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Is leishmaniasis becoming endemic in Germany?
Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 293, Suppl. 37, 179-181 (2004) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ijmrn
IJNM
Extended Abstract Is leishmaniasis becoming endemic in Germany? T.J. Naucke, C. Schmitt
Institute of Medical Parasitology, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
Key words: Leishmaniasis - geographical distribution - Germany - Phlebotomus mascittii Phlebotomus perniciosus
In 1999 the first proof of the presence of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) was found in Germany. Four sandflies of the species Phlebotomus mascittii were trapped with CDC light-traps at three different locations along the Rhine river valley in Baden-Wuerttemberg (Naucke and Pesson, 2000). In 2000 one more P. mascittii was trapped in BadenWuerttemberg. In 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 an additional 120 sandflies of the same species were found at various locations in the same area. The most northerly town which has proved positive for this sandfly species so far is Baden-Baden. At all locations the sandflies were trapped inside villages associated with people and animals, except for one location in a wooded area near the village of Istein (Schmitt, 2002). The locations of P. mascittii caught in the years 1 9 9 9 2002 are given in Table 1. Over the past 10 years, sporadic cases of suspected autochthonous leishmaniasis have been reported in Germany (Schmitt, 2002); four cases were published (Gothe, 1991; Bogdan et al., 2001; Koehler et al., 2002). Sandflies seem to be the most probable causative vector for Leishmania infections in humans, dogs and horses. One of the still unpublished cases was reported in 1998/99 to local veterinarians in the village of Gehrweiler (Rhineland-Palatinate). Throughout the summer of 2001, a CDC light-trap was operational in Gehrweiler. As a result, four
sandflies of the species Phlebotomus perniciosus, a proven vector of Leishmania infantum (Bettini et al., 1986; Martin Sanchez et al., 1993; Maroli et al., 1994, Guilvard et al., 1996) as well as Toscana and Arbia Virus (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) (Balducci, 1988), were caught - see Table 2. Our knowledge of the geographical distribution of phlebotomine sandflies in Germany is incomplete. And until now P. mascittii has never been shown in experiments to be a vector for Leishmania but P. mascittii is known to be anthropophilic in France, Switzerland and Turkey (Ragenau, 1948; Callot, 1950; Toumanoff and Chassignet, 1954; Houin et al., 1971; Ready and Ready, 1981; Pesson et al., 1985; Grimm et al., 1990). At least two cases of autochthonous leishmaniasis in Germany, a child on holiday in the area of Fiissen (Bogdan et al., 2001) and a horse which never left the region of Augsburg (Koehler et al., 2002), strongly indicate the presence of a sandfly vector species in Bavaria.
Corresponding author: Torsten J. Naucke, Vollbergstr. 37, 53859 Niederkassel, Phone: 0049 2208 770 998, Mobil: 0172 25 17 441, E-maih [email protected] 1433-1128/04/293/Suppl.37-179 $15.00/0
180
T.J. Naucke, C. Schmitt
Table 1. Locations of P.
mascittiifound in Baden-Wuerttemberg.
Year
No. of sandflies
(male/female)
Location
Coordination
1999
2 1 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 90 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 125
(1/1) (0/1) (0/1) (0/1) (0•6) (0•2) (0/1) (0/1) (0/1) (17/73) (0/2) (0/3) (0/1) (0/2) (0/1) (1/2) (0/2) (0/1) (0/1) (0/1) (0/2) (19/106)
Bremgarten Neuenburg Isteiner Klotz Neuenburg Isteiner Klotz R,!edlingen - -
N47°55'00.3 '' N47°48'31.8" N47°39'48.7 '' N47°4B'31,8" N47°39'48.7" N47°42'53.5 '' N47°42'54.9 ° N47°44'13.5" N47°44'11.2" N47°48'31.8" N47°54'10.4" N47°55'00.3 '' N47°55'28.4 '' N47°55'34.7 '' N48°01'28.1 '' N48°02'29.1" N48°08'23.7 '' N48°08'23.7" N48°17'30.2" N48°44'42.2" N48°44'30.2"
2000 2001
2002 Total
Feuerbach -"Neuenburg Tunsel Bremgarten Schlatt -"-
Waltershofen Ihringen
Sasbach -"-
KappeI-Grafenhausen Baden-Baden -"-
Table 2. Location of P, perniciosus found in Rhineland-Palatinate. Year No. of (male/female) Location sandflies 2001 4
(1/3)
Total 4
(1/3)
Coordination
Altitude
Gehrweiler N49°34'20,8" 316m E7°46'23.9"
References Balducci, M.: Virus trasmessi all'uomo da flebotomi: Ruolo del virus Toscana (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) nell'eziologia di infezione del sistema nervoso centrale. Parassitologia 30, 179-185 (1988). Bettini, S., Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L., Atzeni, M. C.: Leishmaniasis in Sardinia. 2. Natural infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911, by Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, in the Province of Cagliari. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80, 458459 (1986). Bogdan, C., Sch6nian, G., Banuls, A.L., Hide, M., Pratlong, F., Lorenz, E., R611inghoff, M., Mertens, R.: Visceral leishmaniasis in a German child who had never entered a known endemic area: Case report and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32, 302306 (2001). Callot, J.: Presence de Phlebotomus larroussei en Alsace. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 25, 112 (1950).
Altitude E7°37'18.0" E7°33'45.4 '' E7°31'46.5 '' E7°33'45.4" E7°31'46.5 '' E7°38'06,9 '' E7°38'03.9 '' E7°38'29.8 '' E7°38'27.4" E7°33'45.4 '' E7°40'09.4 '' E7°37'18.0" E7°40'21.5" E7°40'21.5" E7°43'08.6 '' E7°38'51.1" E7°36'53.3 '' E7°36'53.3 '' E7°44'34.4 '' E8°15'1 B.B" E8°16'01 .B"
208 217 245 217 245 321 318 389 388 217 230 208 199 214 219 212 194 194 149 194 229
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Gothe, R.: Leishmaniosen des Hundes in Deutschland: Erregerfauna und -biologie, Epidemiologie, Klinik, Pathogenese, Diagnose, Therapie und Prophylaxe. Kleintierpraxis 36, 69 - 84 (1991). Grimm, F., Knechtli, R., Gessler, M., Jenni, L.: Biology of sandflies in southern Switzerland. Rev. Suisse Zool. 97, 778-779 (1990). Guilvard, E., Gallego, M., Moreno, G., Fisa, R., Rispail, R, Pratlong, F., Martinez Ortega, E., Gallego, J., Rioux, J.A.: Infestation naturelle de Phlebotomus ariasi et Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera-Psychodidae) par Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida-Trypanosomatidae) en Catalogne (Espagne). Parasite 3, 191-192 (1996). Houin, R., Abonnenc, E., Deniau, M.: Phlfbotomes du sud de la Turquie. Resultats d'un sondage. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 46, 633-652 (1971). Koehler, K., Stechele, M., Hetzel, U., Domingo, M., Sch6nian, G., Zahner, H., Burkhardt, E.: Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse in southern Germany caused by Leishmania infantum: Vet. Parasitol. 109, 9 - 1 7 (2002). Maroli, M., Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L., Troiani, M., Ascione, R.: Natural infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus with MON 72 zymodeme of Leishmania infantum in the Campania region of Italy. Acta Trop. 57, 333-335 (1994). Martin Sanchez, J., Morillas Marquez, F., Sanchis Marin, M. C., Acedo Sanchez, C.: Infeccion natural de Pblebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911 (Diptera, Phlebotomidae) por dos zimodemos distintos del complejo Leishmania infantum en el sudeste de
Leishmaniasis in Germany Espa~a. Bol. Soc. Portuguesa Entomol. Suppl. 3, 513-520 (1993). Naucke, T.J., Pesson} B.: Presence of Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi} 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Germany. Parasitol. Res. 86} 335336 (2000). Pesson, B.} L6ger, N., Madulo Leblond, G., Petavy, A. F.} Cambon, M.: La leishmaniose en Auvergne. Med. Mal. Infect. 3, 107-109 (1985). Rageau} J.: Observations sur les phl6botomes de la r4gion de Poitiers. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 41} 217222 (1948).
181
Ready, P. D., Ready, P.A.: Prevalence of Phlebotomus spp. in southern France: Sampling bias due to different man-biting habits and autogeny. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 75, 475-476 (1981). Schmitt, C." Untersuchungen zur Biologie und Verbreitung von Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Deutschland. Diplomarbeit. Inst. f. Med. Parasitol., Bonn. 1-91 (2002). Toumanoff} C., Chassignet, R.: Contribution a l'6tude des phl4botomes en Corse. Bull. Inst. Natl. Hyg. 9} 664-687 (1954).
IJNM
Extended Abstract Is leishmaniasis becoming endemic in Germany? T.J. Naucke, C. Schmitt
Institute of Medical Parasitology, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
Key words: Leishmaniasis - geographical distribution - Germany - Phlebotomus mascittii Phlebotomus perniciosus
In 1999 the first proof of the presence of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) was found in Germany. Four sandflies of the species Phlebotomus mascittii were trapped with CDC light-traps at three different locations along the Rhine river valley in Baden-Wuerttemberg (Naucke and Pesson, 2000). In 2000 one more P. mascittii was trapped in BadenWuerttemberg. In 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 an additional 120 sandflies of the same species were found at various locations in the same area. The most northerly town which has proved positive for this sandfly species so far is Baden-Baden. At all locations the sandflies were trapped inside villages associated with people and animals, except for one location in a wooded area near the village of Istein (Schmitt, 2002). The locations of P. mascittii caught in the years 1 9 9 9 2002 are given in Table 1. Over the past 10 years, sporadic cases of suspected autochthonous leishmaniasis have been reported in Germany (Schmitt, 2002); four cases were published (Gothe, 1991; Bogdan et al., 2001; Koehler et al., 2002). Sandflies seem to be the most probable causative vector for Leishmania infections in humans, dogs and horses. One of the still unpublished cases was reported in 1998/99 to local veterinarians in the village of Gehrweiler (Rhineland-Palatinate). Throughout the summer of 2001, a CDC light-trap was operational in Gehrweiler. As a result, four
sandflies of the species Phlebotomus perniciosus, a proven vector of Leishmania infantum (Bettini et al., 1986; Martin Sanchez et al., 1993; Maroli et al., 1994, Guilvard et al., 1996) as well as Toscana and Arbia Virus (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) (Balducci, 1988), were caught - see Table 2. Our knowledge of the geographical distribution of phlebotomine sandflies in Germany is incomplete. And until now P. mascittii has never been shown in experiments to be a vector for Leishmania but P. mascittii is known to be anthropophilic in France, Switzerland and Turkey (Ragenau, 1948; Callot, 1950; Toumanoff and Chassignet, 1954; Houin et al., 1971; Ready and Ready, 1981; Pesson et al., 1985; Grimm et al., 1990). At least two cases of autochthonous leishmaniasis in Germany, a child on holiday in the area of Fiissen (Bogdan et al., 2001) and a horse which never left the region of Augsburg (Koehler et al., 2002), strongly indicate the presence of a sandfly vector species in Bavaria.
Corresponding author: Torsten J. Naucke, Vollbergstr. 37, 53859 Niederkassel, Phone: 0049 2208 770 998, Mobil: 0172 25 17 441, E-maih [email protected] 1433-1128/04/293/Suppl.37-179 $15.00/0
180
T.J. Naucke, C. Schmitt
Table 1. Locations of P.
mascittiifound in Baden-Wuerttemberg.
Year
No. of sandflies
(male/female)
Location
Coordination
1999
2 1 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 90 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 125
(1/1) (0/1) (0/1) (0/1) (0•6) (0•2) (0/1) (0/1) (0/1) (17/73) (0/2) (0/3) (0/1) (0/2) (0/1) (1/2) (0/2) (0/1) (0/1) (0/1) (0/2) (19/106)
Bremgarten Neuenburg Isteiner Klotz Neuenburg Isteiner Klotz R,!edlingen - -
N47°55'00.3 '' N47°48'31.8" N47°39'48.7 '' N47°4B'31,8" N47°39'48.7" N47°42'53.5 '' N47°42'54.9 ° N47°44'13.5" N47°44'11.2" N47°48'31.8" N47°54'10.4" N47°55'00.3 '' N47°55'28.4 '' N47°55'34.7 '' N48°01'28.1 '' N48°02'29.1" N48°08'23.7 '' N48°08'23.7" N48°17'30.2" N48°44'42.2" N48°44'30.2"
2000 2001
2002 Total
Feuerbach -"Neuenburg Tunsel Bremgarten Schlatt -"-
Waltershofen Ihringen
Sasbach -"-
KappeI-Grafenhausen Baden-Baden -"-
Table 2. Location of P, perniciosus found in Rhineland-Palatinate. Year No. of (male/female) Location sandflies 2001 4
(1/3)
Total 4
(1/3)
Coordination
Altitude
Gehrweiler N49°34'20,8" 316m E7°46'23.9"
References Balducci, M.: Virus trasmessi all'uomo da flebotomi: Ruolo del virus Toscana (Bunyaviridae, Phlebovirus) nell'eziologia di infezione del sistema nervoso centrale. Parassitologia 30, 179-185 (1988). Bettini, S., Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L., Atzeni, M. C.: Leishmaniasis in Sardinia. 2. Natural infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911, by Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, in the Province of Cagliari. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80, 458459 (1986). Bogdan, C., Sch6nian, G., Banuls, A.L., Hide, M., Pratlong, F., Lorenz, E., R611inghoff, M., Mertens, R.: Visceral leishmaniasis in a German child who had never entered a known endemic area: Case report and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32, 302306 (2001). Callot, J.: Presence de Phlebotomus larroussei en Alsace. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 25, 112 (1950).
Altitude E7°37'18.0" E7°33'45.4 '' E7°31'46.5 '' E7°33'45.4" E7°31'46.5 '' E7°38'06,9 '' E7°38'03.9 '' E7°38'29.8 '' E7°38'27.4" E7°33'45.4 '' E7°40'09.4 '' E7°37'18.0" E7°40'21.5" E7°40'21.5" E7°43'08.6 '' E7°38'51.1" E7°36'53.3 '' E7°36'53.3 '' E7°44'34.4 '' E8°15'1 B.B" E8°16'01 .B"
208 217 245 217 245 321 318 389 388 217 230 208 199 214 219 212 194 194 149 194 229
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
Gothe, R.: Leishmaniosen des Hundes in Deutschland: Erregerfauna und -biologie, Epidemiologie, Klinik, Pathogenese, Diagnose, Therapie und Prophylaxe. Kleintierpraxis 36, 69 - 84 (1991). Grimm, F., Knechtli, R., Gessler, M., Jenni, L.: Biology of sandflies in southern Switzerland. Rev. Suisse Zool. 97, 778-779 (1990). Guilvard, E., Gallego, M., Moreno, G., Fisa, R., Rispail, R, Pratlong, F., Martinez Ortega, E., Gallego, J., Rioux, J.A.: Infestation naturelle de Phlebotomus ariasi et Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera-Psychodidae) par Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida-Trypanosomatidae) en Catalogne (Espagne). Parasite 3, 191-192 (1996). Houin, R., Abonnenc, E., Deniau, M.: Phlfbotomes du sud de la Turquie. Resultats d'un sondage. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 46, 633-652 (1971). Koehler, K., Stechele, M., Hetzel, U., Domingo, M., Sch6nian, G., Zahner, H., Burkhardt, E.: Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse in southern Germany caused by Leishmania infantum: Vet. Parasitol. 109, 9 - 1 7 (2002). Maroli, M., Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L., Troiani, M., Ascione, R.: Natural infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus with MON 72 zymodeme of Leishmania infantum in the Campania region of Italy. Acta Trop. 57, 333-335 (1994). Martin Sanchez, J., Morillas Marquez, F., Sanchis Marin, M. C., Acedo Sanchez, C.: Infeccion natural de Pblebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911 (Diptera, Phlebotomidae) por dos zimodemos distintos del complejo Leishmania infantum en el sudeste de
Leishmaniasis in Germany Espa~a. Bol. Soc. Portuguesa Entomol. Suppl. 3, 513-520 (1993). Naucke, T.J., Pesson} B.: Presence of Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi} 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Germany. Parasitol. Res. 86} 335336 (2000). Pesson, B.} L6ger, N., Madulo Leblond, G., Petavy, A. F.} Cambon, M.: La leishmaniose en Auvergne. Med. Mal. Infect. 3, 107-109 (1985). Rageau} J.: Observations sur les phl6botomes de la r4gion de Poitiers. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 41} 217222 (1948).
181
Ready, P. D., Ready, P.A.: Prevalence of Phlebotomus spp. in southern France: Sampling bias due to different man-biting habits and autogeny. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 75, 475-476 (1981). Schmitt, C." Untersuchungen zur Biologie und Verbreitung von Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi 1908 (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Deutschland. Diplomarbeit. Inst. f. Med. Parasitol., Bonn. 1-91 (2002). Toumanoff} C., Chassignet, R.: Contribution a l'6tude des phl4botomes en Corse. Bull. Inst. Natl. Hyg. 9} 664-687 (1954).