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Ionophore Anticoccidials Fed From Days 56 to 63 and Processing Yields of Male Broiler Chickens1
2001 Poultry Science Association, Inc.
IONOPHORE ANTICOCCIDIALS FED FROM DAYS 56 TO 63 AND PROCESSING YIELDS 1 OF MALE BROILER CHICKENS P. W. WALDROUP2, A. L. WALDROUP, E. A. SALEH, J. H. KERSEY, A. E. MURAKAMI, and D. A. DICKEY Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Phone: (501) 575-2065 FAX: (501) 575-3474 e-mail: [email protected]
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Veterinarians, Processing Supervisors
SUMMARY Because some reports have suggested that various anticoccidials may influence carcass composition, male broilers of a commercial strain cross were fed from Days 56 to 63 on nutritionally complete diets containing salinomycin, lasalocid, or monensin. Processing characteristics of these birds were compared to those of birds fed an unmedicated diet. No significant influence of the anticoccidials was observed on dressing percentage, uptake of water in a 12-h static chill bath, or weight or percentage yield of breast meat, leg quarters, wings, or abdominal fat. Key words: Anticoccidials, broilers, carcass yield, processing 2001 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:199–201
DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Anticoccidials are almost universally used in broiler production. Although most anticoccidials are removed from the diet for some time prior to slaughter, some reports are available regarding the potential effects of continuously fed anticoccidials on carcass composition [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Some of these studies demonstrated that the anticoccidials used in growing broilers may influence carcass yield parameters such as dressing percentage, breast meat yield, and water uptake. As these factors are of great importance to poultry integrators, the following study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various ionophore anticoccidials on processing parameters when fed during a 7-d period prior to slaughter.
Male broiler chickens of a commercial strain cross [8] were grown to 56 d on diets containing 60 g/ton salinomycin [9]. A total of 50 birds was placed in each of 48 pens with new softwood shavings over concrete floors. A finisher diet, similar in nutrient composition to industry standards (Table 1), was mixed and divided into four aliquots and supplemented as follows: 1) no anticoccidial, 2) 40 g/ton salinomycin, 3) 70 g/ton lasalocid [10], 4) 90 g/ton monensin [11]. Each of the four experimental diets was assigned to 12 pens of birds. Diets were pelleted with steam and assayed for content of anticoccidials to verify proper mixing. The test diets and tap water were provided ad libitum from 56 to 63 d.
1 2
Published with the approval of the Director, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manuscript No. 99090. To whom correspondence should be addressed.
JAPR: Research Report
200 TABLE 1. Composition and calculated nutrient content of finisher diet INGREDIENT
%
Yellow corn Soybean meal Poultry by-product meal Poultry oil Limestone Dicalcium phosphate DL Methionine (98%) Lysine HCl (98%) Salt Vitamin premixA Trace mineral mixB BMD-50 bacitracin
69.44 18.27 5.00 3.85 0.86 1.25 0.17 0.05 0.46 0.50 0.10 0.05 100.00
Calculated analysis ME kcal/kg Crude protein, % Calcium, % Nonphytate P, % Arginine, % Lysine, % Methionine, % TSAA, %
3,250 17.70 0.81 0.41 1.10 0.91 0.46 0.77
A
Vitamin premix provides per kg of diet: 7,714 IU vitamin A, 2,204 IU vitamin D3; 16.53 IU vitamin E; 0.013 mg vitamin B12; 6.6 mg riboflavin; 39 mg niacin; 10 mg pantothenic acid; 495 mg choline; 1.5 mg vitamin K; 0.9 mg folic acid; 1.54 mg thiamin; 2.76 mg pyridoxine; 0.066 mg D-biotin; 125 mg ethoxyquin; 0.1 mg Se. B Trace mineral mix provides per kg of diet: Mn (MnSO4ⴢH2O), 100 mg; Zn (ZnSO4ⴢ7H2O), 100 mg; Fe (FeSO4ⴢ7H2O), 50 mg; Cu (CuSO4ⴢ5H2O), 10 mg; I (Ca(IO3)2ⴢH2O), 1 mg.
At 56 d of age, the birds were group-weighed by pen, and pens were randomly allocated to treatments within a block (quadrant of the house) to achieve approximately equal starting weights. At 63 d, 10 birds per pen were randomly selected with the proviso that they had no visible physical defects and weighed within one-half standard deviation of the treatment mean. Feed, but not water, was removed for 10 h before the birds were placed in coops and transported 1 km to a pilot processing plant. Time of initiation of feed withdrawal for each replication was staggered to allow for approximately equal times between initiation of feed withdrawal and time of slaughter. Birds were slaughtered using manual evisceration, and parts yield was determined after a 12-h static ice chill [12]. Data were subjected to statistical analysis [13]. Statements of significance were based on P ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Inclusion of the various anticoccidials in the diet of broilers for 7 d prior to slaughter at 63 d had no significant effect on the various processing factors, including dressing percentage, abdominal fat, and weight and percentage yield of breast meat, leg quarters, and wings (Table 2). Water uptake during a 12-h static ice chill was less for birds that had been fed monensin than for those fed the unsupplemented control or the other ionophores, but this measurement
TABLE 2. Effects of various ionophore anticoccidials fed from 56 to 63 d on live performance and processing characteristics of male broilers PARAMETER A
Dressing percentage (%) Water uptake (%)B Breast weight (g) Leg quarter weight (g) Wing weight (g) Abdominal fat (g) Breast yield (%)C Leg quarter yield (%) Wing yield (%) Abdominal fat (%) A
NONE
SALINOMYCIN (40 g/ton)
LASALOCID (70 g/ton)
MONENSIN (90 g/ton)
SEM
CV
72.59 2.74
72.40 2.67
72.28 2.70
72.31 2.01
0.34 0.26
1.62 36.03
679 964 307 88 24.35 34.58 11.03 3.16
674 960 306 87 24.34 34.76 11.10 3.14
677 952 301 82 24.62 34.69 10.99 2.98
Dressed carcass without giblets as percentage of live carcass prior to slaughter. Difference in carcass weight before and after 12-h static chill. C Parts yield expressed as percentage of chilled carcass weight. B
681 955 305 82 24.78 34.78 11.11 2.99
11 10 3 3.5 0.20 0.18 0.07 0.13
5.68 3.58 3.16 14.03 2.85 1.82 2.10 14.46
WALDROUP ET AL.: ANTICOCCIDIALS AND CARCASS YIELD was extremely variable (CV = 36.03), and the difference was not statistically significant. The results of this study suggest little influence of the presence or absence of the ionophore anticoccidials used in this study during the 56to-63-d period on processing parameters of male
201
broilers. During the time of this study, the mean low and high temperatures in the house were 67 and 76°F, respectively. Response to the ionophores may be different under heat stress due to the reported influence of various anticoccidials on water uptake [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20].
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. No influence of the presence or absence of the various anticoccidials in diets fed to broilers for 7 d prior to slaughter was observed on dressing percentage, uptake of water in a 12-h static chill bath, or weight or percentage yield of breast meat, leg quarters, wings, or abdominal fat. 2. This study was conducted during temperate conditions. The response may be different under heat stress due to the reported influence of various anticoccidials on water uptake.
REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Damron, B.L., R.H. Harms, A.S. Arafa, and D.M. Janky, 1977. The effect of dietary lasalocid or monensin in the presence of roxarsone and graded levels of methionine on broiler performance and processing characteristics. Poult. Sci. 56:1487–1491. 2. Tarozzi, F., and G. Fabris, 1978. A comparison of monensin and halofuginone with special reference to carcase composition. Page 445 in: Avian Coccidiosis. P.L. Long, K.N. Boorman, and B.M. Freeman, ed. British Poultry Sci., Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland. 3. Leeson, S., and J.D. Summers, 1983. Growth and carcass characteristics of broilers fed salinomycin in diets containing graded levels of methionine and energy. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 63:409–419. 4. Fairley, C.D., O. Chanter, A. McAllister, N.L. Robers, and H. Smith, 1985. Effect of avoparcin interaction with anticoccidial compounds on the growth and carcass composition of broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 26:465–471. 5. Peng, I.C., J.E. Larsen, W.J. Stadelman, D.J. Jones, and L.V. Tonkinson, 1987. Processing yields and meat flavor of birds fed a mixture of narasin and nicarbazin as an anticoccidial agent. Poult. Sci. 66:1341–1345. 6. Metzler, M.J., W.M. Britton, and L.R. McDougald, 1987. Effects of monensin feeding and withdrawal time on growth and carcass composition in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 66:1451–1458. 7. Izat, A.L., M. Colberg, M.A. Reiber, M.H. Adams, J.T. Skinner, M.C. Cabel, H.L. Stilborn, and P.W. Waldroup, 1991. Comparison of different anticoccidials on processing characteristics and parts yield of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 70:1419–1423. 8. Chicks used in this study were from a mating of Ross males, Ross Breeders, Inc., Huntsville, AL, and Avian females, Avian Farms, Inc., Waterville, ME. 9. Sacox, Hoechst Roussel Vet, Warren, NJ 07059. Each pound provides 60 g salinomycin. 10. Avatec, Roche Vitamins, Inc., Parsippany, NJ 07054. Each pound provides 90.7 g lasalocid. 11. Coban, Elanco Animal Health, division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285. Each pound provides 60 g monensin.
12. At the processing plant, the birds were individually weighed, placed on shackles, stunned and killed by an electric knife, allowed to bleed for 90 s, scalded at 140°F, and defeathered in rotary drum picker. Birds were manually eviscerated, and abdominal fat removed and weighed. The carcass without giblets, neck, and abdominal fat was then weighed and placed in a static ice bath for 12 h. Carcasses were removed from the ice bath, drained to remove excess water, and weighed again to measure water uptake. Carcasses were then cut up to determine yield of breast meat, leg quarters, and wings. The breast meat yield was based on skinless, boneless content of pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles. Leg quarter and wing yields were determined with skin on and bone in. 13. Pen means served as the experimental unit. Data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA using the general linear models procedure of SAS software [14]. 14. SAS Institute, 1991. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 6.03 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. 15. Damron, B.L., 1994. The relationship of maximum or intermediate coccidiostat levels to broiler chick water intake. Poult. Sci. 73:33–36. 16. Ouart, M.D., B.L. Damron, R.B. Christmas, and F.G. Martin, 1995. Effect of coccidiostats on performance, water intake, and litter moisture of broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 4:374–378. 17. Patel, M.B., C.W. Nam, K.O. Bishawi, and J. McGinnis, 1980. Effect of different levels and combinations of lasalocid and monensin on broiler performance, water consumption and prevention of coccidiosis. Poult. Sci. 59(Suppl. 1):1649. (Abstr.). 18. Salsbury, R.L., 1984. Feed and water intake by broiler chicks as affected by ionophore, sodium, and chlorine concentrations in feed. Poult. Sci. 63(Suppl. 1):74. (Abstr.). 19. Wheelhouse, R.K., R.I. Groves, C.A. Hammant, C. Van Dijk, and J. Radu, 1985. Effects of coccidiostats and dietary protein on performance and water consumption in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 64:979–985. 20. Macy, L.B., G.C. Harris, Jr., J.A. DeLee, P.W. Waldroup, A.L. Izat, M.J. Gwyther, and H.J. Eoff, 1990. Effects of feeding lasalocid on performance of broilers in moderate and hot climates. Poult. Sci. 69:1265–1270.
IONOPHORE ANTICOCCIDIALS FED FROM DAYS 56 TO 63 AND PROCESSING YIELDS 1 OF MALE BROILER CHICKENS P. W. WALDROUP2, A. L. WALDROUP, E. A. SALEH, J. H. KERSEY, A. E. MURAKAMI, and D. A. DICKEY Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 Phone: (501) 575-2065 FAX: (501) 575-3474 e-mail: [email protected]
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Veterinarians, Processing Supervisors
SUMMARY Because some reports have suggested that various anticoccidials may influence carcass composition, male broilers of a commercial strain cross were fed from Days 56 to 63 on nutritionally complete diets containing salinomycin, lasalocid, or monensin. Processing characteristics of these birds were compared to those of birds fed an unmedicated diet. No significant influence of the anticoccidials was observed on dressing percentage, uptake of water in a 12-h static chill bath, or weight or percentage yield of breast meat, leg quarters, wings, or abdominal fat. Key words: Anticoccidials, broilers, carcass yield, processing 2001 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 10:199–201
DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Anticoccidials are almost universally used in broiler production. Although most anticoccidials are removed from the diet for some time prior to slaughter, some reports are available regarding the potential effects of continuously fed anticoccidials on carcass composition [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Some of these studies demonstrated that the anticoccidials used in growing broilers may influence carcass yield parameters such as dressing percentage, breast meat yield, and water uptake. As these factors are of great importance to poultry integrators, the following study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various ionophore anticoccidials on processing parameters when fed during a 7-d period prior to slaughter.
Male broiler chickens of a commercial strain cross [8] were grown to 56 d on diets containing 60 g/ton salinomycin [9]. A total of 50 birds was placed in each of 48 pens with new softwood shavings over concrete floors. A finisher diet, similar in nutrient composition to industry standards (Table 1), was mixed and divided into four aliquots and supplemented as follows: 1) no anticoccidial, 2) 40 g/ton salinomycin, 3) 70 g/ton lasalocid [10], 4) 90 g/ton monensin [11]. Each of the four experimental diets was assigned to 12 pens of birds. Diets were pelleted with steam and assayed for content of anticoccidials to verify proper mixing. The test diets and tap water were provided ad libitum from 56 to 63 d.
1 2
Published with the approval of the Director, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manuscript No. 99090. To whom correspondence should be addressed.
JAPR: Research Report
200 TABLE 1. Composition and calculated nutrient content of finisher diet INGREDIENT
%
Yellow corn Soybean meal Poultry by-product meal Poultry oil Limestone Dicalcium phosphate DL Methionine (98%) Lysine HCl (98%) Salt Vitamin premixA Trace mineral mixB BMD-50 bacitracin
69.44 18.27 5.00 3.85 0.86 1.25 0.17 0.05 0.46 0.50 0.10 0.05 100.00
Calculated analysis ME kcal/kg Crude protein, % Calcium, % Nonphytate P, % Arginine, % Lysine, % Methionine, % TSAA, %
3,250 17.70 0.81 0.41 1.10 0.91 0.46 0.77
A
Vitamin premix provides per kg of diet: 7,714 IU vitamin A, 2,204 IU vitamin D3; 16.53 IU vitamin E; 0.013 mg vitamin B12; 6.6 mg riboflavin; 39 mg niacin; 10 mg pantothenic acid; 495 mg choline; 1.5 mg vitamin K; 0.9 mg folic acid; 1.54 mg thiamin; 2.76 mg pyridoxine; 0.066 mg D-biotin; 125 mg ethoxyquin; 0.1 mg Se. B Trace mineral mix provides per kg of diet: Mn (MnSO4ⴢH2O), 100 mg; Zn (ZnSO4ⴢ7H2O), 100 mg; Fe (FeSO4ⴢ7H2O), 50 mg; Cu (CuSO4ⴢ5H2O), 10 mg; I (Ca(IO3)2ⴢH2O), 1 mg.
At 56 d of age, the birds were group-weighed by pen, and pens were randomly allocated to treatments within a block (quadrant of the house) to achieve approximately equal starting weights. At 63 d, 10 birds per pen were randomly selected with the proviso that they had no visible physical defects and weighed within one-half standard deviation of the treatment mean. Feed, but not water, was removed for 10 h before the birds were placed in coops and transported 1 km to a pilot processing plant. Time of initiation of feed withdrawal for each replication was staggered to allow for approximately equal times between initiation of feed withdrawal and time of slaughter. Birds were slaughtered using manual evisceration, and parts yield was determined after a 12-h static ice chill [12]. Data were subjected to statistical analysis [13]. Statements of significance were based on P ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Inclusion of the various anticoccidials in the diet of broilers for 7 d prior to slaughter at 63 d had no significant effect on the various processing factors, including dressing percentage, abdominal fat, and weight and percentage yield of breast meat, leg quarters, and wings (Table 2). Water uptake during a 12-h static ice chill was less for birds that had been fed monensin than for those fed the unsupplemented control or the other ionophores, but this measurement
TABLE 2. Effects of various ionophore anticoccidials fed from 56 to 63 d on live performance and processing characteristics of male broilers PARAMETER A
Dressing percentage (%) Water uptake (%)B Breast weight (g) Leg quarter weight (g) Wing weight (g) Abdominal fat (g) Breast yield (%)C Leg quarter yield (%) Wing yield (%) Abdominal fat (%) A
NONE
SALINOMYCIN (40 g/ton)
LASALOCID (70 g/ton)
MONENSIN (90 g/ton)
SEM
CV
72.59 2.74
72.40 2.67
72.28 2.70
72.31 2.01
0.34 0.26
1.62 36.03
679 964 307 88 24.35 34.58 11.03 3.16
674 960 306 87 24.34 34.76 11.10 3.14
677 952 301 82 24.62 34.69 10.99 2.98
Dressed carcass without giblets as percentage of live carcass prior to slaughter. Difference in carcass weight before and after 12-h static chill. C Parts yield expressed as percentage of chilled carcass weight. B
681 955 305 82 24.78 34.78 11.11 2.99
11 10 3 3.5 0.20 0.18 0.07 0.13
5.68 3.58 3.16 14.03 2.85 1.82 2.10 14.46
WALDROUP ET AL.: ANTICOCCIDIALS AND CARCASS YIELD was extremely variable (CV = 36.03), and the difference was not statistically significant. The results of this study suggest little influence of the presence or absence of the ionophore anticoccidials used in this study during the 56to-63-d period on processing parameters of male
201
broilers. During the time of this study, the mean low and high temperatures in the house were 67 and 76°F, respectively. Response to the ionophores may be different under heat stress due to the reported influence of various anticoccidials on water uptake [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20].
CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. No influence of the presence or absence of the various anticoccidials in diets fed to broilers for 7 d prior to slaughter was observed on dressing percentage, uptake of water in a 12-h static chill bath, or weight or percentage yield of breast meat, leg quarters, wings, or abdominal fat. 2. This study was conducted during temperate conditions. The response may be different under heat stress due to the reported influence of various anticoccidials on water uptake.
REFERENCES AND NOTES 1. Damron, B.L., R.H. Harms, A.S. Arafa, and D.M. Janky, 1977. The effect of dietary lasalocid or monensin in the presence of roxarsone and graded levels of methionine on broiler performance and processing characteristics. Poult. Sci. 56:1487–1491. 2. Tarozzi, F., and G. Fabris, 1978. A comparison of monensin and halofuginone with special reference to carcase composition. Page 445 in: Avian Coccidiosis. P.L. Long, K.N. Boorman, and B.M. Freeman, ed. British Poultry Sci., Ltd., Edinburgh, Scotland. 3. Leeson, S., and J.D. Summers, 1983. Growth and carcass characteristics of broilers fed salinomycin in diets containing graded levels of methionine and energy. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 63:409–419. 4. Fairley, C.D., O. Chanter, A. McAllister, N.L. Robers, and H. Smith, 1985. Effect of avoparcin interaction with anticoccidial compounds on the growth and carcass composition of broilers. Br. Poult. Sci. 26:465–471. 5. Peng, I.C., J.E. Larsen, W.J. Stadelman, D.J. Jones, and L.V. Tonkinson, 1987. Processing yields and meat flavor of birds fed a mixture of narasin and nicarbazin as an anticoccidial agent. Poult. Sci. 66:1341–1345. 6. Metzler, M.J., W.M. Britton, and L.R. McDougald, 1987. Effects of monensin feeding and withdrawal time on growth and carcass composition in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 66:1451–1458. 7. Izat, A.L., M. Colberg, M.A. Reiber, M.H. Adams, J.T. Skinner, M.C. Cabel, H.L. Stilborn, and P.W. Waldroup, 1991. Comparison of different anticoccidials on processing characteristics and parts yield of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 70:1419–1423. 8. Chicks used in this study were from a mating of Ross males, Ross Breeders, Inc., Huntsville, AL, and Avian females, Avian Farms, Inc., Waterville, ME. 9. Sacox, Hoechst Roussel Vet, Warren, NJ 07059. Each pound provides 60 g salinomycin. 10. Avatec, Roche Vitamins, Inc., Parsippany, NJ 07054. Each pound provides 90.7 g lasalocid. 11. Coban, Elanco Animal Health, division of Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285. Each pound provides 60 g monensin.
12. At the processing plant, the birds were individually weighed, placed on shackles, stunned and killed by an electric knife, allowed to bleed for 90 s, scalded at 140°F, and defeathered in rotary drum picker. Birds were manually eviscerated, and abdominal fat removed and weighed. The carcass without giblets, neck, and abdominal fat was then weighed and placed in a static ice bath for 12 h. Carcasses were removed from the ice bath, drained to remove excess water, and weighed again to measure water uptake. Carcasses were then cut up to determine yield of breast meat, leg quarters, and wings. The breast meat yield was based on skinless, boneless content of pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles. Leg quarter and wing yields were determined with skin on and bone in. 13. Pen means served as the experimental unit. Data were subjected to a one-way ANOVA using the general linear models procedure of SAS software [14]. 14. SAS Institute, 1991. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics. Version 6.03 Edition. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. 15. Damron, B.L., 1994. The relationship of maximum or intermediate coccidiostat levels to broiler chick water intake. Poult. Sci. 73:33–36. 16. Ouart, M.D., B.L. Damron, R.B. Christmas, and F.G. Martin, 1995. Effect of coccidiostats on performance, water intake, and litter moisture of broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 4:374–378. 17. Patel, M.B., C.W. Nam, K.O. Bishawi, and J. McGinnis, 1980. Effect of different levels and combinations of lasalocid and monensin on broiler performance, water consumption and prevention of coccidiosis. Poult. Sci. 59(Suppl. 1):1649. (Abstr.). 18. Salsbury, R.L., 1984. Feed and water intake by broiler chicks as affected by ionophore, sodium, and chlorine concentrations in feed. Poult. Sci. 63(Suppl. 1):74. (Abstr.). 19. Wheelhouse, R.K., R.I. Groves, C.A. Hammant, C. Van Dijk, and J. Radu, 1985. Effects of coccidiostats and dietary protein on performance and water consumption in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 64:979–985. 20. Macy, L.B., G.C. Harris, Jr., J.A. DeLee, P.W. Waldroup, A.L. Izat, M.J. Gwyther, and H.J. Eoff, 1990. Effects of feeding lasalocid on performance of broilers in moderate and hot climates. Poult. Sci. 69:1265–1270.