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Kojic acid
Information Section--Fd Chem. Toxic. Vol. 33, No. 8
Iridium chloride Congested and runny nose, nasal ulceration, breathing difficulty, dry cough, irritation of the eyes and urticaria developed in a 26-yr-old worker after starting work at a Swedish electrochemical factory. Poor ventilation and working practices led to aerosol and skin exposure to coating solutions used in the manufacture of titanium anodes. Skin scratch tests to the coating solutions produced extensive allergic reactions (wheal and flare), congested nose, coughing and breathing difficulty. Subsequent analysis identified iridium chloride as the metal salt causing the reactions. Skin prick tests to 5.0 × 10-Sg/ml aqueous solution of iridium chloride produced reddening. "The route of sensitization was probably through the airways" (Bergman et al., Contact Dermatitis 1995, 32, 14).
Lanthanides Chromosomal damage (aberrations) was induced in the bone marrow cells of mice given single intraperitoneal injections of approximately 50-400 mg/kg body weight of praseodymium oxide or neodymium oxide (Jha and Singh, Mutation Research 1995, 341, 193).
4-tert-Butyltoluene Impaired nervous system function (as measured by changes in the flash evoked potential) was observed in rats inhaling 20 ppm, 6 hr/day for 14 days. The changes were still present after 26 days (Lund et al., Pharmacology and Toxicology 1995, 76, 36).
697
CI 1.21-3.22), respectively. Following adjustment for smoking, the risk for non-malignant respiratory diseases and for lung cancer increased with increasing exposure to total dust. In the highest exposure category of >275 mg/m 3 compared with the lowest of <105mg/m 3, rate ratios were 4.08 (95% CI 1.11-14.96) for non-malignant respiratory diseases and 1.67 (95% CI 0.57-4.83) for lung cancer (InfanteRivard et al., American Journal o f Epidemiology 1994, 140, 1009).
Electromagnetic fields An association between pulsed electromagnetic fields and development of lung cancer has been reported in a nested case-control study among electricity utility workers in Quebec, Canada, and France. The cohort comprised workers employed for at least 1 yr from Canada (followed from 1970 to 1988) and France (from 1978 to 1989). 2679 cancer cases were compared with controls. An odds ratio of 3.11 (95% CI 1.60-6.04) was reported for those with the highest (~>90th percentile) estimated exposure. The association was particularly impressive in the Quebec workers where there was a monotonic relationship between risk and exposure; the odds ratio for the highest exposure category was 16.6 (95% CI 2.58-107) (Armstrong et al., American Journal o f Epidemiology 1994, 140, 805).
Synthetic fragrances
Ethylene glycol n-butyl ether and methoxyacetaldehyde, the aldehyde metabolite of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, were weakly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium bacteria both in the presence and absence of rat liver metabolic activating fraction (Hoflack et al., Mutation Research 1995, 341, 281).
Allergic contact dermatitis to two synthetic fragrance ingredients developed in a 28-yr-old man after 3 months' use of two separate underarm deodorants in which they were present. Skin patch tests (involving 3-day covered contact) identified Lyal (3- and 4(hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-3-cyclohexene-l-aldehyde), tested at 0.075% in petrolatum, and acetyl cedrene, tested at 10.8% in diisopropylene glycol, as the components responsible (Handley and Burrows, Contact Dermatitis 1994, 31, 288).
Silicon carbide workers
Kojic acid
Increased risks of death from lung cancer and nonmalignant respiratory diseases have been reported among silicon carbide production workers in Quebec, Canada. 585 employees who had worked for more than 2 yr between 1950 and 1980 were followed up to the end of 1989. A total of 164 deaths were observed. Standardized mortality ratios for lung cancer and non-malignant respiratory diseases were 1.69 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.09-2.52) and 2.03 (95%
Five cases of allergic contact dermatitis to kojic acid, a fungal metabolite used as a skin-depigmenting agent, have been reported in Japan. Facial dermatitis developed 1-12 months after starting application of kojic acid-containing skin care products. Patch tests (24-hr covered contact to 0.1-5% aqueous solutions) confirmed the allergies (Nakagawa et al., Contact Dermatitis 1995, 32, 9). [P. Copestake--BIBRA]
Ethylene glycol ethers and metabolites
Iridium chloride Congested and runny nose, nasal ulceration, breathing difficulty, dry cough, irritation of the eyes and urticaria developed in a 26-yr-old worker after starting work at a Swedish electrochemical factory. Poor ventilation and working practices led to aerosol and skin exposure to coating solutions used in the manufacture of titanium anodes. Skin scratch tests to the coating solutions produced extensive allergic reactions (wheal and flare), congested nose, coughing and breathing difficulty. Subsequent analysis identified iridium chloride as the metal salt causing the reactions. Skin prick tests to 5.0 × 10-Sg/ml aqueous solution of iridium chloride produced reddening. "The route of sensitization was probably through the airways" (Bergman et al., Contact Dermatitis 1995, 32, 14).
Lanthanides Chromosomal damage (aberrations) was induced in the bone marrow cells of mice given single intraperitoneal injections of approximately 50-400 mg/kg body weight of praseodymium oxide or neodymium oxide (Jha and Singh, Mutation Research 1995, 341, 193).
4-tert-Butyltoluene Impaired nervous system function (as measured by changes in the flash evoked potential) was observed in rats inhaling 20 ppm, 6 hr/day for 14 days. The changes were still present after 26 days (Lund et al., Pharmacology and Toxicology 1995, 76, 36).
697
CI 1.21-3.22), respectively. Following adjustment for smoking, the risk for non-malignant respiratory diseases and for lung cancer increased with increasing exposure to total dust. In the highest exposure category of >275 mg/m 3 compared with the lowest of <105mg/m 3, rate ratios were 4.08 (95% CI 1.11-14.96) for non-malignant respiratory diseases and 1.67 (95% CI 0.57-4.83) for lung cancer (InfanteRivard et al., American Journal o f Epidemiology 1994, 140, 1009).
Electromagnetic fields An association between pulsed electromagnetic fields and development of lung cancer has been reported in a nested case-control study among electricity utility workers in Quebec, Canada, and France. The cohort comprised workers employed for at least 1 yr from Canada (followed from 1970 to 1988) and France (from 1978 to 1989). 2679 cancer cases were compared with controls. An odds ratio of 3.11 (95% CI 1.60-6.04) was reported for those with the highest (~>90th percentile) estimated exposure. The association was particularly impressive in the Quebec workers where there was a monotonic relationship between risk and exposure; the odds ratio for the highest exposure category was 16.6 (95% CI 2.58-107) (Armstrong et al., American Journal o f Epidemiology 1994, 140, 805).
Synthetic fragrances
Ethylene glycol n-butyl ether and methoxyacetaldehyde, the aldehyde metabolite of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, were weakly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium bacteria both in the presence and absence of rat liver metabolic activating fraction (Hoflack et al., Mutation Research 1995, 341, 281).
Allergic contact dermatitis to two synthetic fragrance ingredients developed in a 28-yr-old man after 3 months' use of two separate underarm deodorants in which they were present. Skin patch tests (involving 3-day covered contact) identified Lyal (3- and 4(hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-3-cyclohexene-l-aldehyde), tested at 0.075% in petrolatum, and acetyl cedrene, tested at 10.8% in diisopropylene glycol, as the components responsible (Handley and Burrows, Contact Dermatitis 1994, 31, 288).
Silicon carbide workers
Kojic acid
Increased risks of death from lung cancer and nonmalignant respiratory diseases have been reported among silicon carbide production workers in Quebec, Canada. 585 employees who had worked for more than 2 yr between 1950 and 1980 were followed up to the end of 1989. A total of 164 deaths were observed. Standardized mortality ratios for lung cancer and non-malignant respiratory diseases were 1.69 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.09-2.52) and 2.03 (95%
Five cases of allergic contact dermatitis to kojic acid, a fungal metabolite used as a skin-depigmenting agent, have been reported in Japan. Facial dermatitis developed 1-12 months after starting application of kojic acid-containing skin care products. Patch tests (24-hr covered contact to 0.1-5% aqueous solutions) confirmed the allergies (Nakagawa et al., Contact Dermatitis 1995, 32, 9). [P. Copestake--BIBRA]
Ethylene glycol ethers and metabolites