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ISTRO INFO
Soil & Tillage Research,6 (1986) 273--283 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands
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International Soil Tillage Research Organization
INFO Editors: Ir. C. van Ouwerkerk (The Netherlands) and Dr. B.C. Ball (Gt. Britain)
December 1985
Number 24
INTRODUCTION
Recently, research budgets in The Netherlands have been seriously cut down, to the effect that less personnel with less means has to cope with an ever increasing demand for more fundamental research on the machine-s o i l - p l a n t interrelationships. Moreover, our working week has been reduced from 40 to 38 h. This means that there is still less time for editing activities and ISTRO w o r k than previously. Consequently, this issue o f ISTRO-INFO is published behind schedule and it does n o t contain a full account of our very successful 10th Conference at Guelph, Ontario, Canada. At the m o m e n t , it seems best to await a lull in the adverse wind which, hopefully, will allow us to prepare a w o r t h y ISTRO-INFO No. 25. If everything goes well, this Silver Issue will be published at the same time as Part II of the Proceedings o f the 10th Conference o f ISTRO. 4th GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF ISTRO, 8 JULY 1985
The members o f ISTRO present at the 4th General Assembly of ISTRO at Guelph, Canada, approved o f the following proposals. Board o f I S T R O
The Board o f ISTRO for the period 1985--1988 will be constituted as follows: Dr. B.D. Soane, United Kingdom, President; Mr. L. Hansen, Denmark, President-Elect; Prof. emer. J.W. Ketcheson, Canada, Past-President; Ir. C. van Ouwerkerk, The Netherlands, Secretary-General; Dr. It. J.K. Kouwenhoven, The Netherlands, Treasurer; Dr. R. Lal, Nigeria, Ordinary Member; 0167-1987/86/$03.50
© 1986 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
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Prof. Dr. A. Butorac, Yugoslavia, Ordinary Member; Dr. B.D. Witney, United Kingdom, Ordinary Member. Dr. Witney will serve as the Chairman o f the Organizing Committee o f the l l t h Conference of ISTRO, 1988, and Dr. Soane will act as its Executive Secretary.
Membership fee As from 1 January 1986, the membership fee will be increased, for individual members from Dfl.15.00 to Dfl.25.00 per annum and for corporate members from Dfl.75.00 to Dfl.100.00 per annum. This increased fee will broaden the financial basis of ISTRO, which is necessary to be able to cope with rising mailing costs, and to enlarge the support for colleagues in developing countries as well as in East-European countries.
Honorary members As from 8 July, Prof. emer. W. S6hne will be an Honorary Member of ISTRO. The reasons for this proposal were outlined b y Prof. H. Kuipers (The Netherlands) as follows: "The name o f Professor Walter S6hne is no d o u b t among those o f the most frequently cited scientists in the field of agricultural soil dynamics. This is remarkable, because his major publications on soil mechanical behaviour and tillage tools appeared before 1965 and predominantly in the German language in German journals. No d o u b t his travels to the U.S.A. in 1954, 1958 and 1962, and the numerous lectures he gave on those occasions, contributed substantially to the recognition o f his work in that period. However, this is not a sufficient explanation for the lasting and widespread influence of his ideas. The fact is that Prof. S6hne created a sound basis for the development of agricultural soil dynamics, elaborated major pathways in this new field o f science and, later, applied his ideas in his extensive work on tractors and their application in agriculture. That his highly successful career would be in one of the agricultural sciences could n o t be expected from his education. Walter S6hne was born on 7 O c t o b e r 1913 in the heart of what is n o w the Federal Republic o f Germany. In 1939 he graduated from the Technical University of Stuttgart, where he studied mechanical engineering, aircraft engineering and aerodynamics. He was an enthusiastic amateur glider pilot and during World War II he was an engineer on glider construction in an Aircraft Research Institute. His doctoral thesis in 1947 at the Technical University of Brunswick (FRG) was on "Sideward stability o f a towed aeroplane". This seems very far removed from agricultural soil dynamics, but we may compare this little to a publication 10 years later: "Improvements of the sideward stability o f tractors operating on slopes b y means o f disc coulters".
275 The true engineer recognizes the same kind o f basic problems in many widely different fields o f the physico-technical environment, just as he is aware of the different nature of problems that m a y look very similar to outsiders. Which of the two possibilities applies here is less relevant, but the fact is that Prof. SShne joined agricultural research in 1947 at the Institute for Basic Research in Agricultural Engineering at Brunswick (FRG). With an unconventional package o f knowledge and abilities, and at an amazing speed, he succeeded in applying his knowledge to the complicated relationship between tyres, tools and soils. In 1957 he submitted a thesis for the certificate of habilitation (an additional, honours degree thesis} to the Technical University of Brunswick (FRG) entitled: "The tyre on the arable field". By then, he had already discussed the main aspects o f this subject in still famous papers on mechanical behaviour o f soils, on pressure distribution under tyres, soil deformability, compactibility, friction and cohesion, etc. In the long list of publications there is a gradual, but clear, shift towards tool-oriented problems. Especially famous are his investigations on powered tools and on high-speed ploughing. Prof. S6hne reported on parts of this work at the 4th Conference of ISTRO in 1965 at As, Norway. At that time, Prof. Sghne left t h e Institute at Brunswick because in 1965 he was nominated as Professor o f Agricultural Engineering at the Technical University o f Munich. Since that time, the titles on the list of publications focus more directly on the tractor, be it that m a n y publications refer very clearly to the interactions between soil and tyres or, m o r e generally, between softs and moving vehicles. From 1972 until 1975, Prof. S6hne was president of the International Society for Terrain--Vehicle Systems (ISTVS) and here again he promoted the cooperation between mechanical and agricultural engineers. Soft tillage research is a field o f applied sciences based on the cooperation of soft, crop and tool specialists. From this point of view, it is the merit of Prof. S6hne that he was the trendsetter for the soil--tool interaction. He did that in so convincing a m a n n e r that for several decades there was no discussion about the relevancy o f this subject. This is the m o r e astonishing because further research, in which he actively participated, clearly showed that this field, now often referred to as agricultural soil dynamics, is a very, very large field. The International Soil Tillage Research Organization is aware of the great merits of Prof. SShne in leading agricultural research, after his own example, into this not only essential, but also beautiful, surprising and fascinating land. Therefore, the Organization decided to invite Prof. SShne to accept his nomination as Honorary Member o f ISTRO." 1 lth CONFERENCE OF ISTRO, 11--15 JULY 1988 The l l t h ISTRO Conference will be held at Edinburgh University, Scotland, during t h e period 11--15 July 1988. The t h e m e for the Conference
276 will be "Tillage and Traffic in Crop Production". The Conference will address the effects of tillage and traffic on the soil environment of crop plants, particularly in respect to the problems of identifying and quantifying critical physical properties of soils. Opportunities for using model studies to predict management effects on both soil and plant responses, in temperate and tropical cropping systems, will be considered. The Conference will be preceded by a Pre-Conference Tour during the period 5--9 July 1988 {provisional dates), which is particularly for the benefit of overseas visitors who wish to see the research and development work in progress in soil tillage and traffic studies at Silsoe College, the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Rothamsted Experimental Station. Visits will also be made to the Royal Agricultural Show (the premier event of its kind in the U.K.), and to farms on contrasting soil types. The tour will commence at Silsoe College and will terminate in Edinburgh. Travel throughout the tour will be by coach, but arrangements will be made for those who wish to bring private transport. There will be a full programme of events for guests and children, both on the Pre-Conference Tour and at the Conference. The office bearers of the Conference Organising Committee are: Chairman: Dr. B.D. Witney, Edinburgh School of Agriculture. Vice-Chairman: Professor G. Spoor, Silsoe College. Secretary: Dr. B.D. Soane, Scottish Institute of Agricultural Engineering. Treasurer: J.T. Douglas, Scottish Institute of Agricultural Engineering. For further information and copies of the First Announcement leaflet please contact Dr. B.D. Soane at the Scottish Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PH, Scotland. It will be helpful to the Committee if those expecting to attend the Conference and Pre~Conference Tour could convey this information by returning the slip on the First Announcement leaflet as soon as possible. DONATIONS
ISTRO can use a lot of money, for instance to sponsor colleagues from developing countries who wish to participate in the 3-yearly International Conference of ISTRO. Ray Allmaras (University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.) offered a substantial amount of money for this purpose. The Board of ISTRO hopes that many ISTRO members will follow Ray Allmaras' laudable example! ISTRO D I A R Y
2--3 June 1986. The 33rd World Ploughing Contest. Olds Agricultural College Farm, Olds (near Calgary), Alberta, Canada. Information: Mr. Alfred Hall, General Secretary WPO, Whiteclose, Longtown, Carlisle, Cumbria CA6 5TY, United Kingdom, 1985. 15--21 June 1986. International Symposium "Establishment of Forage
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Crops by Conservation--Tillage Methods: Pest Management", State College, PA, U.S.A. Information: Dr. R.A. Beyers, Organizing Secretary, U.S. Regional Pasture Research Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. 13--20 August 1986. 13th International Congress of Soil Science, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Information: Prof. Dr. K.H. Hartge, University of Hannover, Institute of Soil Science, Herrenh~iuserstrasse 2, 3000 Hannover 21, Federal Republic of Germany. ISTRO N E W S F R O M . . .
Canada Agriculture Canada, Research Station, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, CIA7M8 (M.R. Carter).
In 1983, a soil tillage research program was initiated at the Charlottetown Research Station to evaluate minimum tillage systems for cereals and other crops. A main component of the program is to assess direct seeding for winter cereals and shallow tillage for spring cereals. Shallow tillage is conducted with a wide array of cultivation equipment, its main feature being that tillage is restricted to the 0--10-cm soil depth. The advantage of shallow tillage over moldboard plowing and direct seeding is the enhanced timeliness for seeding and establishment of spring cereals, and the improved structure of these fine sandy loam soils, within the seed zone, due to surface loosening. A primary objective of the soil tillage program is to gauge the suitability of the cultivation techniques by determining their effects on plant establishment and nutrition, root growth and crop yield, and to characterize the resulting soil condition under each tillage system. Emphasis is placed on soil biological and physical properties, and their variation over time. Such investigation is considered necessary to define the tillage requirement and soil condition associated with optimum crop development under the specific climate and soil environment of Prince Edward Island and surrounding areas. ISTRO I N F O R M S A B O U T . . .
Copy right In ISTRO-INFO No. 22 (March 1985), I published an article on Prof. H. Kuipers' Silver Jubilee. The article was illustrated by the English version of the Silver Jubilee emblem, which clearly depicts the complex interrelationships between tillage machinery, soil structure and plant growth which are studied at the Tillage Laboratory of the Wageningen Agricultural University. I made the English version on the basis of the original Dutch design (Fig. 1), which I assumed was made by our Treasurer, Dr. Ir. J.K. Kouwenhoven, who had so perfectly organized the Silver Jubilee Symposium. However, this
278 P~r
24 AUGUSTUS 1984 Fig. 1. The original version of Prof. H. Kuiper's Silver Jubilee emblem (design: P.A. Kouwenhoven, "Bellefleur Produkties", Lelystad, The Netherlands).
assumption was not mentioned in the figure caption. Moreover, it turned out that the original Dutch design was made by our Treasurer's brother, Mr. P.A. Kouwenhoven, Director of "Bellefleur Produkties", specialists in publicity and designing at Lelystad, The Netherlands. I honestly regret my mistakes and I offer my apologies to both our Treasurer and to Mr. P.A. Kouwenhoven, who rightly asserted the copyright of his successful Silver Jubilee emblem. Communicated by: It. C. van Ouwerkerk, Secretary-General of ISTRO, Institute for Soil Fertility, P.O. Box 30003, 9750 RA Haren Gn, The Netherlands.
"Tillage Clinics" It is universally acknowledged that the introduction of ploughing competitions in developing countries has significantly improved the standards of soil tillage and crop production. They have encouraged an understanding and care for both soil and product, and a pride in achievement by the ploughman. Our WPO objective is to give long-term relief from hunger. To achieve this objective, we propose to equip and send small teams of ploughmen of World Championship status (to include the current World Champion) to operate so-called "Tillage Clinics". These will include demonstrating and teaching the basic principles of good ploughmanship*. Together with our affiliate colleagues in Kenya, we have drawn up an itin*Hall, A., 1985. Teaching good ploughing in agriculturally developing countries. Soil
Tillage Res., 5: 223--225.
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erary as a first step in a series of "Tillage Clinic" programmes. The programme for each "Tillage Clinic" will be practical (the objective is to learn by watching, and learn by doing). The basic instruction will apply to both tractor, and ox-ploughing. Correct ploughing, appropriate to the type of land, the climate and the crop, will be demonstrated. Interest in participating will be encouraged, and elementary competitions aimed to set a high standard will be held. We hope to encourage competitive participation by awarding some kind of prize. Our Kenyan colleagues (representing the Kenya Ploughing Organization and Agricultural Society of Kenya) are able to supply a low loader-vehicle for conveyance of equipment, and the loan of tractors. We feel confident we shall have the help of plough manufacturers with the loan of ploughs. Our need is for funds to cover the travel costs of a team of 4--6 persons per itinerary, plus accomodation and meals when not hosted by private faroflies. Also needed are supplies of diesel fuel and probably some costs of transport of ploughs. The project is intended to be intensively productive at low cost. Subsequent to the "Tillage Clinics", the most important follow-up aspect will be support from international development agencies to ensure that the operators we shall have trained shall have equipment, seeds and fertilisers to carry on with for the future, so that they can become self-supporting for the long term. The World Ploughing Organization has formed a WPO Trust Committee to conduct the planning and organization of these proposed "Tillage Clinics" in those areas of the world where people hunger for food. The WPO has the knowledge, the will and the ability. The WPO is a non-governmental, nonprofit making, charitable organization. The WPO Trust objectives, herein described, can be achieved with cooperation and support in the form of loans of equipment, and donated transport costs. I hope this project will appeal to you, and gain your support. Communicated by: Alfred Hall, General Secretary of theWorld Ploughing Organization (WPO), Whiteclose, Longtown, Carlisle, Cumbria CA6 5TY, United Kingdom.
Climate and soil interaction
From 1 to 3 April 1985, a joint conference of the British Society of Soil Science and the Royal Meteorological Society was held in the University of York, England. Volunteer and invited papers and posters covered a wide range of topics which included weather and soil management, climate, soil formation and processes, climate and land evaluation and soil water regimes, hydrology and drainage. The conference delegates came from a wide range of research disciplines, and this led to valuable discussions. Much of this discussion centred on the use of models to help the interpretation, presentation and application
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of research findings. Some conclusions of relevance to soil tillage researchers are listed below. 1. Rooting and soil suitability for rooting require better assessment. Soil restrictions to rooting can be over-emphasised since there is frequently little evidence that such restrictions lead directly to reductions in crop yield. 2. Soil data relevant to the assessment o f poaching b y animal hooves are required. In particular, a suitable p e n e t r o m e t e r is required which can be calibrated for t h e effects of previous management. 3. Data on the interaction o f drought stress and nutrient supply are required. 4. More data are required on the relationships among soil strength, hydraulic conductivity and water content. Mr. A. Thomasson, Soil Survey of England and Wales, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, can supply further information on the proceedings of the conference. Communicated by: B.C. Ball, Scottish Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, E H 2 6 0PH, Scotland. ISTRO MEMBERSHIP
New members (1 February--30 September 1985) Abujamin, S., Ms. -- Centre for Soil Research, Department of Agriculture, CSR, JL, IR, H. Juanda 98, Bogor, Indonesia. Angers, D., Mr. -- University of Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, Department of Land Resoume Science, Guelph, Ont. N I G 2Wl, Canada. Araya, K., Prof. Dr. -- Senshu University, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bibai, Hokkaido, Japan. Aulakh, M.S., Dr. -- Punjab Agricultural University, Department of Soils, Ludhiana 141 004, Punjab, India. *Brown, W.T., Mr. -- Department of Agriculture, Victoria, Agricultural Engineering Centre, Princes Highway, Werribee, V. 3030, Australia. Burton, R.L., Dr. -- USDA, Plant Science Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 1029, Stillwater, OK 74074, U.S.A. Campbell, A.J., Mr. - - Agriculture Canada, Charlottetown Research Station, P.O. Box 1210, Charlottetown, PEI, C I A 7M8, Canada. Campbell, J.K., Prof. Dr. -- Cornell University, Department of Agricultural Engineering, 302 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A. Carrasco, C.W., Prof. -- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Mechanization, Av. E. Garzdn 780, 9750 Montevideo, Uruguay. Clarke, A.L., Dr. -- Director, Queensland Wheat Research Institute, P.O. Box 5282, Toowoomba, Q. 4350, Australia. C6te, D., Mr. -- Ministry of Agriculture of Quebec, Complexe Scientifique, 2700 Einstein, Ste. Foy, Quebec G I P 3WP, Canada. Culley, J., Mr. -- Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, Land Resource Research Institute, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. K I A OC6, Canada.
* Friendly relation.
281 Dekker, J., Prof. -- Iowa State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Seed and Weed Sciences, 457 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A. Dragoje, D., Mr. -- " P K B Agroekonornik", Industrijsko n Aseye b.b., 11213 Padinska Skela, Yugoslavia. Duseja, D., Prof. -- Tennessee State University, Department of Plant Science, Main Campus, 3500 John A. Merrit Boulevard, Nashville, T N 37203, U,S.A. Ekeberg, E., Dr. -- KISE Agricultural Research Station, 2350 Nes (near Hedmark), Norway. EI-Araby, A.M., Prof. Dr. -- University of Ain Shams, Department of Soil Science, Shoubra Elkherna, Cairo, Egypt. Fall, A., Mr. -- Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute (ISRA), Department of Farming Systems Research and Technology Transfer, P.O. Box 3120, Dakar-Hann, Senegal. Fischer, G., Dr. --Hoeogst Company, Department of Agricultural Developrnent,Hessendarnm 1--3, 6234 Haffersgeim Main, Federal Republic of Germany. Gayle, G.A., Prof. -- North Carolina A and T State University, Department of Plant Science and Technology, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, N C 27411, U.S.A. Ghadiri, H., Prof. -- Shahid Charnran University, College of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Ahvaz, Iran. Grove, J.H., Prof. Dr. -- University of Kentucky, Department of Agronomy, Lexington, K Y 40456-0091, U.S.A. Gupta, S.C., Dr. -- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil Science, 1529 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, M N 55108, U.S.A. Hammel, J.E., Prof. -- University of Idaho, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Moscow, ID 83843, U.S.A. Hasanbasri, I., Dr. -- Balittan Sukarami, Department of Agronomy, P.O. Box 43, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Huibers, F.P., Dr. It. -- Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Irrigation and Civil Engineering, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Ijioma, C.I., Dr. -- Federal University of Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Agricultural Engineering, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Kamara, C.S., Dr. -- Njala University College, Agronomy Department, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Kay, B.D., Prof. -- University of Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, Department of Land Resource Science, Guelph, Ont. NIG 2W1, Canada. Kayornbo, B.A., Mr. ~ The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Hydrotechnical Laboratory, B//lowsvej 23, 1870 Copenhagen V, Denmark. Kirkiand, J.A., Ms. -- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Soil Science, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0, Canada. Larney, F.J., Mr. -- The Agricultural Institute, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oak Park Research Centre, Carlow, Ireland. Loch, R.J., Mr. -- Queensland Wheat Research Institute, Soil Conservation Research Branch, P.O. Box 5282, Toowoornba, Q. 4350, Australia. Malhi, S.S., Dr. -- Agriculture Canada, Research Station, P.O. Box 1420, Lacombe, Alta. T0C 1S0, Canada. McBride, R., Prof. -- University of Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, Department of Land Resource Science, Guelph, Ont. NIG 2W1, Canada. Maurya, P.R., Dr. -- A h m a d u Bello University, Institute for Agricultural Research, P.M.B. 1044, Samara, Zaria, Nigeria. Norton, A.J., Mr. -- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, P.O. Box B W 330, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe. Oodally, G.M., Mr. -- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), A G S Division -- Engineering Service, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. Peterson, A.E., Prof. -- University of Wisconsin, Department of Soil Science, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, W I 53706, U.S.A.
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Pugh, W.D.A., Mr. -- Locust Hill, Ont. 10H iJO, Canada. Roloff, G., Mr. -- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil Science, 1529 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, M N 55108, U.S.A. Sadler Richards, J., Ms. -- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Soil and Water Management Branch, P.O. Box 159, Clinton, Ont., Canada (mailing address: Cordner Farms, R R 3, Brussels, Ont. N 0 G 1H0, Canada). Schepers, J.S., Mr. -- U S D A - A R S , University of Nebraska, 113 Keim Hall, Lincoln, N E 68583, U.S.A. Seecharan, R., Dr. -- Agriculture Canada, Regional Development Branch, 930 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ont. K I A 0C5, Canada. Sharma, R.B., Dr. -- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, P.O. Box 3008, Morogoro, Tanzania. Stobbe, E., Prof. -- University of Manitoba, Department of Plant Science, Winnipeg, Manitoba R 3 T 2N2, Canada. Van der Maas, M.P., Mr. -- Haarweg 241, 6709 R R Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wiecko, G., Mr. -- Technical Agricultural Academy, Department of Soil Science, Bernardynska 6/8, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland (present address: North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, Morris, M N 56267, U.S.A.). Young, D.S., Mr. -- Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Soils Section, Ridgetown, Ont. N 0 P 2C0, Canada.
Changes and corrections Albuquerque, J.C., Prof. Dr. -- Herdade de Mitra, University of l~vora, 7000 ]~vora, Portugal (formerly: Montemor-o-Velho, Portugal). Awadhwal, N.K., Dr. -- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Farming Systems Research Program, Hyderabad, A.P. 502324, India. Daki~, S., Dr. -- Jugoslavenski poljoprivredno -- ~umarski centar, Bulevar Revolucije 84/II, 11000 Beograd, Yugoslavia. De Farias, G.S., Mr. -- The Agricultural Institute of Paran~, IAPAR, P.O. Box 2301, 80.000 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil (formerly: Londrina, Brazil). Derpsch, R., Mr. -- Berliner Strasse 21, 47 Harem 4, Federal Republic of Germany (formerly: Londrina, Brazil). Dumelow, J., Mr. -- 112 London Bridge Road, Woodley, Reading, Berkshire R G 5 4 A W , United Kingdom. Dunham, R.J., Dr. -- Broom's Barn Experimental Station, Higham, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk IP286NP, United Kingdom (formerly: University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom). Finney, J.B., Mr. -- A D A S Liaison Unit, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford M K 4 5 4 HS, United Kingdom. Freebairn, D.M., Mr. -- Queensland Wheat Research Institute, P.O. Box 5282, Toowoomba, Q. 4350, Australia. Goss, M.J., Dr. -- Rothamsted Experimental Station, Department of Soils and Plant Nutrition, Harpenden, Harts. A L 5 2JQ, United Kingdom. Hadas, A., Dr. -- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil Science, 1529 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, M N 55108, U.S.A. (formerly: Bet Dagan, israel). Kume, H., Mr. -- Japan Tobacco Inc., Kagoshima Tobacco Experiment Station, Kamifukumoto 5648-2, Kagoshima-shi, 891-01, Japan (formerly: Oyama-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan). Marti, M., Dr. Ing. -- Scheuchzerstrasse 50, 8006 Z~/rich, Switzerland. Mondardo, A., Mr. -- The Agricultural Institute of Parana (IAPAR), Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, P.O. Box 50, 96.800 Santa Cruz do Sul/RS, Brasil. Ohu, J.O., Dr. -- University of Maiduguri, Department of Agricultural Engineering, P.M.B. 1069, Malduguri, Nigeria (formerly: St. Anne de Bellevue, Canada).
283 Ojeniyi, S.O., Dr. -- Federal University of Technology, Department of Crop Production, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria (formerly: Bauchi, Nigeria). Raghavan, G.S.V., Prof. Dr. -- McGill University, Macdonald College, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q. H9X 1C0, Canada. *Vhrallyay, G., Prof. Dr. -- Chairman of Commission VI of ISSS, Research Institute of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, 1525 Budapest, Hungary. Willat, S.T., Dr. -- Universitas Brawijaya, Fakultas Pertanian, Malang, East Java, Indonesia (formerly: Bundoora, Australia).
Resigned Aslyng, H.C., Prof. Dr. -- The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Hydrotechnical Laboratory and Climate Station, 23 Bf/lowsvej, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark. Muzilli, O., Mr. -- The Agricultural Institute of Paran~ (IAPAR), Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, P.O. Box 1331, 86100, Londrina, Paran~, Brazil. Nilsson, N.M., Mr. -- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala 7, Sweden. Spain, J.M., Dr. -- International Centre of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), P.O. Box 6713, Cali, Colombia.
Deceased Taylor, P.A., Mr. -- CSIRO, Agricultural Engineering Group, P.O. Box 26, Highett, V. 3190, Australia.
*Friendly relation.
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International Soil Tillage Research Organization
INFO Editors: Ir. C. van Ouwerkerk (The Netherlands) and Dr. B.C. Ball (Gt. Britain)
December 1985
Number 24
INTRODUCTION
Recently, research budgets in The Netherlands have been seriously cut down, to the effect that less personnel with less means has to cope with an ever increasing demand for more fundamental research on the machine-s o i l - p l a n t interrelationships. Moreover, our working week has been reduced from 40 to 38 h. This means that there is still less time for editing activities and ISTRO w o r k than previously. Consequently, this issue o f ISTRO-INFO is published behind schedule and it does n o t contain a full account of our very successful 10th Conference at Guelph, Ontario, Canada. At the m o m e n t , it seems best to await a lull in the adverse wind which, hopefully, will allow us to prepare a w o r t h y ISTRO-INFO No. 25. If everything goes well, this Silver Issue will be published at the same time as Part II of the Proceedings o f the 10th Conference o f ISTRO. 4th GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF ISTRO, 8 JULY 1985
The members o f ISTRO present at the 4th General Assembly of ISTRO at Guelph, Canada, approved o f the following proposals. Board o f I S T R O
The Board o f ISTRO for the period 1985--1988 will be constituted as follows: Dr. B.D. Soane, United Kingdom, President; Mr. L. Hansen, Denmark, President-Elect; Prof. emer. J.W. Ketcheson, Canada, Past-President; Ir. C. van Ouwerkerk, The Netherlands, Secretary-General; Dr. It. J.K. Kouwenhoven, The Netherlands, Treasurer; Dr. R. Lal, Nigeria, Ordinary Member; 0167-1987/86/$03.50
© 1986 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
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Prof. Dr. A. Butorac, Yugoslavia, Ordinary Member; Dr. B.D. Witney, United Kingdom, Ordinary Member. Dr. Witney will serve as the Chairman o f the Organizing Committee o f the l l t h Conference of ISTRO, 1988, and Dr. Soane will act as its Executive Secretary.
Membership fee As from 1 January 1986, the membership fee will be increased, for individual members from Dfl.15.00 to Dfl.25.00 per annum and for corporate members from Dfl.75.00 to Dfl.100.00 per annum. This increased fee will broaden the financial basis of ISTRO, which is necessary to be able to cope with rising mailing costs, and to enlarge the support for colleagues in developing countries as well as in East-European countries.
Honorary members As from 8 July, Prof. emer. W. S6hne will be an Honorary Member of ISTRO. The reasons for this proposal were outlined b y Prof. H. Kuipers (The Netherlands) as follows: "The name o f Professor Walter S6hne is no d o u b t among those o f the most frequently cited scientists in the field of agricultural soil dynamics. This is remarkable, because his major publications on soil mechanical behaviour and tillage tools appeared before 1965 and predominantly in the German language in German journals. No d o u b t his travels to the U.S.A. in 1954, 1958 and 1962, and the numerous lectures he gave on those occasions, contributed substantially to the recognition o f his work in that period. However, this is not a sufficient explanation for the lasting and widespread influence of his ideas. The fact is that Prof. S6hne created a sound basis for the development of agricultural soil dynamics, elaborated major pathways in this new field o f science and, later, applied his ideas in his extensive work on tractors and their application in agriculture. That his highly successful career would be in one of the agricultural sciences could n o t be expected from his education. Walter S6hne was born on 7 O c t o b e r 1913 in the heart of what is n o w the Federal Republic o f Germany. In 1939 he graduated from the Technical University of Stuttgart, where he studied mechanical engineering, aircraft engineering and aerodynamics. He was an enthusiastic amateur glider pilot and during World War II he was an engineer on glider construction in an Aircraft Research Institute. His doctoral thesis in 1947 at the Technical University of Brunswick (FRG) was on "Sideward stability o f a towed aeroplane". This seems very far removed from agricultural soil dynamics, but we may compare this little to a publication 10 years later: "Improvements of the sideward stability o f tractors operating on slopes b y means o f disc coulters".
275 The true engineer recognizes the same kind o f basic problems in many widely different fields o f the physico-technical environment, just as he is aware of the different nature of problems that m a y look very similar to outsiders. Which of the two possibilities applies here is less relevant, but the fact is that Prof. SShne joined agricultural research in 1947 at the Institute for Basic Research in Agricultural Engineering at Brunswick (FRG). With an unconventional package o f knowledge and abilities, and at an amazing speed, he succeeded in applying his knowledge to the complicated relationship between tyres, tools and soils. In 1957 he submitted a thesis for the certificate of habilitation (an additional, honours degree thesis} to the Technical University of Brunswick (FRG) entitled: "The tyre on the arable field". By then, he had already discussed the main aspects o f this subject in still famous papers on mechanical behaviour o f soils, on pressure distribution under tyres, soil deformability, compactibility, friction and cohesion, etc. In the long list of publications there is a gradual, but clear, shift towards tool-oriented problems. Especially famous are his investigations on powered tools and on high-speed ploughing. Prof. S6hne reported on parts of this work at the 4th Conference of ISTRO in 1965 at As, Norway. At that time, Prof. Sghne left t h e Institute at Brunswick because in 1965 he was nominated as Professor o f Agricultural Engineering at the Technical University o f Munich. Since that time, the titles on the list of publications focus more directly on the tractor, be it that m a n y publications refer very clearly to the interactions between soil and tyres or, m o r e generally, between softs and moving vehicles. From 1972 until 1975, Prof. S6hne was president of the International Society for Terrain--Vehicle Systems (ISTVS) and here again he promoted the cooperation between mechanical and agricultural engineers. Soft tillage research is a field o f applied sciences based on the cooperation of soft, crop and tool specialists. From this point of view, it is the merit of Prof. S6hne that he was the trendsetter for the soil--tool interaction. He did that in so convincing a m a n n e r that for several decades there was no discussion about the relevancy o f this subject. This is the m o r e astonishing because further research, in which he actively participated, clearly showed that this field, now often referred to as agricultural soil dynamics, is a very, very large field. The International Soil Tillage Research Organization is aware of the great merits of Prof. SShne in leading agricultural research, after his own example, into this not only essential, but also beautiful, surprising and fascinating land. Therefore, the Organization decided to invite Prof. SShne to accept his nomination as Honorary Member o f ISTRO." 1 lth CONFERENCE OF ISTRO, 11--15 JULY 1988 The l l t h ISTRO Conference will be held at Edinburgh University, Scotland, during t h e period 11--15 July 1988. The t h e m e for the Conference
276 will be "Tillage and Traffic in Crop Production". The Conference will address the effects of tillage and traffic on the soil environment of crop plants, particularly in respect to the problems of identifying and quantifying critical physical properties of soils. Opportunities for using model studies to predict management effects on both soil and plant responses, in temperate and tropical cropping systems, will be considered. The Conference will be preceded by a Pre-Conference Tour during the period 5--9 July 1988 {provisional dates), which is particularly for the benefit of overseas visitors who wish to see the research and development work in progress in soil tillage and traffic studies at Silsoe College, the National Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Rothamsted Experimental Station. Visits will also be made to the Royal Agricultural Show (the premier event of its kind in the U.K.), and to farms on contrasting soil types. The tour will commence at Silsoe College and will terminate in Edinburgh. Travel throughout the tour will be by coach, but arrangements will be made for those who wish to bring private transport. There will be a full programme of events for guests and children, both on the Pre-Conference Tour and at the Conference. The office bearers of the Conference Organising Committee are: Chairman: Dr. B.D. Witney, Edinburgh School of Agriculture. Vice-Chairman: Professor G. Spoor, Silsoe College. Secretary: Dr. B.D. Soane, Scottish Institute of Agricultural Engineering. Treasurer: J.T. Douglas, Scottish Institute of Agricultural Engineering. For further information and copies of the First Announcement leaflet please contact Dr. B.D. Soane at the Scottish Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PH, Scotland. It will be helpful to the Committee if those expecting to attend the Conference and Pre~Conference Tour could convey this information by returning the slip on the First Announcement leaflet as soon as possible. DONATIONS
ISTRO can use a lot of money, for instance to sponsor colleagues from developing countries who wish to participate in the 3-yearly International Conference of ISTRO. Ray Allmaras (University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.) offered a substantial amount of money for this purpose. The Board of ISTRO hopes that many ISTRO members will follow Ray Allmaras' laudable example! ISTRO D I A R Y
2--3 June 1986. The 33rd World Ploughing Contest. Olds Agricultural College Farm, Olds (near Calgary), Alberta, Canada. Information: Mr. Alfred Hall, General Secretary WPO, Whiteclose, Longtown, Carlisle, Cumbria CA6 5TY, United Kingdom, 1985. 15--21 June 1986. International Symposium "Establishment of Forage
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Crops by Conservation--Tillage Methods: Pest Management", State College, PA, U.S.A. Information: Dr. R.A. Beyers, Organizing Secretary, U.S. Regional Pasture Research Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A. 13--20 August 1986. 13th International Congress of Soil Science, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Information: Prof. Dr. K.H. Hartge, University of Hannover, Institute of Soil Science, Herrenh~iuserstrasse 2, 3000 Hannover 21, Federal Republic of Germany. ISTRO N E W S F R O M . . .
Canada Agriculture Canada, Research Station, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, CIA7M8 (M.R. Carter).
In 1983, a soil tillage research program was initiated at the Charlottetown Research Station to evaluate minimum tillage systems for cereals and other crops. A main component of the program is to assess direct seeding for winter cereals and shallow tillage for spring cereals. Shallow tillage is conducted with a wide array of cultivation equipment, its main feature being that tillage is restricted to the 0--10-cm soil depth. The advantage of shallow tillage over moldboard plowing and direct seeding is the enhanced timeliness for seeding and establishment of spring cereals, and the improved structure of these fine sandy loam soils, within the seed zone, due to surface loosening. A primary objective of the soil tillage program is to gauge the suitability of the cultivation techniques by determining their effects on plant establishment and nutrition, root growth and crop yield, and to characterize the resulting soil condition under each tillage system. Emphasis is placed on soil biological and physical properties, and their variation over time. Such investigation is considered necessary to define the tillage requirement and soil condition associated with optimum crop development under the specific climate and soil environment of Prince Edward Island and surrounding areas. ISTRO I N F O R M S A B O U T . . .
Copy right In ISTRO-INFO No. 22 (March 1985), I published an article on Prof. H. Kuipers' Silver Jubilee. The article was illustrated by the English version of the Silver Jubilee emblem, which clearly depicts the complex interrelationships between tillage machinery, soil structure and plant growth which are studied at the Tillage Laboratory of the Wageningen Agricultural University. I made the English version on the basis of the original Dutch design (Fig. 1), which I assumed was made by our Treasurer, Dr. Ir. J.K. Kouwenhoven, who had so perfectly organized the Silver Jubilee Symposium. However, this
278 P~r
24 AUGUSTUS 1984 Fig. 1. The original version of Prof. H. Kuiper's Silver Jubilee emblem (design: P.A. Kouwenhoven, "Bellefleur Produkties", Lelystad, The Netherlands).
assumption was not mentioned in the figure caption. Moreover, it turned out that the original Dutch design was made by our Treasurer's brother, Mr. P.A. Kouwenhoven, Director of "Bellefleur Produkties", specialists in publicity and designing at Lelystad, The Netherlands. I honestly regret my mistakes and I offer my apologies to both our Treasurer and to Mr. P.A. Kouwenhoven, who rightly asserted the copyright of his successful Silver Jubilee emblem. Communicated by: It. C. van Ouwerkerk, Secretary-General of ISTRO, Institute for Soil Fertility, P.O. Box 30003, 9750 RA Haren Gn, The Netherlands.
"Tillage Clinics" It is universally acknowledged that the introduction of ploughing competitions in developing countries has significantly improved the standards of soil tillage and crop production. They have encouraged an understanding and care for both soil and product, and a pride in achievement by the ploughman. Our WPO objective is to give long-term relief from hunger. To achieve this objective, we propose to equip and send small teams of ploughmen of World Championship status (to include the current World Champion) to operate so-called "Tillage Clinics". These will include demonstrating and teaching the basic principles of good ploughmanship*. Together with our affiliate colleagues in Kenya, we have drawn up an itin*Hall, A., 1985. Teaching good ploughing in agriculturally developing countries. Soil
Tillage Res., 5: 223--225.
279
erary as a first step in a series of "Tillage Clinic" programmes. The programme for each "Tillage Clinic" will be practical (the objective is to learn by watching, and learn by doing). The basic instruction will apply to both tractor, and ox-ploughing. Correct ploughing, appropriate to the type of land, the climate and the crop, will be demonstrated. Interest in participating will be encouraged, and elementary competitions aimed to set a high standard will be held. We hope to encourage competitive participation by awarding some kind of prize. Our Kenyan colleagues (representing the Kenya Ploughing Organization and Agricultural Society of Kenya) are able to supply a low loader-vehicle for conveyance of equipment, and the loan of tractors. We feel confident we shall have the help of plough manufacturers with the loan of ploughs. Our need is for funds to cover the travel costs of a team of 4--6 persons per itinerary, plus accomodation and meals when not hosted by private faroflies. Also needed are supplies of diesel fuel and probably some costs of transport of ploughs. The project is intended to be intensively productive at low cost. Subsequent to the "Tillage Clinics", the most important follow-up aspect will be support from international development agencies to ensure that the operators we shall have trained shall have equipment, seeds and fertilisers to carry on with for the future, so that they can become self-supporting for the long term. The World Ploughing Organization has formed a WPO Trust Committee to conduct the planning and organization of these proposed "Tillage Clinics" in those areas of the world where people hunger for food. The WPO has the knowledge, the will and the ability. The WPO is a non-governmental, nonprofit making, charitable organization. The WPO Trust objectives, herein described, can be achieved with cooperation and support in the form of loans of equipment, and donated transport costs. I hope this project will appeal to you, and gain your support. Communicated by: Alfred Hall, General Secretary of theWorld Ploughing Organization (WPO), Whiteclose, Longtown, Carlisle, Cumbria CA6 5TY, United Kingdom.
Climate and soil interaction
From 1 to 3 April 1985, a joint conference of the British Society of Soil Science and the Royal Meteorological Society was held in the University of York, England. Volunteer and invited papers and posters covered a wide range of topics which included weather and soil management, climate, soil formation and processes, climate and land evaluation and soil water regimes, hydrology and drainage. The conference delegates came from a wide range of research disciplines, and this led to valuable discussions. Much of this discussion centred on the use of models to help the interpretation, presentation and application
280
of research findings. Some conclusions of relevance to soil tillage researchers are listed below. 1. Rooting and soil suitability for rooting require better assessment. Soil restrictions to rooting can be over-emphasised since there is frequently little evidence that such restrictions lead directly to reductions in crop yield. 2. Soil data relevant to the assessment o f poaching b y animal hooves are required. In particular, a suitable p e n e t r o m e t e r is required which can be calibrated for t h e effects of previous management. 3. Data on the interaction o f drought stress and nutrient supply are required. 4. More data are required on the relationships among soil strength, hydraulic conductivity and water content. Mr. A. Thomasson, Soil Survey of England and Wales, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, can supply further information on the proceedings of the conference. Communicated by: B.C. Ball, Scottish Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, E H 2 6 0PH, Scotland. ISTRO MEMBERSHIP
New members (1 February--30 September 1985) Abujamin, S., Ms. -- Centre for Soil Research, Department of Agriculture, CSR, JL, IR, H. Juanda 98, Bogor, Indonesia. Angers, D., Mr. -- University of Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, Department of Land Resoume Science, Guelph, Ont. N I G 2Wl, Canada. Araya, K., Prof. Dr. -- Senshu University, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bibai, Hokkaido, Japan. Aulakh, M.S., Dr. -- Punjab Agricultural University, Department of Soils, Ludhiana 141 004, Punjab, India. *Brown, W.T., Mr. -- Department of Agriculture, Victoria, Agricultural Engineering Centre, Princes Highway, Werribee, V. 3030, Australia. Burton, R.L., Dr. -- USDA, Plant Science Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 1029, Stillwater, OK 74074, U.S.A. Campbell, A.J., Mr. - - Agriculture Canada, Charlottetown Research Station, P.O. Box 1210, Charlottetown, PEI, C I A 7M8, Canada. Campbell, J.K., Prof. Dr. -- Cornell University, Department of Agricultural Engineering, 302 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A. Carrasco, C.W., Prof. -- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Mechanization, Av. E. Garzdn 780, 9750 Montevideo, Uruguay. Clarke, A.L., Dr. -- Director, Queensland Wheat Research Institute, P.O. Box 5282, Toowoomba, Q. 4350, Australia. C6te, D., Mr. -- Ministry of Agriculture of Quebec, Complexe Scientifique, 2700 Einstein, Ste. Foy, Quebec G I P 3WP, Canada. Culley, J., Mr. -- Agriculture Canada, Research Branch, Land Resource Research Institute, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont. K I A OC6, Canada.
* Friendly relation.
281 Dekker, J., Prof. -- Iowa State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Seed and Weed Sciences, 457 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A. Dragoje, D., Mr. -- " P K B Agroekonornik", Industrijsko n Aseye b.b., 11213 Padinska Skela, Yugoslavia. Duseja, D., Prof. -- Tennessee State University, Department of Plant Science, Main Campus, 3500 John A. Merrit Boulevard, Nashville, T N 37203, U,S.A. Ekeberg, E., Dr. -- KISE Agricultural Research Station, 2350 Nes (near Hedmark), Norway. EI-Araby, A.M., Prof. Dr. -- University of Ain Shams, Department of Soil Science, Shoubra Elkherna, Cairo, Egypt. Fall, A., Mr. -- Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute (ISRA), Department of Farming Systems Research and Technology Transfer, P.O. Box 3120, Dakar-Hann, Senegal. Fischer, G., Dr. --Hoeogst Company, Department of Agricultural Developrnent,Hessendarnm 1--3, 6234 Haffersgeim Main, Federal Republic of Germany. Gayle, G.A., Prof. -- North Carolina A and T State University, Department of Plant Science and Technology, 1601 E. Market Street, Greensboro, N C 27411, U.S.A. Ghadiri, H., Prof. -- Shahid Charnran University, College of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Ahvaz, Iran. Grove, J.H., Prof. Dr. -- University of Kentucky, Department of Agronomy, Lexington, K Y 40456-0091, U.S.A. Gupta, S.C., Dr. -- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil Science, 1529 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, M N 55108, U.S.A. Hammel, J.E., Prof. -- University of Idaho, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Moscow, ID 83843, U.S.A. Hasanbasri, I., Dr. -- Balittan Sukarami, Department of Agronomy, P.O. Box 43, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Huibers, F.P., Dr. It. -- Wageningen Agricultural University, Department of Irrigation and Civil Engineering, Nieuwe Kanaal 11, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Ijioma, C.I., Dr. -- Federal University of Technology, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Department of Agricultural Engineering, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Kamara, C.S., Dr. -- Njala University College, Agronomy Department, Private Mail Bag, Freetown, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Kay, B.D., Prof. -- University of Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, Department of Land Resource Science, Guelph, Ont. NIG 2W1, Canada. Kayornbo, B.A., Mr. ~ The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Hydrotechnical Laboratory, B//lowsvej 23, 1870 Copenhagen V, Denmark. Kirkiand, J.A., Ms. -- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Soil Science, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 0W0, Canada. Larney, F.J., Mr. -- The Agricultural Institute, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Oak Park Research Centre, Carlow, Ireland. Loch, R.J., Mr. -- Queensland Wheat Research Institute, Soil Conservation Research Branch, P.O. Box 5282, Toowoornba, Q. 4350, Australia. Malhi, S.S., Dr. -- Agriculture Canada, Research Station, P.O. Box 1420, Lacombe, Alta. T0C 1S0, Canada. McBride, R., Prof. -- University of Guelph, Ontario Agricultural College, Department of Land Resource Science, Guelph, Ont. NIG 2W1, Canada. Maurya, P.R., Dr. -- A h m a d u Bello University, Institute for Agricultural Research, P.M.B. 1044, Samara, Zaria, Nigeria. Norton, A.J., Mr. -- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, P.O. Box B W 330, Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe. Oodally, G.M., Mr. -- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), A G S Division -- Engineering Service, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. Peterson, A.E., Prof. -- University of Wisconsin, Department of Soil Science, 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, W I 53706, U.S.A.
282
Pugh, W.D.A., Mr. -- Locust Hill, Ont. 10H iJO, Canada. Roloff, G., Mr. -- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil Science, 1529 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, M N 55108, U.S.A. Sadler Richards, J., Ms. -- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Soil and Water Management Branch, P.O. Box 159, Clinton, Ont., Canada (mailing address: Cordner Farms, R R 3, Brussels, Ont. N 0 G 1H0, Canada). Schepers, J.S., Mr. -- U S D A - A R S , University of Nebraska, 113 Keim Hall, Lincoln, N E 68583, U.S.A. Seecharan, R., Dr. -- Agriculture Canada, Regional Development Branch, 930 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ont. K I A 0C5, Canada. Sharma, R.B., Dr. -- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, P.O. Box 3008, Morogoro, Tanzania. Stobbe, E., Prof. -- University of Manitoba, Department of Plant Science, Winnipeg, Manitoba R 3 T 2N2, Canada. Van der Maas, M.P., Mr. -- Haarweg 241, 6709 R R Wageningen, The Netherlands. Wiecko, G., Mr. -- Technical Agricultural Academy, Department of Soil Science, Bernardynska 6/8, 85-029 Bydgoszcz, Poland (present address: North Central Soil Conservation Research Laboratory, Morris, M N 56267, U.S.A.). Young, D.S., Mr. -- Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology, Soils Section, Ridgetown, Ont. N 0 P 2C0, Canada.
Changes and corrections Albuquerque, J.C., Prof. Dr. -- Herdade de Mitra, University of l~vora, 7000 ]~vora, Portugal (formerly: Montemor-o-Velho, Portugal). Awadhwal, N.K., Dr. -- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Farming Systems Research Program, Hyderabad, A.P. 502324, India. Daki~, S., Dr. -- Jugoslavenski poljoprivredno -- ~umarski centar, Bulevar Revolucije 84/II, 11000 Beograd, Yugoslavia. De Farias, G.S., Mr. -- The Agricultural Institute of Paran~, IAPAR, P.O. Box 2301, 80.000 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil (formerly: Londrina, Brazil). Derpsch, R., Mr. -- Berliner Strasse 21, 47 Harem 4, Federal Republic of Germany (formerly: Londrina, Brazil). Dumelow, J., Mr. -- 112 London Bridge Road, Woodley, Reading, Berkshire R G 5 4 A W , United Kingdom. Dunham, R.J., Dr. -- Broom's Barn Experimental Station, Higham, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk IP286NP, United Kingdom (formerly: University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom). Finney, J.B., Mr. -- A D A S Liaison Unit, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford M K 4 5 4 HS, United Kingdom. Freebairn, D.M., Mr. -- Queensland Wheat Research Institute, P.O. Box 5282, Toowoomba, Q. 4350, Australia. Goss, M.J., Dr. -- Rothamsted Experimental Station, Department of Soils and Plant Nutrition, Harpenden, Harts. A L 5 2JQ, United Kingdom. Hadas, A., Dr. -- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil Science, 1529 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, M N 55108, U.S.A. (formerly: Bet Dagan, israel). Kume, H., Mr. -- Japan Tobacco Inc., Kagoshima Tobacco Experiment Station, Kamifukumoto 5648-2, Kagoshima-shi, 891-01, Japan (formerly: Oyama-shi, Tochigi-ken, Japan). Marti, M., Dr. Ing. -- Scheuchzerstrasse 50, 8006 Z~/rich, Switzerland. Mondardo, A., Mr. -- The Agricultural Institute of Parana (IAPAR), Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, P.O. Box 50, 96.800 Santa Cruz do Sul/RS, Brasil. Ohu, J.O., Dr. -- University of Maiduguri, Department of Agricultural Engineering, P.M.B. 1069, Malduguri, Nigeria (formerly: St. Anne de Bellevue, Canada).
283 Ojeniyi, S.O., Dr. -- Federal University of Technology, Department of Crop Production, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria (formerly: Bauchi, Nigeria). Raghavan, G.S.V., Prof. Dr. -- McGill University, Macdonald College, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q. H9X 1C0, Canada. *Vhrallyay, G., Prof. Dr. -- Chairman of Commission VI of ISSS, Research Institute of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, P.O. Box 35, 1525 Budapest, Hungary. Willat, S.T., Dr. -- Universitas Brawijaya, Fakultas Pertanian, Malang, East Java, Indonesia (formerly: Bundoora, Australia).
Resigned Aslyng, H.C., Prof. Dr. -- The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Hydrotechnical Laboratory and Climate Station, 23 Bf/lowsvej, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark. Muzilli, O., Mr. -- The Agricultural Institute of Paran~ (IAPAR), Department of Soils and Agricultural Engineering, P.O. Box 1331, 86100, Londrina, Paran~, Brazil. Nilsson, N.M., Mr. -- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala 7, Sweden. Spain, J.M., Dr. -- International Centre of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), P.O. Box 6713, Cali, Colombia.
Deceased Taylor, P.A., Mr. -- CSIRO, Agricultural Engineering Group, P.O. Box 26, Highett, V. 3190, Australia.
*Friendly relation.