Journal of electroanalytical chemistry and interfacial electrochemistry and bioelectrochemistry and bioenergetics

329

J. Electroanal. Chem., 251 (1988) 329-335 Elsevier Sequoia S.A., Lausanne - Printed

in The Netherlands

JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND INTERFACIAL ELECTROCHEMISTRY and BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY AND BIOENERGETICS GUIDE FOR AUTHORS Types of contribution 1. The following types of paper are published: Original papers, Short communications, Preliminary notes (in J. Electroanal. Chem. only) and Reviews. 2. Original papers should report the results of original research. The material should not have been previously published elsewhere, except in a preliminary form. Computer programs will not normally be accepted for publication. 3. A Short communication is a concise, but complete, description of a limited investigation, which will not be included in a later paper. Short communications should be as completely documented, both by reference to the literature and description of the experimental procedures employed, as a regular paper. Short communications should not occupy more than 6 printed pages (about 12 manuscript pages, including figures etc.). 4. A Preliminary note is a brief report of work which has progressed to the stage when it is considered that science would be advanced if the results were made available as soon as possible to others working on the same subject. Preliminary notes should not occupy more than 6 printed pages (about 12 manuscript pages, including figures etc.). 5. Reviews should cover a part of the subject of active current interest. They may be submitted or invited. Submission of articles 1. Contributions should be submitted to the editors according to the instructions given on the inside cover of the Journal. 2. Submission of an article is understood to imply that the article is original and unpublished and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. 3. Articles will be refereed by competent specialists whose identity is not normally revealed to the author(s). Authors who disagree with a referee’s comments may request consideration by a further referee. In any such disagreement the Editor’s decision is final. 4. Articles submitted to Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. should not occupy more than 12 printed pages. If longer articles are accepted, the author(s) must pay a charge of Sfr. 75 per extra page. 5. Upon acceptance of an article by the editors, the authors will be asked to transfer the copyright to the publishers. Manuscript 1. Manuscripts should be written in English. 2. Remember that the Journal is international, widely read by those whose first language English. It is therefore important to express ideas with clarity and precision. This is best achieved use of short words and simple sentences.

is not by the

330 3. Manuscripts should be headed by a fully informative title, expressed as concisely as possible, followed by the name of the author and his full address. 4. The abstract should preferably not be longer than about 200 words. No abstract is required for Short communications and Preliminary notes. 5. The Experimental section should precede the Results and Discussion sections. Experiments should be described in such a way that they can be reproduced. 6. Manuscripts should be typed on A4 paper (21 X 30 cm) or a size very close to this. Manuscripts from dot-matrix printers are acceptable provided that the copy is clear. Special attention may be needed to produce clearly readable superscripts and subscripts. 7. Submit the original and two carbon copies or three good Xerox copies of your manuscript. The top copy must be double spaced (including references and figure captions) and on one side of the paper only. The other copies may with advantage be on two sides of the paper and single spaced. When a revised version of a manuscript is submitted, two copies should be sent, one being double spaced and on one side of the paper only, and with original figures. A reply to the referee’s comments should be included. 8. Leave good margins (about 4 cm) on each side of the paper. Corrections should be made in the text, not in the margins. Instructions to the copy editor should be given in the margins. 9. Paginate the entire manuscript. 10. Underline words that should be in italics, and do not underline any other words. An excessive usage of italics, used to emphasize part of the text, should be avoided. 11. Manuscripts should be sent in strong envelopes, not in tubes Tables 1. Tables should be typewritten on separate pages, not included in the text, 2. Authors should take notice of the limitations set by the size and layout of the journal. A table should not exceed the printed area of the page. If this seems impossible, reversing columns and rows will often make “the impossible possible”. 3. Tables should be numbered in arabic numerals according to their sequence in the text. Reference should be made in the text to each table. 4. Each table should have a brief and self-explanatory title. Explanations, essential to the understanding of the table, should follow this title. 5. Vertical lines should not be used to separate columns. Leave some extra space between the columns instead. 6. Column headings should be sufficiently explanatory, but presented in a way consistent with the column width. Units of measurements should be given in the form consistent with “quantity calculus”. Thus a column of concentration values should be headed: cNJc,/ mol l-‘, and a column of emf values: E/mV, etc. 7. Columns of figures multiplied by the same power of ten should not be presented as such. The power of ten should be indicated in the column heading, e.g.: Not [NaCl]/mol 1-l but lo4 [NaCl]/mol I-’ 4.2x10K4 4.2 3.5 x 1om4 3.5 2.6~10~’ 0.26 Illusirations

1. Illustrations should not exceed the size of the manuscript pages (A4). Large illustrations are easily damaged in the post. 2. All illustrations should be given separately, not stuck on pages and not folded. 3. Illustrations should be numbered in arabic numerals according to their sequence in the text. Reference should be made in the text to each figure. 4. Each illustration should be identified on the reverse side (or, in the case of line drawings. on the lower front side) by its number and the name of the author. An indication of the top of the illustration is required where doubt can arise.

331

5. Lettering should be in Indian ink or by printed labels. Make sure that the size of the lettering is big enough (capitals 3 to 4 mm high) to allow necessary reduction (in general to ca. 50% linear) without becoming illegible. Use the same kind of lettering throughout. The lettering should follow the IUPAC recommendations. Italics should be used for quantities. 6. The axes of a graph should be clearly labelled with the quantity plotted, and its units. This should be done using “quantity calculus” notation in the same way as described for column headings above (Tables, 6, 7). Positive values should be plotted upwards and to the right. 7. Each illustration should be accompanied by a caption. The caption should consist of a brief title and a detailed description of all curves, areas or symbols in the figure (including all necessary experimental parameters). Put the captions on a separate list, added to the manuscript. 8. Explanations should be given in the typewritten caption. Drawn text in the figures should be kept to a minimum, and preferably avoided altogether. 9. The following standard symbols are preferred in line drawings:

10. Photographs are acceptable only if they have good contrast and intensity. Sharp and glossy copies are required. Colour illustrations cannot be included. 11. In micrographs scale bars should be given, not magnification factors in the captions. 12. Original illustrations are not returned except by special request.

1. All references to publications made in the text should be presented in a list of references following the text of the manuscript. Manuscripts should be checked carefully to ensure that the spelling of authors’ names is correct and exactly the same in the text as in the reference list. Names from non-Latin alphabets should be transliterated. 2. In the text refer to the subject or to the authors’ name (without initial), followed by the reference number between square brackets. Each number should refer to a single reference. Multiple references are not acceptable. Text references should refer only to the literature and should not be used for parenthetical remarks etc. 3. If reference is made in the text to publications written by more than two authors, the name of the first author should be used, followed by “et al.“. This indication, however, should never be used in the list of references. In this list, names of authors and co-authors should be given in full. 4. References should be arranged in the order in which they appear in the text. 5. Use the following system for arranging the references: C.P. Andrieux, J.M. Dumas-Bouchiat and J.M. Saveant, J. Electroanal. Chem., 131 (1982) 1. B.E. Conway, Ionic Hydration in Chemistry and Biophysics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981, p. 641. D.N. Furlong, D.E. Yates and T.W. Healy in S. Trasatti (Ed.), Studies in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 11: Electrodes of Conductive Metallic Oxides, Part B, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981, p. 367. R. Parsons, personal communication, 1982. 6. The titles of periodicals must be abbreviated according to the Chemical Abstracts “List of Periodicals”. 7. In case of publications in any other language than English, the original title is to be retained. However, the titles of publications in non-Latin alphabets should be transliterated, and a notation such as “(in Russian)” or “(in Greek, with English abstract)” should be added. Distinguish between references to original sources and translations.

Footnotes

1. Footnotes should be used only if absolutely essential. In most cases it should be possible to incorporate them in the normal text. They should not be numbered and not included with the references. Asterisks should be used.

332 Symbols and terminology General 1. It is strongly preferred that authors follow the recommendations of the IUPAC Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physico-chemical Quantities and Units, edited by I.M. Mills, Blackwells, Oxford, 1988. 2. If authors depart from these recommendations, papers may be returned for correction or corrected in the editorial office. In the latter case, no responsibility for errors can be assumed. 3. Some examples of recommended usage are given here, but authors are referred to the source given in paragraph (1) above for a more complete account. 4. S.I. units should be used. 5. “Equivalents” and “Normalities” should not be used. 6. Meaningless units (e.g. e.u.) should not be used. 7. Concentration should be denoted by the chemical formula in square brackets, or by lower case c. Its units should be given as mol dmm3, mol crne3, M. mol ll’, etc. Mathematical formulae 1. Formulae should be typewritten, if possible. Leave ample space around the formulae. 2. Subscripts and superscripts should be set off clearly. 3. Greek letters and other non-Latin or handwritten symbols should be explained in the margin where they are first used. Take special care to show clearly the difference between zero (0) and the letter 0, and between one (1) and the letter 1. 4. Give the meaning of all symbols immediately after the equation in which they are first used, or provide a list of definitions. Abbreviations not in common use should be defined. 5. For fractions, especially in the text, save space as far as possible by using the solidus (/)Ior by using

negative

exponents

instead

of a horizontal

line, e.g. I,/2m

or I,(2m)-’

rather

than

2.

If

necessary use brackets to avoid ambiguity. 6. All equations (mathematical and chemical) should be numbered serially at the righthand margin and in parentheses. 7. The use of fractional powers instead of root signs is recommended. Also complicated powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp(. . .). 8. Natural or Naperian logarithms should be denoted by In while decadic logarithms should be denoted by log. 9. The multiplication sign should be used in floating point numbers to avoid confusion, i.e. 4.25 x 105. The decimal point should always be denoted by a full stop. Chemical formulae and nomenclature 1. Nomenclature should follow IUPAC recommendations. For inorganic chemistry, see: Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Butterworths, London, 1971 (also published in Pure and Applied Chemistry, 28 (1971) l-110). For organic chemistry, see: Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. 2. Structural formulae should be numbered with roman numerals: they should be submitted on separate sheets in a form suitable for direct reproduction. 3. Drawn structural formulae should use upright lettering. Electrochemical conventions 1. Cells should be written Cu(s)

in the form

IPt(s) IH,(g)lHCl(aq)lAgCl(s) c P

Cu(s) lCuSO,(aq)j cl

iZnSO,(aq)\Zn(s) c2

IAg(s) Ku(s)

(1)

lCu(s)

(2)

333 A single vertical bar represents a phase boundary, a dashed vertical bar represents a junction between miscible liquids and a double dashed vertical bar represents a liquid junction in which the hquid junction potential is assumed to have been eliminated. 2. The electric potential difference E of a cell such as (1) or (2) is given the sign of the terminal written on the right-hand side. Thus for cell (1) when reactants are in their standard states Et0 = 0.2223 Vat25°Candforcell(2), ET=-l.OOOV. 3. The cell reaction is then written so that when it occurs from left to right, electrons would flow from the left-hand electrode to the right-hand electrode through a wire joining them: for cells (1) and (2) respectively: fH,(g)+AgCl(s)

+Ag(s)+H+(aq)+Cll(aq)

(1)

Cu(s)+Zn’+(aq)

+Cu’+(aq)+Zn(s)

(2)

4. The standard potential of an electrode reaction in a protic solvent is the standard potential of a cell reaction in which molecular hydrogen is oxidized to solvated protons. It is thus related to a cell in which the left-hand electrode is a hydrogen electrode, e.g. El0 above. 5. Similar conventions should be used when cells passing current are being described. Thus it is usually most convenient to write the test (working) electrode on the right and the reference electrode on the left. 6. Anodic current should be taken as positive, cathodic current as negative. 7. In plotting current-potential curves, the current should be plotted on the y-axis (ordinate) and the potential on the x-axis (abscissa). Preferably the current and potential should be positive in the upper right-hand quadrant, although negative currents and potentials in this quadrant are also acceptable. In any case cyclic voltammograms should be drawn “clockwise”. Usage should be consistent throughout a paper. 8. The empirical transfer coefficient is defined as e, = -(RT/hF)(a for a cathodic o, = (RT/aF)(a

lnl& process

l/aE)r.,.,

(1)

and

lnII,I/aE)7-,p.~

(2)

for an anodic process, where n is the number of electrons transferred in the cell reaction as formulated (charge number of the cell reaction) and I,, I, are the partial cathodic and anodic kinetic currents, i.e. the currents which would flow if mass transport were infinitely fast. An unsubscripted (Yshould be used only for a cathodic transfer coefficient. 9. Electrode reaction rate constants calculated at the potential of an arbitrary reference electrode should be avoided. 10. The Faraday constant is a constant. It should not be used as a unit or as a synonym for “a mole of electrons”. Il. The terms anodic and cathodic should not be used as synonyms for positive and negative potentials. They refer to processes. 12. Some terms of historical interest only should be avoided, e.g. depolarizer, polarisation (of electrodes).

1. One set of galley proofs will be sent to the author, who is asked to check them for typographical errors and to answer queries from the copy editor. No page proofs are sent to the author. No proofs are sent for Preliminary notes. 2. Authors are requested to return the proofs without delay, to ensure uninterrupted processing. 3. The publisher will not accept new material unless permission from the editors has been obtained for the addition of a “note added in proof”. 4. Authors may be charged for corrections made by them in proof, resulting from changes from the original manuscripts.

334 List of symbols and abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations complete. 0 A A ::ti BLM BSA c c cd CPE cpm ct cv cyt d D dc DME DMF DPP eE E ecm EDTA eV F F g G GCE h h H HMDE Hz I j J J k K

are strongly

activity ampere area; affinity; absorbance alternating current in aqueous solution bilayer lipid membrane bovine serum albumin concentration capacitance current density carbon paste electrode counts per minute charge transfer cyclic voltammetry cytochrome layer thickness; relative density diffusion coefficient direct current dropping mercury electrode dimethyl formamide differential pulse polarography electron electric potential of a galvanic cell or of an electrode l electric field strength electrocapillary maximum ethylenediamine tetraacetate electron volt farad Faraday constant; Hehnholtz energy gram Gibbs energy glassy carbon electrode hour Plan&s constant enthalpy hanging mercury drop electrode hertz current intensity; ionic strength current density joule

K L LSV m M min n NA

NPP P P PEMIC PGE PMF ppm(b) Pzc

Q R RDE Ri s S S SCE SHE

r T T ZJ v V V W x XPS .? 2 (Y

flUX

Boltzmann’s constant; rate constant Kelvin [thermodynamic (absolute) temperature degree]

1 In view of usage in semiconductor electrochemistry, U for electrode potential in this context.

recommended.

Y l4

Of course

the list is far from

equilibrium constant solubility product linear sweep voltammetry mass; molality (mol kg-’ of solvent) molarity (mol I-‘) minute number of moles; charge number of cell reaction Avogadro’s constant normal pulse polarography pressure permeability; probability pulsating electromagnetically induced current pyrolytic graphite electrode pulsed magnetic fields part per million(billion) point of zero charge quantity of electricity (electric charge) gas constant; resistance rotating disk electrode chromatographic constant second Siemens entropy; solubility saturated calomel electrode standard hydrogen electrode time; transference number tesla thermodynamic (absolute) temperature internal energy (general) l potential scan rate; velocity volt volume watt mole fraction X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy charge number of an ion impedance degree of dissociation; transfer coefficient (see above) activity coefficient; surface tension surface concentration Galvani potential

it is acceptable

to use E for electronic

energy

and

h ii P

trans-membrane potential Volta potential permittivity; molar absorption coefficient A/k electrokinetic potential overpotential; viscosity fractional coverage conductivity (specific conductance); Debye-Htickel constant ionic conductance; wavelength molar conductivity of an electrolyte; molar conductance chemical potential

P Y

Q

electrochemical potential stoichiometric reaction frequency; coefficient osmotic pressure surface charge density transition time; relaxation time; drop time inner electric potential of a phase surface electric potential outer electric potential of a phase; potential in general ohm