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Jojoba Meal in Poultry Diets1
Jojoba Meal in Poultry Diets1 J. D. NGOU NGOUPAYOU, P. M. MAIORINO, and B. L. REID Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (Received for publication September 24, 1981)
INTRODUCTION Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a native shrub of the Sonoran Desert including part of Arizona, California, and Mexico. Its seeds contain a colorless, ether extractable, polyunsaturated wax that is structurally similar to sperm whale oil. Jojoba oil can be used as a replacement for sperm oil and finds many applications in lubricants, paper coatings, polishes, textiles, etc. Jojoba meal, the by-product obtained from the oil extraction process, contains 26 to 3 3% protein (Verbiscar and Banigan, 1978a,b). Jojoba meal also contains simmondsin (I), simmondsin 2 -ferulate (II), and related cyanomethylenecyclohexyl glycosides (Elliger et al., 1973, 1974), which are toxic to rodents and chickens. Booth et al. (1974) administered single oral doses of 4.0 g simmondsin/kg body weight to rats with no adverse effects up to 14 days following dosing. Weanling rats given five successive daily oral doses of simmondsin (750 mg/kg body weight) all lost weight and died within 10 days after the initial dose. Several processes, including solvent extraction, heat and chemical methods, have been investigated by Verbiscar et al. (1980) for the detoxification of jojoba meal by removal of simmondsin and related
1 Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article No. 3501.
toxicants or modification of the cyano groups. Recently, microbial detoxification methods were reported (Verbiscar et al, 1981). Among the microorganisms tested, strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus were found to grow well on jojoba meal and to reduce the levels of simmondsin and other cyanotoxicants. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the nutritive value of the detoxified jojoba meals for use in poultry diets. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Five experiments were conducted with Hubbard broiler chicks to evaluate the supplemental value of jojoba meal. The deoiled jojoba meal sample ( J l ) was essentially not detoxified, whereas samples J 2 1 , J29, and J31 were extracted with ammoniacal hydrogen peroxide, ammonia at room temperature, and boiling water, respectively (Verbiscar et al., 1980). Finally, three samples (J71, J87, and J176-15) were treated with three strains of Lactobacilli: L. acidophilus # 6 0 9 , 1911, and 629 (Verbiscar et al., 1981). Each meal was added to a basal diet at 5 and 10% levels and the diets were isonitrogenous. Dietary compositions and nutrient contents are shown in Table 1. Composition of the jojoba meals is shown in Table 2. A total of 18 Hubbard chicks (9 males and 9 females housed six per pen) were fed each of the experimental diets for 4 weeks. The chicks and feed were weighed initially and at the end
1692
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ohio State University Libraries on December 20, 2014
ABSTRACT Five experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the supplemental value of detoxified jojoba meal for broiler chick performance. Meal samples subjected to solvent extraction, heat and chemical treatments, as well as Lactobacilli treatments, were used in these studies. Of the seven samples tested, only the Lactobacillus acidophilus #1911 detoxified meal supported adequate growth when added to the diet at a level of 10%. Compared to the basal diet, feed conversion was poor with 5% supplementation of this meal and was worse at the 10% level. Failure of detoxified jojoba meal to support maximum growth reflects its low nutritive value. This was evidenced by low availabilities of lysine (33.7%) and methionine (43.4%) and by low starch digestibility (21.7%). The true metabolizable energy content of jojoba meal was determined as 1.71 kcal/g on an air-dry basis. (Key words: jojoba meal, protein supplement) 1982 Poultry Science 61:1692-1696
JOJOBA MEAL FOR POULTRY
hydrochloric acid digestion. In addition to amino acid availabilities, essential amino acid index and amino acid scores were evaluated using the chick and laying hen amino acid requirements as reference standards. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the chick studies with the seven samples of jojoba meal are shown in Tables 3, 4, and 5. The methylene chlorideextracted product ( J l ) failed to support growth equivalent to that obtained with the basal diet: 720 g gain vs. 574 and 140 g obtained with the 5 and 10% meal diets, respectively (Table 3). Poor feed conversions were also obtained with the two supplemented diets. Total feed consumption was significantly reduced from 1058 g/bird for the basal diet to 270 g for the birds fed the 10% supplemented diet. Mortality was 5.6% with the 5% meal diet, which contained .24% simmondsin toxicants, and mortality increased to 55.6% with 10% J l meal in the
TABLE 1. Composition of experimental diets 5%
10% Jojoba
Basal
Jojoba
56.35 31.25 3.00 2.50 1.00 1.00 .40 3.00 .10 1.00 .20
53.85 28.75 3.00 2.50 1.00 1.00 .40 3.00 .10 1.00 .20 5.00
51.35 26.25 3.00 2.50 1.00 1.00 .40 3.00 .10 1.00 .20 10.00
22.29 3.00
22.16 2.94 1.05 .65 .42 1.17 .85
22.03 2.88 1.04 .63 .41 1.12 .87
1.-/0,1
Milo Soybean meal (47.5% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa (17% protein) Meat scraps (50% protein) Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Salt Tallow Trace mineral mix a Vitamin mixb DL-methionine Jojoba meal Nutrient content Protein, % ME, kcal/g Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Available phosphorus, % Lysine, % Methionine + cystine, %
1.06 .67 .43 1.23 .84
Supplied the following (ppm): 20 Fe, 60 Zn, 60 Mn, 4 Cu, and 1 Mo. Supplied the following per kilogram of diet: 3,690 IU vitamin A, 615 ICU vitamin D 3 , 1.76 mg riboflavin, 11 mg niacin, 4.4 mg calcium pantothenate, 5.3 Mg vitamin B 1 2 , 2.2 IU d-a-tocopheryl acetate, .9 mg menadione sodium bisulfite, 175 mg choline chloride, and 50 mg ethoxyquin.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ohio State University Libraries on December 20, 2014
of the experiment. The experiments were conducted in battery brooders with raised wire floors. An additional study was carried out with Shaver laying hens to determine true metabolizable energy (TME), starch digestibility, and amino acid availabilities of the Jl76-15 jojoba meal sample. Eighteen Shaver hens, housed in individual cages, were fasted for 48 hr. Ten hens were each force-fed 15 g of the meal, whereas 8 birds were fasted for an additional 48 hr until fecal samples were quantitatively collected. The fecal samples of the fed and fasted groups were dried at 65 C and then analyzed, along with the meal, for gross energy, starch, and amino acid content. Gross energy was determined by bomb calorimetry using a Parr Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter. Starch was determined by solubilization with dimethylsulfoxide and hydrochloric acid, treatment with amyloglucosidase, and enzymatic measurement of glucose (Keppler and Decker, 1974). Amino acid analyses were performed using a Beckman amino acid analyzer (Model 121) following
1693
1694
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All of the chemically-treated jojoba meals failed to support maximum chick growth when incorporated in the diet at a level of 10%. Studies with mice using these same meals (Weber and Reid, 1977, unpublished data; Verbiscar et al., 1980) have shown reduced growth, but not feed intake, at the 10% level. The 5% level of L. acidophilus #609-treated material (J71) caused a significant decrease in body weight at 4 weeks of age from 748 to 689 g (Table 4). An additional depression in weight was obtained at the 10% level. Feed conversion was adversely affected only by the 10% level, changing from 1.71 g feed/g gain for the basal diet to 1.84 g with 10% J 7 1 . Another strain of L. acidophilus (#1911)treated material (J87) supported growth equivalent to that obtained with the basal diet (Table 4). Although there was a linear decrease in growth rate with the 5 and 10% feeding levels, these differences were not statistically significant. Significant increases in feed conversion were found with both feeding levels. Studies with mice have shown additional weight gains when the same J87 meal was further extracted with boiling water (Verbiscar et al., 1981). This confirms earlier data showing that mice perform better on water extracted jojoba meals (Cotgageorge et al, 1978; Verbiscar et al., 1980). The final product tested (J 176-15) was treated with L. acidophilus # 6 2 9 . The 10% supplementation level of this meal significantly decreased growth rate (Table 4).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ohio State University Libraries on December 20, 2014
in so «"» •* rh q c^ o\ p 1-j M H \6 N C^ - t
diet (.47% simmondsin toxicants). The high mortality was apparently due to the levels of simmondsin and simmondsin 2 -ferulate in the J l meal (Table 2). Booth et al. (1974) have reported similar results with rats fed 10% deoiled jojoba meal, which contained .75% total toxicants and produced 75% mortality. Treatment with ammoniacal hydrogen peroxide (J21) lowered the total toxicant level and allowed growth equivalent to that obtained with the basal diet when fed at a level of 5% (Table 3). However, when 10% of this product was fed, a significant decrease in growth rate was observed. Extraction with boiling water (J 31) also resulted in some detoxification in that no mortality occurred, but both the 5 and 10% feeding levels caused significant decreases in growth rate and poor feed conversions. Ammonia detoxification (J29) also resulted in significantly decreased growth and a linear, but nonsignificant, depression in feed conversion.
JOJOBA MEAL FOR POULTRY Verbiscar et al. ( 1 9 8 1 ) reported a palatability factor in deoiled jojoba m e a l causing mice, sheep and cattle t o avoid diets containing this material. T h e y have also s h o w n t h a t t r e a t m e n t
1695
of jojoba meal with Lactobacilli n o t only decreased t h e t o x i c a n t level, b u t increased palatability. A m i n o acid c o m p o s i t i o n and availabilities
TABLE 3. Effect of jojoba meals on growth and feed conversion of broiler chicks
.24 .47
720* 574 c 140 d
1.56* 1.73b 2.72 d
1058* 92lb 270 c
0 5.6 55.6
+ 5% J21 + 10% J21
.003 .005
720* 536 c
1.58* 1.93 c
1078* 954b
0 0
+ 5%J31 + 10%J31
.008 .016
654 b 545 c
1.69 b 1.90c
1033* 959b
0 0
1169* 1115b 1070 b
0 0 0
Dietary treatment
Feed conversion (feed/gain)
Total feed consumption (g)
Mortality
(%)
Experiment 1 Basal diet + 5% J l + 10% J l
Experiment 2 Basal diet + 5% J29 + 10% J29
.006 .011
731* 643b 617b
1.70* 1.86b 1.86 b
a,b,c,d Means within an experiment not having common letter superscripts are significantly different (P<.05).
TABLE 4. Effect of L. acidophilus detoxified jojoba meals (J71, J87, and J176-15) on broiler chick, performance
Dietary treatment
Toxicants (%)
Avg body weight at 4 weeks (g)
Feed conversion (feed/gain)
Experiment 3 Basal diet + 5% J71 + 10% J71
.019 .037
748* 689b 66 7C
1.71* 1.79 ab 1.84 b
Experiment 4 Basal diet + 5% J87 + 10% J87
.047 .094
833* 761* 734*
.017 .034
675* 613*b 569 b
1.79* 1.88b 2.02 c
Experiment 5 Basal diet + 5% J176-15 + 10%J176-15
1.69* 1.84 b 1.94 c
' Means within an experiment not having common letter superscripts are significantly different (P<.05).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ohio State University Libraries on December 20, 2014
(%)
Avg body weight at 4 weeks (g)
Toxicants in diet
1696
NGOUPAYOU ET AL. TABLE 5. Amino acid composition and availability of jojoba meal
(g/16gN)
% Available (hens)
Lysine Histidine Arginine Threonine Cystine Valine Methionine Isoleucine Leucine Tyrosine Phenylalanine
.66 .43 1.60 1.19 .85 1.38 .26 .94 1.63 .91 1.05
2.43 1.60 5.97 4.46 3.17 5.16 .97 3.53 6.09 3.40 3.93
33.69 65.18 72.34 59.43 65.51 63.07 43.44 60.17 60.52 66.24 67.06
of jojoba meal d e t e r m i n e d in laying hens are shown in Table 5. Lysine and m e t h i o n i n e availabilities were 33.7 and 43.4%, respectively, whereas t h e remaining amino acid availabilities varied from 50 to 6 7 % . An essential a m i n o acid index, calculated using t h e laying hen amino acid r e q u i r e m e n t s as a reference s t a n d a r d , yielded a value of 9 3 . 3 . Lysine was t h e first limiting amino acid with an amino acid score of 6 3 . 3 % . Leucine was second limiting in this calculation p r o c e d u r e . A similar evaluation was carried o u t employing t h e chick amino acid r e q u i r e m e n t s as a reference s t a n d a r d . In this instance, t h e essential a m i n o acid index was 9 2 . 9 , and lysine was again first limiting with an amino acid score of 4 8 . 5 % . A fairly good balance was indicated for t h e remaining a m i n o acids. Verbiscar et al. ( 1 9 8 1 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e p r o t e i n quality of jojoba meal for mice was q u i t e low. As a result of t h e s t u d y with laying h e n s , t h e TME c o n t e n t of jojoba meal was estimated as 1.71 kcal/g o n an air-dry basis, a n d starch digestibility was 21.7%. It appears from these studies t h a t feeding nondetoxified jojoba meal to chicks results in m a r k e d l y depressed g r o w t h . Only t h e L. acidophilus # 1 9 1 1 detoxified meal ( J 8 7 ) seemed to s u p p o r t chick g r o w t h w h e n i n c o r p o r a t e d a t 10% of t h e diet. However, feed conversion for this meal, as well as for t h e o t h e r L. acidophilus detoxified meals, was p o o r e r t h a n t h e c o n t r o l . T h e low lysine c o n t e n t of t h e jojoba meals c o m b i n e d with t h e a p p a r e n t low availability of this a m i n o acid p r o d u c e d an effective contribution of only .22% lysine.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T h e a u t h o r s are i n d e b t e d t o A. J. Verbiscar, Anver Bioscience Design, Inc., Sierra Madre, CA, for supplying t h e treated jojoba meals used in these studies.
REFERENCES Booth, A. N., C. A. Elliger, and A. C. Waiss, 1974. Isolation of toxic factor from jojoba meal. Life Sci. 15:1115-1120. Cotgageorge, A. G., C. W. Weber, B. L. Reid, and R. L. Price, 1978. Detoxification of jojoba seed meal. Pages 171—184 in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Jojoba, Sept. 1 3 - 1 6 , 1978, Univ. California, Riverside, CA. Elliger, C. A., A. C. Waiss, and R. E. Lundin, 1973. Simmondsin, an unusual 2-cyanomethylenecyclohexyl glucoside from simmondsia Californica. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 19:2209-2212. Elliger, C. A., A. C. Waiss, and R. E. Lundin, 1974. Cyanomethylenecyclohexyl glucosides from Simmondsia Californica. Phytochemistry 13: 2319-2320. Keppler, D., and K. Decker, 1974. Glycogen determination with amyloglucosidase. Pages 1127— 1131 in Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. H. U. Bergmeyer, ed. Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY. Verbiscar, A. J., and T. F. Banigan, 1978a. Composition of jojoba seeds and foliage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 26:1456-1459. Verbiscar, A. J., and T. F. Banigan, 1978b. Jojoba seed meal as an animal feed. Pages 63—76 in Proc. Conf. Nonconventional Proteins and Foods, Oct. 1 3 - 2 0 , 1977, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI. Verbiscar, A. J., T. F. Banigan, C. W. Weber, B. L. Reid, R. S. Swingle, J. E. Trei, and E. A. Nelson, 1981. Detoxification of jojoba meal by Lactobacilli. J. Agric. Food Chem. 29:296-309. Verbiscar, A. J., T. F. Banigan, C. W. Weber, B. L. Reid, J. E. Trei, E. A. Nelson, R. F. Raffauf, and D. Kosersky, 1980. Detoxification of jojoba meal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:571-578.
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Amino acid
% Sample
INTRODUCTION Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a native shrub of the Sonoran Desert including part of Arizona, California, and Mexico. Its seeds contain a colorless, ether extractable, polyunsaturated wax that is structurally similar to sperm whale oil. Jojoba oil can be used as a replacement for sperm oil and finds many applications in lubricants, paper coatings, polishes, textiles, etc. Jojoba meal, the by-product obtained from the oil extraction process, contains 26 to 3 3% protein (Verbiscar and Banigan, 1978a,b). Jojoba meal also contains simmondsin (I), simmondsin 2 -ferulate (II), and related cyanomethylenecyclohexyl glycosides (Elliger et al., 1973, 1974), which are toxic to rodents and chickens. Booth et al. (1974) administered single oral doses of 4.0 g simmondsin/kg body weight to rats with no adverse effects up to 14 days following dosing. Weanling rats given five successive daily oral doses of simmondsin (750 mg/kg body weight) all lost weight and died within 10 days after the initial dose. Several processes, including solvent extraction, heat and chemical methods, have been investigated by Verbiscar et al. (1980) for the detoxification of jojoba meal by removal of simmondsin and related
1 Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Article No. 3501.
toxicants or modification of the cyano groups. Recently, microbial detoxification methods were reported (Verbiscar et al, 1981). Among the microorganisms tested, strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus were found to grow well on jojoba meal and to reduce the levels of simmondsin and other cyanotoxicants. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the nutritive value of the detoxified jojoba meals for use in poultry diets. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Five experiments were conducted with Hubbard broiler chicks to evaluate the supplemental value of jojoba meal. The deoiled jojoba meal sample ( J l ) was essentially not detoxified, whereas samples J 2 1 , J29, and J31 were extracted with ammoniacal hydrogen peroxide, ammonia at room temperature, and boiling water, respectively (Verbiscar et al., 1980). Finally, three samples (J71, J87, and J176-15) were treated with three strains of Lactobacilli: L. acidophilus # 6 0 9 , 1911, and 629 (Verbiscar et al., 1981). Each meal was added to a basal diet at 5 and 10% levels and the diets were isonitrogenous. Dietary compositions and nutrient contents are shown in Table 1. Composition of the jojoba meals is shown in Table 2. A total of 18 Hubbard chicks (9 males and 9 females housed six per pen) were fed each of the experimental diets for 4 weeks. The chicks and feed were weighed initially and at the end
1692
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ohio State University Libraries on December 20, 2014
ABSTRACT Five experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the supplemental value of detoxified jojoba meal for broiler chick performance. Meal samples subjected to solvent extraction, heat and chemical treatments, as well as Lactobacilli treatments, were used in these studies. Of the seven samples tested, only the Lactobacillus acidophilus #1911 detoxified meal supported adequate growth when added to the diet at a level of 10%. Compared to the basal diet, feed conversion was poor with 5% supplementation of this meal and was worse at the 10% level. Failure of detoxified jojoba meal to support maximum growth reflects its low nutritive value. This was evidenced by low availabilities of lysine (33.7%) and methionine (43.4%) and by low starch digestibility (21.7%). The true metabolizable energy content of jojoba meal was determined as 1.71 kcal/g on an air-dry basis. (Key words: jojoba meal, protein supplement) 1982 Poultry Science 61:1692-1696
JOJOBA MEAL FOR POULTRY
hydrochloric acid digestion. In addition to amino acid availabilities, essential amino acid index and amino acid scores were evaluated using the chick and laying hen amino acid requirements as reference standards. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of the chick studies with the seven samples of jojoba meal are shown in Tables 3, 4, and 5. The methylene chlorideextracted product ( J l ) failed to support growth equivalent to that obtained with the basal diet: 720 g gain vs. 574 and 140 g obtained with the 5 and 10% meal diets, respectively (Table 3). Poor feed conversions were also obtained with the two supplemented diets. Total feed consumption was significantly reduced from 1058 g/bird for the basal diet to 270 g for the birds fed the 10% supplemented diet. Mortality was 5.6% with the 5% meal diet, which contained .24% simmondsin toxicants, and mortality increased to 55.6% with 10% J l meal in the
TABLE 1. Composition of experimental diets 5%
10% Jojoba
Basal
Jojoba
56.35 31.25 3.00 2.50 1.00 1.00 .40 3.00 .10 1.00 .20
53.85 28.75 3.00 2.50 1.00 1.00 .40 3.00 .10 1.00 .20 5.00
51.35 26.25 3.00 2.50 1.00 1.00 .40 3.00 .10 1.00 .20 10.00
22.29 3.00
22.16 2.94 1.05 .65 .42 1.17 .85
22.03 2.88 1.04 .63 .41 1.12 .87
1.-/0,1
Milo Soybean meal (47.5% protein) Dehydrated alfalfa (17% protein) Meat scraps (50% protein) Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Salt Tallow Trace mineral mix a Vitamin mixb DL-methionine Jojoba meal Nutrient content Protein, % ME, kcal/g Calcium, % Phosphorus, % Available phosphorus, % Lysine, % Methionine + cystine, %
1.06 .67 .43 1.23 .84
Supplied the following (ppm): 20 Fe, 60 Zn, 60 Mn, 4 Cu, and 1 Mo. Supplied the following per kilogram of diet: 3,690 IU vitamin A, 615 ICU vitamin D 3 , 1.76 mg riboflavin, 11 mg niacin, 4.4 mg calcium pantothenate, 5.3 Mg vitamin B 1 2 , 2.2 IU d-a-tocopheryl acetate, .9 mg menadione sodium bisulfite, 175 mg choline chloride, and 50 mg ethoxyquin.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ohio State University Libraries on December 20, 2014
of the experiment. The experiments were conducted in battery brooders with raised wire floors. An additional study was carried out with Shaver laying hens to determine true metabolizable energy (TME), starch digestibility, and amino acid availabilities of the Jl76-15 jojoba meal sample. Eighteen Shaver hens, housed in individual cages, were fasted for 48 hr. Ten hens were each force-fed 15 g of the meal, whereas 8 birds were fasted for an additional 48 hr until fecal samples were quantitatively collected. The fecal samples of the fed and fasted groups were dried at 65 C and then analyzed, along with the meal, for gross energy, starch, and amino acid content. Gross energy was determined by bomb calorimetry using a Parr Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter. Starch was determined by solubilization with dimethylsulfoxide and hydrochloric acid, treatment with amyloglucosidase, and enzymatic measurement of glucose (Keppler and Decker, 1974). Amino acid analyses were performed using a Beckman amino acid analyzer (Model 121) following
1693
1694
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All of the chemically-treated jojoba meals failed to support maximum chick growth when incorporated in the diet at a level of 10%. Studies with mice using these same meals (Weber and Reid, 1977, unpublished data; Verbiscar et al., 1980) have shown reduced growth, but not feed intake, at the 10% level. The 5% level of L. acidophilus #609-treated material (J71) caused a significant decrease in body weight at 4 weeks of age from 748 to 689 g (Table 4). An additional depression in weight was obtained at the 10% level. Feed conversion was adversely affected only by the 10% level, changing from 1.71 g feed/g gain for the basal diet to 1.84 g with 10% J 7 1 . Another strain of L. acidophilus (#1911)treated material (J87) supported growth equivalent to that obtained with the basal diet (Table 4). Although there was a linear decrease in growth rate with the 5 and 10% feeding levels, these differences were not statistically significant. Significant increases in feed conversion were found with both feeding levels. Studies with mice have shown additional weight gains when the same J87 meal was further extracted with boiling water (Verbiscar et al., 1981). This confirms earlier data showing that mice perform better on water extracted jojoba meals (Cotgageorge et al, 1978; Verbiscar et al., 1980). The final product tested (J 176-15) was treated with L. acidophilus # 6 2 9 . The 10% supplementation level of this meal significantly decreased growth rate (Table 4).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ohio State University Libraries on December 20, 2014
in so «"» •* rh q c^ o\ p 1-j M H \6 N C^ - t
diet (.47% simmondsin toxicants). The high mortality was apparently due to the levels of simmondsin and simmondsin 2 -ferulate in the J l meal (Table 2). Booth et al. (1974) have reported similar results with rats fed 10% deoiled jojoba meal, which contained .75% total toxicants and produced 75% mortality. Treatment with ammoniacal hydrogen peroxide (J21) lowered the total toxicant level and allowed growth equivalent to that obtained with the basal diet when fed at a level of 5% (Table 3). However, when 10% of this product was fed, a significant decrease in growth rate was observed. Extraction with boiling water (J 31) also resulted in some detoxification in that no mortality occurred, but both the 5 and 10% feeding levels caused significant decreases in growth rate and poor feed conversions. Ammonia detoxification (J29) also resulted in significantly decreased growth and a linear, but nonsignificant, depression in feed conversion.
JOJOBA MEAL FOR POULTRY Verbiscar et al. ( 1 9 8 1 ) reported a palatability factor in deoiled jojoba m e a l causing mice, sheep and cattle t o avoid diets containing this material. T h e y have also s h o w n t h a t t r e a t m e n t
1695
of jojoba meal with Lactobacilli n o t only decreased t h e t o x i c a n t level, b u t increased palatability. A m i n o acid c o m p o s i t i o n and availabilities
TABLE 3. Effect of jojoba meals on growth and feed conversion of broiler chicks
.24 .47
720* 574 c 140 d
1.56* 1.73b 2.72 d
1058* 92lb 270 c
0 5.6 55.6
+ 5% J21 + 10% J21
.003 .005
720* 536 c
1.58* 1.93 c
1078* 954b
0 0
+ 5%J31 + 10%J31
.008 .016
654 b 545 c
1.69 b 1.90c
1033* 959b
0 0
1169* 1115b 1070 b
0 0 0
Dietary treatment
Feed conversion (feed/gain)
Total feed consumption (g)
Mortality
(%)
Experiment 1 Basal diet + 5% J l + 10% J l
Experiment 2 Basal diet + 5% J29 + 10% J29
.006 .011
731* 643b 617b
1.70* 1.86b 1.86 b
a,b,c,d Means within an experiment not having common letter superscripts are significantly different (P<.05).
TABLE 4. Effect of L. acidophilus detoxified jojoba meals (J71, J87, and J176-15) on broiler chick, performance
Dietary treatment
Toxicants (%)
Avg body weight at 4 weeks (g)
Feed conversion (feed/gain)
Experiment 3 Basal diet + 5% J71 + 10% J71
.019 .037
748* 689b 66 7C
1.71* 1.79 ab 1.84 b
Experiment 4 Basal diet + 5% J87 + 10% J87
.047 .094
833* 761* 734*
.017 .034
675* 613*b 569 b
1.79* 1.88b 2.02 c
Experiment 5 Basal diet + 5% J176-15 + 10%J176-15
1.69* 1.84 b 1.94 c
' Means within an experiment not having common letter superscripts are significantly different (P<.05).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Ohio State University Libraries on December 20, 2014
(%)
Avg body weight at 4 weeks (g)
Toxicants in diet
1696
NGOUPAYOU ET AL. TABLE 5. Amino acid composition and availability of jojoba meal
(g/16gN)
% Available (hens)
Lysine Histidine Arginine Threonine Cystine Valine Methionine Isoleucine Leucine Tyrosine Phenylalanine
.66 .43 1.60 1.19 .85 1.38 .26 .94 1.63 .91 1.05
2.43 1.60 5.97 4.46 3.17 5.16 .97 3.53 6.09 3.40 3.93
33.69 65.18 72.34 59.43 65.51 63.07 43.44 60.17 60.52 66.24 67.06
of jojoba meal d e t e r m i n e d in laying hens are shown in Table 5. Lysine and m e t h i o n i n e availabilities were 33.7 and 43.4%, respectively, whereas t h e remaining amino acid availabilities varied from 50 to 6 7 % . An essential a m i n o acid index, calculated using t h e laying hen amino acid r e q u i r e m e n t s as a reference s t a n d a r d , yielded a value of 9 3 . 3 . Lysine was t h e first limiting amino acid with an amino acid score of 6 3 . 3 % . Leucine was second limiting in this calculation p r o c e d u r e . A similar evaluation was carried o u t employing t h e chick amino acid r e q u i r e m e n t s as a reference s t a n d a r d . In this instance, t h e essential a m i n o acid index was 9 2 . 9 , and lysine was again first limiting with an amino acid score of 4 8 . 5 % . A fairly good balance was indicated for t h e remaining a m i n o acids. Verbiscar et al. ( 1 9 8 1 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e p r o t e i n quality of jojoba meal for mice was q u i t e low. As a result of t h e s t u d y with laying h e n s , t h e TME c o n t e n t of jojoba meal was estimated as 1.71 kcal/g o n an air-dry basis, a n d starch digestibility was 21.7%. It appears from these studies t h a t feeding nondetoxified jojoba meal to chicks results in m a r k e d l y depressed g r o w t h . Only t h e L. acidophilus # 1 9 1 1 detoxified meal ( J 8 7 ) seemed to s u p p o r t chick g r o w t h w h e n i n c o r p o r a t e d a t 10% of t h e diet. However, feed conversion for this meal, as well as for t h e o t h e r L. acidophilus detoxified meals, was p o o r e r t h a n t h e c o n t r o l . T h e low lysine c o n t e n t of t h e jojoba meals c o m b i n e d with t h e a p p a r e n t low availability of this a m i n o acid p r o d u c e d an effective contribution of only .22% lysine.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS T h e a u t h o r s are i n d e b t e d t o A. J. Verbiscar, Anver Bioscience Design, Inc., Sierra Madre, CA, for supplying t h e treated jojoba meals used in these studies.
REFERENCES Booth, A. N., C. A. Elliger, and A. C. Waiss, 1974. Isolation of toxic factor from jojoba meal. Life Sci. 15:1115-1120. Cotgageorge, A. G., C. W. Weber, B. L. Reid, and R. L. Price, 1978. Detoxification of jojoba seed meal. Pages 171—184 in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Jojoba, Sept. 1 3 - 1 6 , 1978, Univ. California, Riverside, CA. Elliger, C. A., A. C. Waiss, and R. E. Lundin, 1973. Simmondsin, an unusual 2-cyanomethylenecyclohexyl glucoside from simmondsia Californica. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I 19:2209-2212. Elliger, C. A., A. C. Waiss, and R. E. Lundin, 1974. Cyanomethylenecyclohexyl glucosides from Simmondsia Californica. Phytochemistry 13: 2319-2320. Keppler, D., and K. Decker, 1974. Glycogen determination with amyloglucosidase. Pages 1127— 1131 in Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. H. U. Bergmeyer, ed. Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY. Verbiscar, A. J., and T. F. Banigan, 1978a. Composition of jojoba seeds and foliage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 26:1456-1459. Verbiscar, A. J., and T. F. Banigan, 1978b. Jojoba seed meal as an animal feed. Pages 63—76 in Proc. Conf. Nonconventional Proteins and Foods, Oct. 1 3 - 2 0 , 1977, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI. Verbiscar, A. J., T. F. Banigan, C. W. Weber, B. L. Reid, R. S. Swingle, J. E. Trei, and E. A. Nelson, 1981. Detoxification of jojoba meal by Lactobacilli. J. Agric. Food Chem. 29:296-309. Verbiscar, A. J., T. F. Banigan, C. W. Weber, B. L. Reid, J. E. Trei, E. A. Nelson, R. F. Raffauf, and D. Kosersky, 1980. Detoxification of jojoba meal. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:571-578.
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Amino acid
% Sample