the w-w-w-w-world 1-1-1-1-love w-w-w-w-would at 1-1-1-1-locksmiths." The sides of the few complete men and women who were present now began to ache. But that ache was nothing to the acute agony to which they were soon put at the hands of no less a person than the very celebrated professor, the man of science and world-wide fame, who for more than half a century has been the brightest star in matters anthropological, and whose paper on Eugenics it had been the object of the meeting to hear. The professor has a face of serene calmness and philosophical divinity, and his expression is one of angelic graciousness. No more than a glance is needed to recognise that he is not as other men. As the disembodied soul is to common clay, so is Professor Galton to the rest of humanity.
M-1-l-Iaugh
"
"
Special
The paper of the learned professor had proved beyond the possibility of a doubt that men and women were perfectly ready to be influenced in their choice of each other by Eugenics." But amongst the many arguments which were advanced against this theory there was none so overwhelming in its conclusiveness as those six little words which slipped so naturally from the professor’s own lips. " Fancy having a wife like that." When the Man of Science judges by appearances what is "
the Man in the Street to do ?
K. HEANLEY L.M.S.S.A.
and had now been practised for over thirty Remarkable decreases in goitre incidence had followed the introduction of iodised salt in many countries, including the U.S.A., Switzerland, New Zealand, Colombia, and Poland. No adverse effects had been observed. In Britain iodised salt was available but not yet compulsory, although the Government had announced in 1950 its intention to implement the recommendation of the Medical Research Council that all free-running salt in domestic use should contain 1 part of potassium iodide in 40,000 parts of salt. Iodide added to salt was stable for over two years if the salt was kept dry and free-running and contained a stabilising agent. The desirable level of iodisation was determined by the average intake of salt and the average dose of iodine necessary to prevent goitre in a community. There was accordingly wide variation, from 1 in 10,000 parts to 1 in 200,000 parts of salt, in different countries. In reply to a question on the possibility of iodisation leading to excessive intakes of iodine, Professor MURRAY pointed out that the levels used in fortification were far lower than those naturally in sea-foods ; there was no evidence that iodisation constituted a danger.
years.
IODINE AND FLUORINE THE nutrition panel of the food group of the Society of Chemical Industry held on April 11 the fourth and final meeting of a series concerned with Nutritional Requirements and Food Fortification.1 Iodine
Prof. MARGARET MURRAY said that iodine had been recognised as a nutritionally essential element since from the Baumann in 1896 prepared iodothyrin iodine and it was shown that its content thyroid gland The iodine ran parallel with its physiological activity. of the diet, which was mainly in the form of iodide, was taken up by the thyroid cells for the production of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine. An inadequate intake of iodine led to thyroid dysfunction and goitre. Because iodine was not abundant in foods generally, its level in drinking-water determined the adequacy of its supply. Although inadequacy of iodine was the ultimate cause of most endemic goitre, other dietary factors, present in particular in the brassicse, could act as goitrogenic or anti-thyroid agents. In addition calcium could be goitrogenic. The iodine requirement of man had not been accurately determined but was generally accepted as 100 ug. per day. The iodine of drinking-water was a critical factor in achieving this intake and 5 mg. per litre was regarded as an adequate level. Mr. J. C. M. HOLMAN discussed the use of iodised salt for goitre prophylaxis. He emphasised that iodine must not be regarded as a cure for established goitre but largely as a prophylactic. Many methods for goitre prevention had been tried including the use of iodised salt, the addition of iodine to water-supplies, the administration of iodised tablets and sweets to school-children, and the application of iodine-rich fertilisers to vegetable crops. Of these methods the iodisation of salt was the most 1. See
interruption.
satisfactory
Articles
"
That is what the casual enquirer thought. After several male members of the audience had appeared upon the platform to criticise the " able and interesting " paper which the professor had read, a lady rose. She was past the bloom of life and wore a large hat and spectacles. The professor bowed and courteously bent his head in the direction of the lady. But a cold, together with the changes which years are prone to work in the auditory canal, had impaired his hearing powers to such an extent that listening was palpably an effort, and he soon gave up the attempt and leaned back in his chair. On the professor’s left sat a young man, already known to fame, and to him the great man turned-and then the audience occupying the few front rows of chairs were electrified, petrified, and almost electrolysed, tones form the words " Fancy having a by hearing his dulcet " wife like that ! The young man blushed. The chairman turned a horrorstruck countenance on the professor. The lady paused. The professor was the only unconcerned person on the platform. He turned his divinely imperturbable face towards the chairman as though he would ask " Has she said anything very dreadful ? " For one brief second the quivering silence lasted, and then (to her everlasting honour be it said) the lady resumed her remarks as though there had been no
"
Lancet, 1955, ii, 1184; Ibid, Jan. 7, 1956, p. 39.
Fluorine
Professor MURRAY remarked that fluorine had not been shown to be essential for animal nutrition since no fluorine-free diet had yet been obtained. Fluorine was found in varying amounts in the calcified tissue of the body, the amount increasing with age and fluorine intake. Fluorine also accumulated in fossil bone and teeth, and the estimation of fluorine in fossils was an accepted method of dating them. Fluorine was also present in the ash of kidney stones. One of the chief sources of fluorine was drinking-water. Most water-supplies in Britain contained less than 1 part of fluorine per 1,000,000, but there were several places with values of 2-3 parts per 1,000,000. In such areas the intake might amount to 3-4 mg. daily from water. The only foods rich in fluorine were sea-foods and tea. The toxic level of intake of fluorine depended on its absorption and the efficacy
746 of elimination by the kidneys. In the neighbourhood of many industrial undertakings fluorine-containing dusts and smokes were known to cause severe animal intoxication and could also increase the intake of the human population. Retention took place to a harmful level in
bone ; this was accompanied by osteosclerosis and caused calcification of tendons and ligaments. Fluorine was well known as an enzyme inhibitor, and the kidneys seemed to show the greatest sensitivity to toxic levels of fluorine with resultant cytological and structural changes. In addition it had an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, and people exposed to fluorine in the cryolite
industry commonly complained of gastric symptoms. Dr. G. WYNNE-GRIFFITHS pointed out that a characteristic effect of fluorine intoxication was osteosclerosis, the laying down of new bone, and the calcification of associated structures that did not normally calcify except in old age. Not all persons long exposed to fluorine developed these signs of fluorosis, and even when radiographic signs were present function might be unimpaired. The weight of evidence suggested that there was no connection between fluorine and goitre. The fluoridation of drinking-water at 1 part per 1,000,000 apparently presented no hazard to human health, but further information was required about the extent to which the damaged kidney and the senile kidney could excrete an enhanced intake of fluorine. Miss J. R. FoRREST said that fluorine 1 part or more per 1,000,000 in the drinking-water had been shown to reduce the incidence of dental caries, while high concentrations were associated with unsightly enamel defects. In Maldon, Essex, where, until recently, the fluorine content of the water had been 5 parts per 1,000,000, there was very much less caries among children, both in the permanent and the deciduous teeth, than in any other part of the country. In South Shields, where the fluorine content was 1.4 parts per 1,000,000 of the water, the incidence of caries among children had been shown to be 45% less than in similar groups in the neighbouring fluoride-free area of North Shields. In general there was a correlation between the incidence of caries and the fluoride content of the water. The maximum reduction of caries was observed in those children who had consumed the water from birth to about 7-8 years of age. Fluoride was a natural constituent of all teeth, and the amount present in the enamel and dentine was related to the concentration in the water-supply. The mechanism by which the ingestion of fluoride reduced dental caries was not known, but the most acceptable theory was that the fluoro-apatite formed in the tooth was more resistant than the normal tissue to the acids produced by carbohydrate fermentation in the mouth. With high concentrations of fluoride in the water mottled enamel, or dental fluorosis, resulted ; these teeth were less prone to caries. Severe mottling was accompanied by severe hypoplasia and widespread brown staining. The first fluoridation studies, started in 1945 in parts of the United States, showed that caries had been gradually and steadily reduced compared with control areas. After ten years of fluoridation in Newburgh, N.Y., caries was 57-58% less than in the control area. Similarly, in the first permanent molars, generally considered to be the most vulnerable teeth in childhood, the average number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth per child was 53% less. The beneficial effect of fluoridated water was not limited to those children who consumed it from birth ; a reduction of caries was observed in older age-groups (13-14-year-old children). Fluoridation was about to be introduced in four areas of the United KingdomAnglesey, Andover, Kilmarnock, and Watford. Comparable control areas had been selected. To determine the optimum level of fluoridation a study was made in four areas where fluoride occurred naturally at concentrations of 5.8, 3.5, 2.0, and 0.9 parts per 1,000,000, and
in two areas where the fluoride content was not more than a trace. The incidence of caries decreased with increasing fluoride concentration up to 3.5 parts per 1,000,000. The incidence of severe mottling was directly related to the amount of fluoride in the water, becoming negligible at the 0-9 parts per 1,000,000 level. The optimal level of fluoride in water seemed to be about 1 part per 1,000,000. Mr. J. LONGWELL said that in the U.S.A. sodium fluoride, sodium fluorosilicate, or hydrofluorosilicic acid was commonly added to water. Several common methods of water treatment removed the fluoride from solution; it was therefore added at the last stage-namely, before chlorination. A saturated solution of sodium fluoride was injected at this stage into the pumping main at a controlled rate. In the discussion Mr. A. E. BENDER, PH.D., asked whether it was true that there was a difference in the caries-rate in the upper and lower teeth owing to the rinsing of the upper teeth in fluoride-containing water. Miss FORREST replied that the upper teeth usually decayed more rapidly than the lower, and that the molars showed more caries than the incisors.
REGIONAL HOSPITAL BOARDS AND BOARDS OF GOVERNORS OF
TEACHING HOSPITALS THE Minister of Health has appointed, the following as chairmen of boards :
or
reappointed,
Sheffield Regional Hospital Board.-A. V. --NTartin. East Anglian Regional Hospital Board.-Earl of Cranbrook, C.B.E., J.P. North 11’est ]1 etropolitan Regional John Freemantle, T.D., M.A. South East Metropolitan Regional
Julian,
Hospital Board.-Fion,
Hospital Board.-K.
1.
c.B.E.
North East
J..1Ietropolitan Regional Hospital Board.-S. G.
Rowlandson, M.B.ii:., J.P., South
Downes-Shaw,
F.c.A.
Regional Hospital Board.-Sir Havergal
Western
o.B.E.
Welsh Regional Hospital Bow’d.-Sir Frederick Alban. .1Blan.chester Regional Hospital Hoard.-""S.. M. Agnew, B.A. Liverpool Regional Hospital Board.-T. Keeling, C.B.E., M.A., J.P.
United Bristol
Hospitals.-Colonel
H. B. Stokes, M.B.E.,
B.A., J.P.
Unitpd Liverpool Hospitals.-T. Keeling, C.B.E., M.A., J.P. Royal Free Hospital.-Hon. P. Samuel, M.P. University College HOl:ipital.-Sir Alexander Maxwell, R.C.M.&.
Hospital for Sick Children.-C. A. Lucas, T.D., Royal1l-1.arsden Hospital.-J. -AT. Wallace. Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital.-A. C.B.E.,
M.A., A.a.A.
J.
Espley,
J.P.
Eastman Dental
Hospital.-A.
D.
Page.
REGIONAL HOSPITAL BOARDS
The following doctors have been appointed or reappointed to regional hospital boards. They will hold office till March 31, 1959. New appointments are indicated with Newcastle.-S. Russell.
an
asterisk.
-’Phately Davidson,
R. B.
Green,
R. G.
Leeds.-Ralph Watson. fSAe-eM.ņRalph Lodge, Duncan Macmillan, G. L. Roberts. East Anglian—M. W. B. Bulman, Captain E. MurrayHarvey, * K. W. Mackenzie. North West Metropolitan.-A. Staveley Gough, Esther Rickards. North East Metropolitan.-Louis Comyns, Victor Dix. South East Metropolitan.-A. Talbot Rogers, E. R. Boland.
woman
"
enforced leave from the wash-tub. At first the " casual " thought the audience had collected itself as an outward and visible sign of the dire necessity for "improvement " ; and as a protest against the sins of their fathers who had taken no heed of the matter. But, as the meeting advanced, and the view was delicately unfolded that marriages should be made with an eye more to the physical of the race than to wealth, or beauty, or love, development " casual" found that he was grossly rnistaken-the the audience was there to protest against any interference with their individual freedom in matters of love and marriage. One gentleman of ninety-odd emphatically, and with many a senile tremor declared to his junior by a decade " we are
on
going to marry to please the State, but to please ourselves." Another gentleman from the audience bounded on to the platform and with a tongue which sadly needed the agility of his toes, stammered that so long as there was not
"L-1-l-l-love in the w-w-w-w-world 1-1-1-1-love w-w-w-w-would at 1-1-1-1-locksmiths." The sides of the few complete men and women who were present now began to ache. But that ache was nothing to the acute agony to which they were soon put at the hands of no less a person than the very celebrated professor, the man of science and world-wide fame, who for more than half a century has been the brightest star in matters anthropological, and whose paper on Eugenics it had been the object of the meeting to hear. The professor has a face of serene calmness and philosophical divinity, and his expression is one of angelic graciousness. No more than a glance is needed to recognise that he is not as other men. As the disembodied soul is to common clay, so is Professor Galton to the rest of humanity.
M-1-l-Iaugh
"
"
Special
The paper of the learned professor had proved beyond the possibility of a doubt that men and women were perfectly ready to be influenced in their choice of each other by Eugenics." But amongst the many arguments which were advanced against this theory there was none so overwhelming in its conclusiveness as those six little words which slipped so naturally from the professor’s own lips. " Fancy having a wife like that." When the Man of Science judges by appearances what is "
the Man in the Street to do ?
K. HEANLEY L.M.S.S.A.
and had now been practised for over thirty Remarkable decreases in goitre incidence had followed the introduction of iodised salt in many countries, including the U.S.A., Switzerland, New Zealand, Colombia, and Poland. No adverse effects had been observed. In Britain iodised salt was available but not yet compulsory, although the Government had announced in 1950 its intention to implement the recommendation of the Medical Research Council that all free-running salt in domestic use should contain 1 part of potassium iodide in 40,000 parts of salt. Iodide added to salt was stable for over two years if the salt was kept dry and free-running and contained a stabilising agent. The desirable level of iodisation was determined by the average intake of salt and the average dose of iodine necessary to prevent goitre in a community. There was accordingly wide variation, from 1 in 10,000 parts to 1 in 200,000 parts of salt, in different countries. In reply to a question on the possibility of iodisation leading to excessive intakes of iodine, Professor MURRAY pointed out that the levels used in fortification were far lower than those naturally in sea-foods ; there was no evidence that iodisation constituted a danger.
years.
IODINE AND FLUORINE THE nutrition panel of the food group of the Society of Chemical Industry held on April 11 the fourth and final meeting of a series concerned with Nutritional Requirements and Food Fortification.1 Iodine
Prof. MARGARET MURRAY said that iodine had been recognised as a nutritionally essential element since from the Baumann in 1896 prepared iodothyrin iodine and it was shown that its content thyroid gland The iodine ran parallel with its physiological activity. of the diet, which was mainly in the form of iodide, was taken up by the thyroid cells for the production of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine. An inadequate intake of iodine led to thyroid dysfunction and goitre. Because iodine was not abundant in foods generally, its level in drinking-water determined the adequacy of its supply. Although inadequacy of iodine was the ultimate cause of most endemic goitre, other dietary factors, present in particular in the brassicse, could act as goitrogenic or anti-thyroid agents. In addition calcium could be goitrogenic. The iodine requirement of man had not been accurately determined but was generally accepted as 100 ug. per day. The iodine of drinking-water was a critical factor in achieving this intake and 5 mg. per litre was regarded as an adequate level. Mr. J. C. M. HOLMAN discussed the use of iodised salt for goitre prophylaxis. He emphasised that iodine must not be regarded as a cure for established goitre but largely as a prophylactic. Many methods for goitre prevention had been tried including the use of iodised salt, the addition of iodine to water-supplies, the administration of iodised tablets and sweets to school-children, and the application of iodine-rich fertilisers to vegetable crops. Of these methods the iodisation of salt was the most 1. See
interruption.
satisfactory
Articles
"
That is what the casual enquirer thought. After several male members of the audience had appeared upon the platform to criticise the " able and interesting " paper which the professor had read, a lady rose. She was past the bloom of life and wore a large hat and spectacles. The professor bowed and courteously bent his head in the direction of the lady. But a cold, together with the changes which years are prone to work in the auditory canal, had impaired his hearing powers to such an extent that listening was palpably an effort, and he soon gave up the attempt and leaned back in his chair. On the professor’s left sat a young man, already known to fame, and to him the great man turned-and then the audience occupying the few front rows of chairs were electrified, petrified, and almost electrolysed, tones form the words " Fancy having a by hearing his dulcet " wife like that ! The young man blushed. The chairman turned a horrorstruck countenance on the professor. The lady paused. The professor was the only unconcerned person on the platform. He turned his divinely imperturbable face towards the chairman as though he would ask " Has she said anything very dreadful ? " For one brief second the quivering silence lasted, and then (to her everlasting honour be it said) the lady resumed her remarks as though there had been no
"
Lancet, 1955, ii, 1184; Ibid, Jan. 7, 1956, p. 39.
Fluorine
Professor MURRAY remarked that fluorine had not been shown to be essential for animal nutrition since no fluorine-free diet had yet been obtained. Fluorine was found in varying amounts in the calcified tissue of the body, the amount increasing with age and fluorine intake. Fluorine also accumulated in fossil bone and teeth, and the estimation of fluorine in fossils was an accepted method of dating them. Fluorine was also present in the ash of kidney stones. One of the chief sources of fluorine was drinking-water. Most water-supplies in Britain contained less than 1 part of fluorine per 1,000,000, but there were several places with values of 2-3 parts per 1,000,000. In such areas the intake might amount to 3-4 mg. daily from water. The only foods rich in fluorine were sea-foods and tea. The toxic level of intake of fluorine depended on its absorption and the efficacy
746 of elimination by the kidneys. In the neighbourhood of many industrial undertakings fluorine-containing dusts and smokes were known to cause severe animal intoxication and could also increase the intake of the human population. Retention took place to a harmful level in
bone ; this was accompanied by osteosclerosis and caused calcification of tendons and ligaments. Fluorine was well known as an enzyme inhibitor, and the kidneys seemed to show the greatest sensitivity to toxic levels of fluorine with resultant cytological and structural changes. In addition it had an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, and people exposed to fluorine in the cryolite
industry commonly complained of gastric symptoms. Dr. G. WYNNE-GRIFFITHS pointed out that a characteristic effect of fluorine intoxication was osteosclerosis, the laying down of new bone, and the calcification of associated structures that did not normally calcify except in old age. Not all persons long exposed to fluorine developed these signs of fluorosis, and even when radiographic signs were present function might be unimpaired. The weight of evidence suggested that there was no connection between fluorine and goitre. The fluoridation of drinking-water at 1 part per 1,000,000 apparently presented no hazard to human health, but further information was required about the extent to which the damaged kidney and the senile kidney could excrete an enhanced intake of fluorine. Miss J. R. FoRREST said that fluorine 1 part or more per 1,000,000 in the drinking-water had been shown to reduce the incidence of dental caries, while high concentrations were associated with unsightly enamel defects. In Maldon, Essex, where, until recently, the fluorine content of the water had been 5 parts per 1,000,000, there was very much less caries among children, both in the permanent and the deciduous teeth, than in any other part of the country. In South Shields, where the fluorine content was 1.4 parts per 1,000,000 of the water, the incidence of caries among children had been shown to be 45% less than in similar groups in the neighbouring fluoride-free area of North Shields. In general there was a correlation between the incidence of caries and the fluoride content of the water. The maximum reduction of caries was observed in those children who had consumed the water from birth to about 7-8 years of age. Fluoride was a natural constituent of all teeth, and the amount present in the enamel and dentine was related to the concentration in the water-supply. The mechanism by which the ingestion of fluoride reduced dental caries was not known, but the most acceptable theory was that the fluoro-apatite formed in the tooth was more resistant than the normal tissue to the acids produced by carbohydrate fermentation in the mouth. With high concentrations of fluoride in the water mottled enamel, or dental fluorosis, resulted ; these teeth were less prone to caries. Severe mottling was accompanied by severe hypoplasia and widespread brown staining. The first fluoridation studies, started in 1945 in parts of the United States, showed that caries had been gradually and steadily reduced compared with control areas. After ten years of fluoridation in Newburgh, N.Y., caries was 57-58% less than in the control area. Similarly, in the first permanent molars, generally considered to be the most vulnerable teeth in childhood, the average number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth per child was 53% less. The beneficial effect of fluoridated water was not limited to those children who consumed it from birth ; a reduction of caries was observed in older age-groups (13-14-year-old children). Fluoridation was about to be introduced in four areas of the United KingdomAnglesey, Andover, Kilmarnock, and Watford. Comparable control areas had been selected. To determine the optimum level of fluoridation a study was made in four areas where fluoride occurred naturally at concentrations of 5.8, 3.5, 2.0, and 0.9 parts per 1,000,000, and
in two areas where the fluoride content was not more than a trace. The incidence of caries decreased with increasing fluoride concentration up to 3.5 parts per 1,000,000. The incidence of severe mottling was directly related to the amount of fluoride in the water, becoming negligible at the 0-9 parts per 1,000,000 level. The optimal level of fluoride in water seemed to be about 1 part per 1,000,000. Mr. J. LONGWELL said that in the U.S.A. sodium fluoride, sodium fluorosilicate, or hydrofluorosilicic acid was commonly added to water. Several common methods of water treatment removed the fluoride from solution; it was therefore added at the last stage-namely, before chlorination. A saturated solution of sodium fluoride was injected at this stage into the pumping main at a controlled rate. In the discussion Mr. A. E. BENDER, PH.D., asked whether it was true that there was a difference in the caries-rate in the upper and lower teeth owing to the rinsing of the upper teeth in fluoride-containing water. Miss FORREST replied that the upper teeth usually decayed more rapidly than the lower, and that the molars showed more caries than the incisors.
REGIONAL HOSPITAL BOARDS AND BOARDS OF GOVERNORS OF
TEACHING HOSPITALS THE Minister of Health has appointed, the following as chairmen of boards :
or
reappointed,
Sheffield Regional Hospital Board.-A. V. --NTartin. East Anglian Regional Hospital Board.-Earl of Cranbrook, C.B.E., J.P. North 11’est ]1 etropolitan Regional John Freemantle, T.D., M.A. South East Metropolitan Regional
Julian,
Hospital Board.-Fion,
Hospital Board.-K.
1.
c.B.E.
North East
J..1Ietropolitan Regional Hospital Board.-S. G.
Rowlandson, M.B.ii:., J.P., South
Downes-Shaw,
F.c.A.
Regional Hospital Board.-Sir Havergal
Western
o.B.E.
Welsh Regional Hospital Bow’d.-Sir Frederick Alban. .1Blan.chester Regional Hospital Hoard.-""S.. M. Agnew, B.A. Liverpool Regional Hospital Board.-T. Keeling, C.B.E., M.A., J.P.
United Bristol
Hospitals.-Colonel
H. B. Stokes, M.B.E.,
B.A., J.P.
Unitpd Liverpool Hospitals.-T. Keeling, C.B.E., M.A., J.P. Royal Free Hospital.-Hon. P. Samuel, M.P. University College HOl:ipital.-Sir Alexander Maxwell, R.C.M.&.
Hospital for Sick Children.-C. A. Lucas, T.D., Royal1l-1.arsden Hospital.-J. -AT. Wallace. Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea Hospital.-A. C.B.E.,
M.A., A.a.A.
J.
Espley,
J.P.
Eastman Dental
Hospital.-A.
D.
Page.
REGIONAL HOSPITAL BOARDS
The following doctors have been appointed or reappointed to regional hospital boards. They will hold office till March 31, 1959. New appointments are indicated with Newcastle.-S. Russell.
an
asterisk.
-’Phately Davidson,
R. B.
Green,
R. G.
Leeds.-Ralph Watson. fSAe-eM.ņRalph Lodge, Duncan Macmillan, G. L. Roberts. East Anglian—M. W. B. Bulman, Captain E. MurrayHarvey, * K. W. Mackenzie. North West Metropolitan.-A. Staveley Gough, Esther Rickards. North East Metropolitan.-Louis Comyns, Victor Dix. South East Metropolitan.-A. Talbot Rogers, E. R. Boland.