- Email: [email protected]
Keynote
S230
Friday 2 November Papers / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (2012) S188–S264
555 Games and mental skills: Enhancing life satisfaction, self-worth, and happiness of former gang members S. Hanrahan ∗ University of Queensland Many policy makers and practitioners serving at-risk youth have tended to use a deficit approach that sees these individuals as having weaknesses that need to be avoided or diminished. Gang members possess the potential for positive development so a strengths-based approach that enables individuals to develop their capabilities for positive contributions to self and society may be effective. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of physically active games and mental skills training on Mexican ex-gang members’ self-concept, life satisfaction, perceived control, and happiness. Male (n = 9) and female (n = 11) former gang members aged 15-47 (M = 21.3) voluntarily participated in ten 2hour sessions containing games to improve communication, trust, and problem-solving, and the development of mental skills such as imagery, goal setting, attention, and self-confidence. Many of the participants had begun taking and/or selling drugs at a young age, and some had been the victims and/or perpetrators of physical violence (e.g. stabbings). Some of the participants had previously been incarcerated. Questionnaires were completed in the first and tenth sessions. Mean attendance was 7.86 out of 10 sessions. Results indicated significant improvements in happiness, life satisfaction, and physical appearance, close friendship, behavioural conduct, scholastic competence, athletic competence, social acceptance, and global self-concepts. Mental skills training and games appear to be an effective combination for improving the quality of life of former gang members. These findings indicate the relevance of sport psychology to avenues outside of traditional sport. In addition to the presentation of the results of the study, the session will include a description of the structure of the sessions and examples of some of the activities. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.558 Minimising risk in high risk settings: Do the 3 E’s of injury prevention (education, enforcement or engineering) work?
556 Keynote Claude Goulet ∗ Department of Physical Education, Laval University, Quèbec, Canada It is well documented that regular physical activity can improve health and quality of life. There is however, a cost to physical activity–namely the burden of injury. Injuries resulting from sports and physical activities are a significant health problem in many countries, including Canada. After recognising the scale of the problem, in 1979, the government of Quèbec adopted the Act Respecting Safety in Sports to significantly contribute to the establishment of safe environments. Through its mission that is to “foster the development of recreation and sport in a safe and healthy environment and promote an active lifestyle for all Quebecers”, the Quèbec Ministry of Education, Leisure, and Sport (QMELS) supervises the execution of this act. In accordance with it, one of the QMELS’s directives is to “ensure that the safety and physical security and well-being of participants are provided for during sports and physical activities”. To realise its mission, the QMELS developed
and implemented safety measures based on the 3 E’s of injury prevention: Education, Enforcement, and Engineering. The aim of this presentation is to show how different and combined safety measures based on the 3 E’s of injury prevention were developed and implemented to reduce the incidence of injuries in alpine skiers, snowboarders, and ice hockey players in Quèbec. More specifically, strategies such as the promotion of personal protective equipment use, regulations, and environmental modifications will be discussed. The importance of having access to well-documented facts on the injury problem at hand, as well as on the effects of the potential safety measures will be addressed. Based on our Quèbec experience and from published literature in the field of injury prevention and safety promotion, some factors influencing the adoption of healthy public policy will be presented. Finally, an answer to the question “Do the 3 E’s of injury prevention work?” will be suggested. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.559 557 Relationship between physical activity related energy expenditure and cardiovascular disease factors among adults T. Barreira ∗ , J. Rood, C. Martin, P. Katzmarzyk Pennington Biomedical Research Center Introduction: It is known that physical activity (PA) can decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk levels. However, PA is difficult to measure accurately in free living situations and it is commonly measured by questionnaires and accelerometers. The relationship between variables derived from these methods and CVD risk factors is generally low, which may be due to measurement error. It is believed that derived PA variables from measurements of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) can better represent PA; however, there is little or no information about the relationship between these variables and CVD risk factors. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between different PA related energy expenditure variables and CVD risk factors. Methods: The sample includes 209 adults (136 women and 73 men; 35.2 ± 11.5 y; BMI 27.2 ± 4.9 kg/m2 ; mean ± sd). TDEE was measured by DLW for 2 weeks, and RMR was measured with a ventilated hood. Physical activity level (PAL) was calculated by dividing TDEE by RMR, activity energy expenditure (AEE) was defined as (TDEE*0.9)/RMR and activity related energy expenditure (AREE) was defined as the residual from the regression of TDEE on RMR. In addition, height, weight (and BMI) and blood pressure were measured, and fasting cholesterol, glucose and triglyceride levels were assayed. Fasting insulin was measured in a subsample of 87 participants. The relationships between AEE, AREE, PAL and CVD risk factors were explored in an analysis stratified by sex and using Pearson correlations Results: There were no significant correlations between the PA related energy expenditure measures and CVD risk factor for women. PAL, AEE, and AREE were significantly correlated with HDLC (p < 0.05) in men: r = 0.32, 0.31, and 0.31 respectively. PAL and AEE were also significantly correlated with fasting glucose in men: r = -0.23 and -0.24. Discussion: In this sample, different measures of PA related energy expenditure were not correlated with any CDV risk factors in women, but were correlated in men. PA related energy expenditure measures were only significantly correlated with HDL-C and glucose. The CVD risk reduction attributed to physical activity might be
Friday 2 November Papers / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (2012) S188–S264
555 Games and mental skills: Enhancing life satisfaction, self-worth, and happiness of former gang members S. Hanrahan ∗ University of Queensland Many policy makers and practitioners serving at-risk youth have tended to use a deficit approach that sees these individuals as having weaknesses that need to be avoided or diminished. Gang members possess the potential for positive development so a strengths-based approach that enables individuals to develop their capabilities for positive contributions to self and society may be effective. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of physically active games and mental skills training on Mexican ex-gang members’ self-concept, life satisfaction, perceived control, and happiness. Male (n = 9) and female (n = 11) former gang members aged 15-47 (M = 21.3) voluntarily participated in ten 2hour sessions containing games to improve communication, trust, and problem-solving, and the development of mental skills such as imagery, goal setting, attention, and self-confidence. Many of the participants had begun taking and/or selling drugs at a young age, and some had been the victims and/or perpetrators of physical violence (e.g. stabbings). Some of the participants had previously been incarcerated. Questionnaires were completed in the first and tenth sessions. Mean attendance was 7.86 out of 10 sessions. Results indicated significant improvements in happiness, life satisfaction, and physical appearance, close friendship, behavioural conduct, scholastic competence, athletic competence, social acceptance, and global self-concepts. Mental skills training and games appear to be an effective combination for improving the quality of life of former gang members. These findings indicate the relevance of sport psychology to avenues outside of traditional sport. In addition to the presentation of the results of the study, the session will include a description of the structure of the sessions and examples of some of the activities. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.558 Minimising risk in high risk settings: Do the 3 E’s of injury prevention (education, enforcement or engineering) work?
556 Keynote Claude Goulet ∗ Department of Physical Education, Laval University, Quèbec, Canada It is well documented that regular physical activity can improve health and quality of life. There is however, a cost to physical activity–namely the burden of injury. Injuries resulting from sports and physical activities are a significant health problem in many countries, including Canada. After recognising the scale of the problem, in 1979, the government of Quèbec adopted the Act Respecting Safety in Sports to significantly contribute to the establishment of safe environments. Through its mission that is to “foster the development of recreation and sport in a safe and healthy environment and promote an active lifestyle for all Quebecers”, the Quèbec Ministry of Education, Leisure, and Sport (QMELS) supervises the execution of this act. In accordance with it, one of the QMELS’s directives is to “ensure that the safety and physical security and well-being of participants are provided for during sports and physical activities”. To realise its mission, the QMELS developed
and implemented safety measures based on the 3 E’s of injury prevention: Education, Enforcement, and Engineering. The aim of this presentation is to show how different and combined safety measures based on the 3 E’s of injury prevention were developed and implemented to reduce the incidence of injuries in alpine skiers, snowboarders, and ice hockey players in Quèbec. More specifically, strategies such as the promotion of personal protective equipment use, regulations, and environmental modifications will be discussed. The importance of having access to well-documented facts on the injury problem at hand, as well as on the effects of the potential safety measures will be addressed. Based on our Quèbec experience and from published literature in the field of injury prevention and safety promotion, some factors influencing the adoption of healthy public policy will be presented. Finally, an answer to the question “Do the 3 E’s of injury prevention work?” will be suggested. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.559 557 Relationship between physical activity related energy expenditure and cardiovascular disease factors among adults T. Barreira ∗ , J. Rood, C. Martin, P. Katzmarzyk Pennington Biomedical Research Center Introduction: It is known that physical activity (PA) can decrease cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk levels. However, PA is difficult to measure accurately in free living situations and it is commonly measured by questionnaires and accelerometers. The relationship between variables derived from these methods and CVD risk factors is generally low, which may be due to measurement error. It is believed that derived PA variables from measurements of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) can better represent PA; however, there is little or no information about the relationship between these variables and CVD risk factors. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between different PA related energy expenditure variables and CVD risk factors. Methods: The sample includes 209 adults (136 women and 73 men; 35.2 ± 11.5 y; BMI 27.2 ± 4.9 kg/m2 ; mean ± sd). TDEE was measured by DLW for 2 weeks, and RMR was measured with a ventilated hood. Physical activity level (PAL) was calculated by dividing TDEE by RMR, activity energy expenditure (AEE) was defined as (TDEE*0.9)/RMR and activity related energy expenditure (AREE) was defined as the residual from the regression of TDEE on RMR. In addition, height, weight (and BMI) and blood pressure were measured, and fasting cholesterol, glucose and triglyceride levels were assayed. Fasting insulin was measured in a subsample of 87 participants. The relationships between AEE, AREE, PAL and CVD risk factors were explored in an analysis stratified by sex and using Pearson correlations Results: There were no significant correlations between the PA related energy expenditure measures and CVD risk factor for women. PAL, AEE, and AREE were significantly correlated with HDLC (p < 0.05) in men: r = 0.32, 0.31, and 0.31 respectively. PAL and AEE were also significantly correlated with fasting glucose in men: r = -0.23 and -0.24. Discussion: In this sample, different measures of PA related energy expenditure were not correlated with any CDV risk factors in women, but were correlated in men. PA related energy expenditure measures were only significantly correlated with HDL-C and glucose. The CVD risk reduction attributed to physical activity might be