- Email: [email protected]
IoT and A Sustainable City
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy (2018) 000–000 342–346 EnergyProcedia Procedia153 00 (2017) www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018
IoT and A Sustainable City
The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
Limin LIU*
Assessing Huzhou the University, feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor 759 Erhuandong Road, Huhzou, Zhejiang 313000, China temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast Abstract
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
a
IN+ Center Innovation, Technology and Research - Instituto Superior Técnico,and Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, IoT, Internet of for Things, is a foundation for Policy connecting things, sensors, actuators, other smart technologies, thusPortugal enabling b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France person-to-object and object-to-object communications. It is a hot point of research and development after internet. Its c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue product Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France applications are concerned to smart transportation, intelligent shopping, smart management, smart meters, home automation, waste management, sustainable urban environment, continuous care and so on. With the IoT, the resources, energy and environment for cities will be managed availably and profitably. In this paper, IoT and the bicycle sharing system, an example, are discussed. With the bicycle sharing system, the transportation of a city will be the more green and convenient. Abstract Therefore, IoT may become an important role in a sustainable and smart city.
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. ©greenhouse 2018 The The Authors. Authors. Published Ltd. gas emissions frombytheElsevier building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat This is an open access article under CC license This is an open article climate underthe the CCBY-NC-ND BY-NC-ND license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) sales. Due to access the changed conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific Conference on on Energy Energy and and prolonging the investment return period. Environment Research, Research, ICEER ICEER 2018. 2018. Environment The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 Keywords: IoT; bicycle sharing system; green transportation; sustainable city buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. 1.The Introduction results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation The IoT, of increased Things, up is toa 59.5% scenario in which everything hasrenovation a uniquescenarios identifier and the considered). ability to scenarios, theInternet error value (depending on the weather and combination communicate over the internet or a similar wide-area network [1]. The IoT is a concept in which the virtual world The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to of the information technology integrates seamlessly withduring the real ofseason things.(depending The real world more accessible decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h theworld heating on the becomes combination of weather and renovation scenariosand considered). On devices the otherin hand, function 7.8-12.7%With per decade on the through computers networked business as intercept well as increased everyday for scenarios. access (depending to fine-grained coupled scenarios). The values suggested couldfreely be used to macro modify to themicro function parameters considered, and information, management can start to move from levels and willfor be the ablescenarios to measure, plan and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-13819251469; fax: +86-572-2711929. Cooling. E-mail address: [email protected]
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.080
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Limin Liu / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 342–346 Limin LIU / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
343
act [2]. However, the internet of things is more than a business tool for managing business processes more efficiently and more effectively – it will also enable a more convenient way of life. Today, the IoT is a foundation for connecting things, sensors, actuators, and other smart technologies, thus enabling person-to-object and object-to-object communications [3]. Some fields of applications of IoT are shown in Fig.1. They include smart transportation, intelligent shopping, smart product management, smart meters, home automation, waste management, sustainable urban environment, continuous care and so on. smart product management intelligent shopping smart transportation
home automation Internet of Things
waste management
smart meters continuous care
sustainable urban environment Fig. 1. Some applications of IoT
Almost, all of IoT applications are closely concerned to energy and environment, especially sustainable cities. IoT will be a good direct for the production and life in future [4]. 2. The IoT and a bicycle sharing system IoT may be concerned to everywhere and everybody. The bicycle sharing system is an application of IoT. The application is very popular in cities of China. Some pictures for sharing bicycles are illustrated in Fig.2.
Fig. 2. bicycle sharing systems (a) bicycles; (b) riders; (c) un-lock a bicycle.
2.1. Internet of Things IoT is an integrated part of future internet and could be defined as a dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network. In the IoT, ‘things’ are expected to become active participants in business, information and social processes where they are enabled to interact and communicate among themselves and with the environment by exchanging data and information ‘sensed’ about the environment, while reacting autonomously to the ‘real/physical world’ events and influencing it by running processes that trigger actions and create services with or without direct human intervention [5]. Interfaces in the form of services facilitate interactions with these ‘smart things’ over the internet, query and change their state and any information associated with them, taking into account security and privacy issues.
Limin Liu / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 342–346 Limin LIU / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
344
3
The internet has experienced a tremendous growth in the past three decades, evolving from a network of a few hundred hosts to a platform linking billions of “things” globally, including individual people as well as enterprises of various sizes, through computers and computerized devices of any conceivable size and capability and the applications running on them. The growth of the Internet shows no signs of slowing down and it steadily becomes the cause of a new pervasive paradigm in computing and communications. This new paradigm enhances the traditional Internet into a smart IoT created around intelligent interconnections of diverse objects in the physical world, such as vehicles, cell phones, habitats, and habitat occupants. It utilizes low-cost information gathering and dissemination devices, such as sensors and RFID tags, that facilitate fast-paced interactions among the objects themselves as well as the objects and persons are in any place and at any time. To make IoT a reality, significant research needs to be conducted within and across these technological aspects of IoT [6]. The overlaps for IoT with relevant fields are indicated in Fig. 3. ubiquitous computing
Internet Protocol (IP) Internet of Things
communication technology
embedded device
applications
Fig. 3. Overlaps for IoT with relevant support fields
Here, ubiquitous computing imply the usage of objects or require a global internet infrastructure. The Internet Protocol (IP), as many objects in the internet of things, will be able to run an internet protocol. A communication technology represents a partial functional requirement in the IoT similar to the role of communication technology in the internet. An embedded device, as RFID tags or Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), may be part of the IoT, but stand-alone they miss the back-end information infrastructures and in the case of WSN the standards to relate to ‘things’. In fact, IoT is an integration of advanced IT technology, such as internet, embedded systems, mobile computing and communication, sensing, AI, big data, cloud and so on. 2.2. Bicycle sharing systems
Fig. 4. bicycle sharing systems (a) operation frame; (b) relevant IT technology.
The bicycle sharing systems are typical and popular applications, especially in China, for IoT [7]. There are two big companies, Mobike and OfO, for bicycle sharing systems in China. The development of bicycle sharing systems is based on sharing economy, bicycle manufacture and some new IT technology. Sharing economy means share assets in hand to other people, to increase utilization. In passed decades, bicycle was one of major transportation in China. But from 2000, bicycle manufacture stagnate. With the sharing bicycles, China total bicycle shipment is 53 million in 2016. The new IT technology is concerned to big data, cloud and IoT. The operation frame and relevant IT technology supports for the systems are illustrated in Fig.4.
4
Limin Liu / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 342–346 Limin LIU / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
345
• The operation of a bicycle sharing system
The first step for operation of a bicycle sharing system is to look for a sharing bicycle through GPS with a mobile phone. Before the step, an APP of the bicycle sharing system have to be download to a mobile phone. Normally, some deposit is required to use a sharing bicycle yet. Secondly, to scan QR code on the bicycle by the mobile phone is to unlock. In this procedure, some information is transmitted and received between the mobile phone and cloud computing centre with mobile network, such as GSM, GPRS and so on. The information includes state and open code of the bicycle, unlock instruction, user information and time record. Then the bicycle is unlocked and ridden by user. Finally, the riding may finish. And, the bicycle has to be locked. At the same time, some information is also transmitted and received between the mobile phone and cloud computing centre. From the information, the centre can charge for the riding and send relevant message to user. Hence, the lock is very important. Without lock after riding, the centre may consider the user not to finish the riding and charge more money.
• Relevant technology supports
The Big Data, Cloud and IoT are the most advanced research in IT nowadays. They are all adopted in the bicycle sharing system [8]. For the Big Data based on Mobike smart lock, in order to modify existing bikes and optimize new bikes release, GPS and communication module produced big data. To analyze these data, the estimate market demand can be issued. About Cloud, all the big data will store on cloud. User can scan QR code to un-lock, then make the connection between user and smart lock. Deal with recharge and payment, establish or reuse some other credit system to rule the use habit. The sharing bicycle is an application of IoT. Smart lock integrated GPS module to realize precise localization. Exclusive SIM card makes the instant messaging, via the cloud to monitor use status. To cooperate Baidu Yun, a cloud service, is to set up “Smart point” to fuse the Power Supply, and to manage and maintain the system. 3. The bicycle sharing systems and green transportation With the sharing bicycles, more people take public transportation. They can decrease to drive cars and make the bigger contribution for green transportation. 3.1. Solution of bicycle sharing systems
a
b
Shenzhen
Chengdu Guangzhou
Nanjing
Beijing
Fig. 5. bicycle sharing systems (a) riding distance analysis; (b) riding targets.
A bicycle sharing system is the good solution of short distance transportation, such as among subway or bus station, home, supermarket, post office, cinema and so on [9]. The distance analysis and main riding range of the system are shown as Fig.5.
346
Limin Liu / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 342–346 Limin LIU / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
5
• Most riding to be the less than 2 Km
In Fig.5. (a), a result is to be got easily with data from five big cities in China. Normally, the more than 70% users of sharing bicycles may ride the less than 2 Km. The proportion is the higher for stress style group, such as in Shenzhen and Beijing. That means the sharing bicycles to be for transports but not for exercises to most users in China.
• Around home with sharing bicycles
In fact, the most people choose sharing bicycles as tools between home and public transport stations. Some bodies ride the bicycle to shopping and to places around their homes. 3.2. Green transportation with the bicycle sharing systems
With popular applications of bicycle sharing systems, some positive effect is quite obvious. More people choose public transportation and bicycles. According to data from Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Chengdu of China, with more bicycles to be ridden, the car driving is decreased 3.5%-4.3% in short distance (< 5Km), and to alleviate traffic jams is about 4.1%- 7.4%. The sharing bicycles make considerable contribution for green transportation. In 2016, Mobike, the largest company of sharing bicycles in China, total riding distance is 5.6 billion KM. It is similar to decrease 1.26 million tons of carbon emissions, to plant 60 million trees, to reduce PM2.5 pollution 9 billion μ grams, and to stop 350 thousand cars. Therefore, the bicycle sharing systems have made enormous contribution in energy-conservation and environment-protection and are deserved to be applied widely. 4. Conclusions IoT is an integration of internet, modern communication, sensing, computing and embedded systems. It may be utilized everywhere and everybody. The bicycle sharing system is a typical and significant application of IoT. The sharing bicycles in China make considerable contribution for green transportation, energy-conservation and environment-protection. Today, IoT is closed to daily life of people. It may become an important role in sustainable and smart cities Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Research Funds of Zhejiang Province, KYL24070A, and Funds of Huzhou University, HK24076. We are grateful to Zhejiang Province and Huzhou University. References [1] Uckelmann Dieter, Harrison Mark, and Michahelles Florian. (2011) Architecting the Internet of Things, Springer, New York. [2] Al-Fuqaha, Guizan, and Mehdi Mohammadi.(2015) “Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications.” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 17.4 (2015): 2347-2376. [3] Geng Hwaiyu.(2017) Internet of Things and Data Analytics Handbook, Wiley Telecom eBook. [4] Zheng, Simplot-Ryl, Bisdikian and Mouftah. (2011) “The Internet of Things.” IEEE Communication Magazine, 11 (2011): 30-31. [5] Gluhak, and Krco. (2011) “A survey on facilities for experimental internet of things research.” IEEE Communications Magazine 49.11 (2011): 58-67. [6] LIU, Limin.(2013) “Internet of Things and RFID Technology.” Applied Mechanics and Materials 338.3 (2013): 2512-2515. [7] Zhao Yu-Xiang, Su Yu-Sheng and Chang Yao-Chung .(2017) “A Real-Time Bicycle Record System of Ground Conditions Based on Internet of Things.” IEEE Access 5 (2017): 17525-17533. [8] Labadi Karim, Benarbia Taha, Barbot Jean-Pierre, Hamaci Samir and Omari Abdelhafid.(2105) “Stochastic Petri Net Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of Public Bicycle Sharing Systems.” IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 12.4 (2015): 1380-1395. [9] Chen Qun, Liu Mei and Liu Xinyu.(2018) “Bike Fleet Allocation Models for Repositioning in Bike-Sharing Systems.” IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 10.1 (2018): 19- 29.
ScienceDirect
Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy (2018) 000–000 342–346 EnergyProcedia Procedia153 00 (2017) www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018
IoT and A Sustainable City
The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
Limin LIU*
Assessing Huzhou the University, feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor 759 Erhuandong Road, Huhzou, Zhejiang 313000, China temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast Abstract
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
a
IN+ Center Innovation, Technology and Research - Instituto Superior Técnico,and Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, IoT, Internet of for Things, is a foundation for Policy connecting things, sensors, actuators, other smart technologies, thusPortugal enabling b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France person-to-object and object-to-object communications. It is a hot point of research and development after internet. Its c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue product Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France applications are concerned to smart transportation, intelligent shopping, smart management, smart meters, home automation, waste management, sustainable urban environment, continuous care and so on. With the IoT, the resources, energy and environment for cities will be managed availably and profitably. In this paper, IoT and the bicycle sharing system, an example, are discussed. With the bicycle sharing system, the transportation of a city will be the more green and convenient. Abstract Therefore, IoT may become an important role in a sustainable and smart city.
District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. ©greenhouse 2018 The The Authors. Authors. Published Ltd. gas emissions frombytheElsevier building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat This is an open access article under CC license This is an open article climate underthe the CCBY-NC-ND BY-NC-ND license(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) sales. Due to access the changed conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific Conference on on Energy Energy and and prolonging the investment return period. Environment Research, Research, ICEER ICEER 2018. 2018. Environment The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 Keywords: IoT; bicycle sharing system; green transportation; sustainable city buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. 1.The Introduction results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation The IoT, of increased Things, up is toa 59.5% scenario in which everything hasrenovation a uniquescenarios identifier and the considered). ability to scenarios, theInternet error value (depending on the weather and combination communicate over the internet or a similar wide-area network [1]. The IoT is a concept in which the virtual world The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to of the information technology integrates seamlessly withduring the real ofseason things.(depending The real world more accessible decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h theworld heating on the becomes combination of weather and renovation scenariosand considered). On devices the otherin hand, function 7.8-12.7%With per decade on the through computers networked business as intercept well as increased everyday for scenarios. access (depending to fine-grained coupled scenarios). The values suggested couldfreely be used to macro modify to themicro function parameters considered, and information, management can start to move from levels and willfor be the ablescenarios to measure, plan and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-13819251469; fax: +86-572-2711929. Cooling. E-mail address: [email protected]
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 5th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research, ICEER 2018. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.10.080
2
Limin Liu / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 342–346 Limin LIU / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
343
act [2]. However, the internet of things is more than a business tool for managing business processes more efficiently and more effectively – it will also enable a more convenient way of life. Today, the IoT is a foundation for connecting things, sensors, actuators, and other smart technologies, thus enabling person-to-object and object-to-object communications [3]. Some fields of applications of IoT are shown in Fig.1. They include smart transportation, intelligent shopping, smart product management, smart meters, home automation, waste management, sustainable urban environment, continuous care and so on. smart product management intelligent shopping smart transportation
home automation Internet of Things
waste management
smart meters continuous care
sustainable urban environment Fig. 1. Some applications of IoT
Almost, all of IoT applications are closely concerned to energy and environment, especially sustainable cities. IoT will be a good direct for the production and life in future [4]. 2. The IoT and a bicycle sharing system IoT may be concerned to everywhere and everybody. The bicycle sharing system is an application of IoT. The application is very popular in cities of China. Some pictures for sharing bicycles are illustrated in Fig.2.
Fig. 2. bicycle sharing systems (a) bicycles; (b) riders; (c) un-lock a bicycle.
2.1. Internet of Things IoT is an integrated part of future internet and could be defined as a dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘things’ have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network. In the IoT, ‘things’ are expected to become active participants in business, information and social processes where they are enabled to interact and communicate among themselves and with the environment by exchanging data and information ‘sensed’ about the environment, while reacting autonomously to the ‘real/physical world’ events and influencing it by running processes that trigger actions and create services with or without direct human intervention [5]. Interfaces in the form of services facilitate interactions with these ‘smart things’ over the internet, query and change their state and any information associated with them, taking into account security and privacy issues.
Limin Liu / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 342–346 Limin LIU / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
344
3
The internet has experienced a tremendous growth in the past three decades, evolving from a network of a few hundred hosts to a platform linking billions of “things” globally, including individual people as well as enterprises of various sizes, through computers and computerized devices of any conceivable size and capability and the applications running on them. The growth of the Internet shows no signs of slowing down and it steadily becomes the cause of a new pervasive paradigm in computing and communications. This new paradigm enhances the traditional Internet into a smart IoT created around intelligent interconnections of diverse objects in the physical world, such as vehicles, cell phones, habitats, and habitat occupants. It utilizes low-cost information gathering and dissemination devices, such as sensors and RFID tags, that facilitate fast-paced interactions among the objects themselves as well as the objects and persons are in any place and at any time. To make IoT a reality, significant research needs to be conducted within and across these technological aspects of IoT [6]. The overlaps for IoT with relevant fields are indicated in Fig. 3. ubiquitous computing
Internet Protocol (IP) Internet of Things
communication technology
embedded device
applications
Fig. 3. Overlaps for IoT with relevant support fields
Here, ubiquitous computing imply the usage of objects or require a global internet infrastructure. The Internet Protocol (IP), as many objects in the internet of things, will be able to run an internet protocol. A communication technology represents a partial functional requirement in the IoT similar to the role of communication technology in the internet. An embedded device, as RFID tags or Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), may be part of the IoT, but stand-alone they miss the back-end information infrastructures and in the case of WSN the standards to relate to ‘things’. In fact, IoT is an integration of advanced IT technology, such as internet, embedded systems, mobile computing and communication, sensing, AI, big data, cloud and so on. 2.2. Bicycle sharing systems
Fig. 4. bicycle sharing systems (a) operation frame; (b) relevant IT technology.
The bicycle sharing systems are typical and popular applications, especially in China, for IoT [7]. There are two big companies, Mobike and OfO, for bicycle sharing systems in China. The development of bicycle sharing systems is based on sharing economy, bicycle manufacture and some new IT technology. Sharing economy means share assets in hand to other people, to increase utilization. In passed decades, bicycle was one of major transportation in China. But from 2000, bicycle manufacture stagnate. With the sharing bicycles, China total bicycle shipment is 53 million in 2016. The new IT technology is concerned to big data, cloud and IoT. The operation frame and relevant IT technology supports for the systems are illustrated in Fig.4.
4
Limin Liu / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 342–346 Limin LIU / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
345
• The operation of a bicycle sharing system
The first step for operation of a bicycle sharing system is to look for a sharing bicycle through GPS with a mobile phone. Before the step, an APP of the bicycle sharing system have to be download to a mobile phone. Normally, some deposit is required to use a sharing bicycle yet. Secondly, to scan QR code on the bicycle by the mobile phone is to unlock. In this procedure, some information is transmitted and received between the mobile phone and cloud computing centre with mobile network, such as GSM, GPRS and so on. The information includes state and open code of the bicycle, unlock instruction, user information and time record. Then the bicycle is unlocked and ridden by user. Finally, the riding may finish. And, the bicycle has to be locked. At the same time, some information is also transmitted and received between the mobile phone and cloud computing centre. From the information, the centre can charge for the riding and send relevant message to user. Hence, the lock is very important. Without lock after riding, the centre may consider the user not to finish the riding and charge more money.
• Relevant technology supports
The Big Data, Cloud and IoT are the most advanced research in IT nowadays. They are all adopted in the bicycle sharing system [8]. For the Big Data based on Mobike smart lock, in order to modify existing bikes and optimize new bikes release, GPS and communication module produced big data. To analyze these data, the estimate market demand can be issued. About Cloud, all the big data will store on cloud. User can scan QR code to un-lock, then make the connection between user and smart lock. Deal with recharge and payment, establish or reuse some other credit system to rule the use habit. The sharing bicycle is an application of IoT. Smart lock integrated GPS module to realize precise localization. Exclusive SIM card makes the instant messaging, via the cloud to monitor use status. To cooperate Baidu Yun, a cloud service, is to set up “Smart point” to fuse the Power Supply, and to manage and maintain the system. 3. The bicycle sharing systems and green transportation With the sharing bicycles, more people take public transportation. They can decrease to drive cars and make the bigger contribution for green transportation. 3.1. Solution of bicycle sharing systems
a
b
Shenzhen
Chengdu Guangzhou
Nanjing
Beijing
Fig. 5. bicycle sharing systems (a) riding distance analysis; (b) riding targets.
A bicycle sharing system is the good solution of short distance transportation, such as among subway or bus station, home, supermarket, post office, cinema and so on [9]. The distance analysis and main riding range of the system are shown as Fig.5.
346
Limin Liu / Energy Procedia 153 (2018) 342–346 Limin LIU / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
5
• Most riding to be the less than 2 Km
In Fig.5. (a), a result is to be got easily with data from five big cities in China. Normally, the more than 70% users of sharing bicycles may ride the less than 2 Km. The proportion is the higher for stress style group, such as in Shenzhen and Beijing. That means the sharing bicycles to be for transports but not for exercises to most users in China.
• Around home with sharing bicycles
In fact, the most people choose sharing bicycles as tools between home and public transport stations. Some bodies ride the bicycle to shopping and to places around their homes. 3.2. Green transportation with the bicycle sharing systems
With popular applications of bicycle sharing systems, some positive effect is quite obvious. More people choose public transportation and bicycles. According to data from Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Chengdu of China, with more bicycles to be ridden, the car driving is decreased 3.5%-4.3% in short distance (< 5Km), and to alleviate traffic jams is about 4.1%- 7.4%. The sharing bicycles make considerable contribution for green transportation. In 2016, Mobike, the largest company of sharing bicycles in China, total riding distance is 5.6 billion KM. It is similar to decrease 1.26 million tons of carbon emissions, to plant 60 million trees, to reduce PM2.5 pollution 9 billion μ grams, and to stop 350 thousand cars. Therefore, the bicycle sharing systems have made enormous contribution in energy-conservation and environment-protection and are deserved to be applied widely. 4. Conclusions IoT is an integration of internet, modern communication, sensing, computing and embedded systems. It may be utilized everywhere and everybody. The bicycle sharing system is a typical and significant application of IoT. The sharing bicycles in China make considerable contribution for green transportation, energy-conservation and environment-protection. Today, IoT is closed to daily life of people. It may become an important role in sustainable and smart cities Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Research Funds of Zhejiang Province, KYL24070A, and Funds of Huzhou University, HK24076. We are grateful to Zhejiang Province and Huzhou University. References [1] Uckelmann Dieter, Harrison Mark, and Michahelles Florian. (2011) Architecting the Internet of Things, Springer, New York. [2] Al-Fuqaha, Guizan, and Mehdi Mohammadi.(2015) “Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications.” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 17.4 (2015): 2347-2376. [3] Geng Hwaiyu.(2017) Internet of Things and Data Analytics Handbook, Wiley Telecom eBook. [4] Zheng, Simplot-Ryl, Bisdikian and Mouftah. (2011) “The Internet of Things.” IEEE Communication Magazine, 11 (2011): 30-31. [5] Gluhak, and Krco. (2011) “A survey on facilities for experimental internet of things research.” IEEE Communications Magazine 49.11 (2011): 58-67. [6] LIU, Limin.(2013) “Internet of Things and RFID Technology.” Applied Mechanics and Materials 338.3 (2013): 2512-2515. [7] Zhao Yu-Xiang, Su Yu-Sheng and Chang Yao-Chung .(2017) “A Real-Time Bicycle Record System of Ground Conditions Based on Internet of Things.” IEEE Access 5 (2017): 17525-17533. [8] Labadi Karim, Benarbia Taha, Barbot Jean-Pierre, Hamaci Samir and Omari Abdelhafid.(2105) “Stochastic Petri Net Modeling, Simulation and Analysis of Public Bicycle Sharing Systems.” IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 12.4 (2015): 1380-1395. [9] Chen Qun, Liu Mei and Liu Xinyu.(2018) “Bike Fleet Allocation Models for Repositioning in Bike-Sharing Systems.” IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine 10.1 (2018): 19- 29.