Laboratory and field tests of CO2–water injection into the Ogachi hot dry rock site, Japan

Laboratory and field tests of CO2–water injection into the Ogachi hot dry rock site, Japan

 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com (QHUJ\ 3URFHGLD   (QHUJ\3URFHGLD  ± Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674  www...

440KB Sizes 3 Downloads 73 Views



Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

(QHUJ\ 3URFHGLD

 

(QHUJ\3URFHGLD  ± Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674

 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia ZZZHOVHYLHUFRPORFDWH;;;



*+*7

/DERUDWRU\DQGILHOGWHVWVRI&2ZDWHULQMHFWLRQ LQWRWKH2JDFKLKRWGU\URFNVLWH-DSDQ $NLUD8HGDD
(OVHYLHUXVHRQO\5HFHLYHGGDWHKHUHUHYLVHGGDWHKHUHDFFHSWHGGDWHKHUH

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³LQ VLWH DQDO\VHV´&DOFLWHFU\VWDOVFRYHUHGZLWK7LURGRU$XILOPLVKROGLQDFU\VWDOFHOODQGVHWLQDFU\VWDOVRQGH7KHFU\VWDOVRQGHLV WKHQSXWLQWR2*&DQGZDWHUVDPSOHVDWWKHFHUWDLQGHSWKLVLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKHVRQGH$IWHUKRXUWKHVRQGHLVUHFRYHUHGDQG WKHFDOFLWHFU\VWDOLVREVHUYHGE\DQHZO\GHYHORSHGSKDVHVKLIWLQWHUIHURPHWHUWRDQDO\]HWKHGLVVROXWLRQRUSUHFLSLWDWLRQUDWHVRI FDOFLWH IURP WKH UHVHUYRLU IOXLGV   7KH ³LQ VLWX DQDO\VHV´ VKRZ WKDW FDOFLWH SUHFLSLWDWLRQ ZDV REVHUYHG ZLWKLQ  GD\ DIWHU WKH LQMHFWLRQ7KLVVXSSRUWVWKHYLHZWKDWPRVWRI&2LQMHFWHGPLJKWEHIL[HGDVFDUERQDWH



c 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

‹(OVHYLHU/WG$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG .H\ZRUGVJHRUHDFWRUFDOFLWHIL[DWLRQJUDQLWLFURFNV&2

,QWURGXFWLRQ ,QUHFHQW\HDUVPXFKUHVHDUFKKDVEHHQGLUHFWHGDWILQGLQJDVROXWLRQWRWKHSUREOHPRIJOREDOZDUPLQJFDXVHGE\ DQWKURSRJHQLF&2HPLVVLRQV6HYHUDOUHVHDUFKSURJUDPVKDYHIRFXVHGRQWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIVHTXHVWHULQJVXFK&2

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.164

3670

A. Ueda et al. / Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674



$XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD  ±

XQGHUJURXQGZKHUHWKHWHPSHUDWXUHVRI&2UHVHUYRLUVDUHOHVVWKDQ͠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ƒ& E\ LQWHUDFWLRQ RI UHVHUYRLU URFNV ZLWK PHWHRULF ZDWHUV 8HGDHWDO>@   7KHFRQFHSWRI³*HRUHDFWRU´

㪈㪉㪇㪇

㪈㪉㪇㪇

㪎㪇㪇

㪎㪇㪇

㪎㪇㪇

㪉㪇㪇 㪄㪊㪇㪇 㪄㪏㪇㪇

㪄㪈㪊㪇㪇

㪉㪇㪇 㪄㪊㪇㪇 㪄㪏㪇㪇

㪄㪈㪊㪇㪇

㪄㪈㪏㪇㪇 㪇







㪏 㪈㪇

㪚㪸㫃㪺㫀㫋㪼㩷㩿㫍㫆㫃㩼㪀

㪘㫃㫋㫀㫋㫌㪻㪼㩷㩿㫄㪘㪪㪣㪀

㪈㪉㪇㪇

㪎㪇㪇

㪘㫃㫋㫀㫋㫌㪻㪼㩷㩿㫄㪘㪪㪣㪀

㪈㪉㪇㪇

㪘㫃㫋㫀㫋㫌㪻㪼㩷㩿㫄㪘㪪㪣㪀

㪘㫃㫋㫀㫋㫌㪻㪼㩷㩿㫄㪘㪪㪣㪀

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͠ DQGLQWHUPHGLDWH 㨪͠ WHPSHUDWXUHILHOGVDUHHVWLPDWHGWREH DQGNPUHVSHFWLYHO\&2 VWRUDJHFDSDFLW\ LVFDOFXODWHGWR EHDERXW ELOOLRQWRQV &2 FDWLPHV -DSDQ̉VWRWDODQQXDO&2HPLVVLRQV 7KH&2 &D0J PROHUDWLRRIW\SLFDOLJQHRXVURFNVLV㨪,I㨪 RI&DDQG0JZRXOGEHUHOHDVHG&2PD\EHIL[HGLQFDUERQDWHPLQHUDOV 2KVXPLHWDO>@  ,QRXUODERUDWRU\H[SHULPHQWVDSDUWRI&2FDQEHSUHFLSLWDWHGDVFDUERQDWHGXULQJLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKURFNVDW WR͠ 8HGDHWDO>@ 7RH[DPLQHWKLVSKHQRPHQDLQWKHILHOG&2VDWXUDWHGZDWHUZDVLQMHFWHGLQWRWKH2JDFKL +'5VLWH  

㪉㪇㪇 㪄㪊㪇㪇 㪄㪏㪇㪇

㪄㪈㪊㪇㪇

㪄㪈㪏㪇㪇 㪉㪇 㪋㪇 㪢㪸㫆㫃㫀㫅㫀㫋㪼㩷㩿㫍㫆㫃㩼㪀

㪄㪊㪇㪇 㪄㪏㪇㪇

㪄㪈㪊㪇㪇

㪄㪈㪏㪇㪇 㪇

㪉㪇㪇

㪄㪈㪏㪇㪇 㪇

㪌 㪈㪇 㪈㪌 㪪㫄㪼㪺㫋㫀㫋㪼㩷㩿㫍㫆㫃㩼㪀

㪇 㪉㪇 㪋㪇 㪍㪇 㪧㫃㪸㪾㫀㫆㪺㫃㪸㫊㪼㩷㩿㫍㫆㫃㩼㪀

  )LJ$EXQGDQFHVRIFDOFLWHNDROLQLWHVPHFWLWHDQGSODJLRFODVHLQURFNVIURP6XPLNDZDJHRWKHUPDOILHOG

A. Ueda et al. / Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674



$XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD  ±

3671 

 'HJDVVLQJ" &DOFLWH" "

q&

"

5RFNZDWHU&2 LQWHUDFWLRQ

q&

:DWHU GLVVROYHG &2

6XSHUFULWLFDO&2 q&

"

"

&DOFLWH"   )LJ2XWOLQHRI&2VHTXHVWUDWLRQLQWRJHRWKHUPDOILHOGV 

),(/'(;3(5,0(176 7KH2JDFKLKRWGU\URFN +'5 ILHOGLVVLWXDWHGDWWKHQRUWKHDVW-DSDQDQGKDVEHHQVWXGLHGWRSURGXFH JHRWKHUPDOHOHFWULFLW\E\&HQWUDO5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWHRIWKH(OHFWULF3RZHU,QGXVWU\IRU\HDUV7KHUHDUHWZR LQMHFWLRQSURGXFWLRQZHOOV 2*&DQG DQGDQREVHUYDWLRQRQH 2*& 7ZRPDMRUIHHG]RQHVZHUHIRUPHGE\ K\GURIUDFWXULQJDWGHSWKRIPDQGPZKHUHWKHLUWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHDQG͠UHVSHFWLYHO\ )LHOGH[SHULPHQWVRI&2VHTXHVWUDWLRQLQWRWKH2JDFKL+'5KDYHEHHQH[DPLQHGIRU\HDUVE\RXUJURXS 0HWFDOIHHWDO>@8HGDHWDO>@ ,QULYHUZDWHUVKDGEHHQFRQWLQXRXVO\LQMHFWHG /PLQ03D LQWR DQLQMHFWLRQZHOO 2*& DQGSURGXFHG /PLQ IURPDSURGFXWLRQZHOO 2*& GXULQJWKHH[SHULPHQW  ZHHNV $IWHUWKHIOXLGIORZUDWHEHFDPHFRQVWDQW&2GLVVROYHGZDWHU ZW ZDVLQMHFWHGZLWKWUDFHUV ., NJ/DQGXUDQLQHJP 7KHIOXLGVIURP2*&ZHUHJHRFKHPLFDOO\PRQLWRUHGIRUWKHLULVRWRSHDQG FKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQV7KHILQDORXWSXWWHPSHUDWXUHDWWKH2*&ZHOOVLWHLV͠,QWKLVILHOGH[SHULPHQW ZHFRXOGQRWGLVFXVVWKHIL[DWLRQUDWHRI&2DVFDUERQDWHGXHWRWKHKLJKGLOXWLRQUDWHZLWKUHVHUYRLUIOXLGVDV PHQWLRQHGODWHU ,Q&2GLVVROYHGZDWHU ULYHUZDWHUZLWKGU\LFH ZDVGLUHFWO\LQMHFWHGLQWR2*& )LJ5XQ IURP 6HSWHPEHUQGWRWK DQG5XQ IURP6HSWHPEHUWKWRWK 6HYHUDOWUDFHUVZHUHDOVRLQMHFWHGDWWKHVDPH WLPH:DWHUVDPSOHVDUHFROOHFWHGDWWKHGHSWKRIFDPE\DVDPSOHU POLQYROXPH DQGPRQLWRUHGIRUWKHLU FKHPLFDODQGLVRWRSLFFRPSRVLWLRQV Ǭ'Ǭ2Ǭ&&2 'XULQJWKH5XQH[SHULPHQWULYHUZDWHUZDVLQMHFWHG LQWR2*&DWGD\VDIWHULQMHFWLRQRI&2ZDWHULQWR2*& 'XULQJWKHILHOGH[SHULPHQWVGLVVROXWLRQRUSUHFLSLWDWLRQUDWHVRIFDOFLWHZHUHGHWHUPLQHGE\XVLQJDWHFKQLTXH RI³LQVLWHDQDO\VHV´ 6DWRKHWDO>@ &DOFLWHFU\VWDOVFRYHUHGZLWK7LURGRU$XILOPLVKROGLQDFU\VWDOFHOODQG VHWLQDFU\VWDOVRQGH7KHFU\VWDOVRQGHLVWKHQSXWLQWR2*&DQGZDWHUVDPSOHVDWWKHFHUWDLQGHSWKLVLQWURGXFHG LQWRWKHVRQGH$IWHUKRXUWKHVRQGHLVUHFRYHUHGDQGWKHFDOFLWHFU\VWDOLVREVHUYHGE\DQHZO\GHYHORSHGSKDVH VKLIWLQWHUIHURPHWHU 8HGDHWDO>@6DWRKHWDO>@ WRDQDO\]HWKHGLVVROXWLRQRUSUHFLSLWDWLRQUDWHVRIFDOFLWHIURP WKHUHVHUYRLUIOXLGV 

3672



A. Ueda et al. / Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD  ±

㪠㫅㫁㪼㫏㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪚㪦㪉㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫉㫀㫍㪼㫉㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉

㪩㫀㫍㪼㫉㩷㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉㩷 㩿㪍㫄㪊㪀

&DVLQJ

P

㪩㫆㪺㫂㪆㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉㩷 㫀㫅㫋㪼㫉㪸㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅

㪚㪦㪉䋫㪩㫀㫍㪼㫉㩷 㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉㩷㩿㪌㫄㪊㪀

㪚㪸 &2 ZW P

  )LJ&2ZDWHULQMHFWLRQWHVWDW2*&LQ  5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ 7HVWLQ 'XULQJWKHH[SHULPHQWVLQ IORZWHVW PDMRUFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQVRIIOXLGVFROOHFWHGDWWKHZHOOVLWHRI 2*&DUHPRQLWRUHG7KHWUDFHUVDUHILUVWGHWHFWHGDWKRXUVDIWHUWKHLQMHFWLRQDQGVKRZHGWKHPD[LPXP FRQFHQWUDWLRQDWKRXUV7KHGLOXWLRQUDWHVRIWKHREVHUYHGWRLQMHFWHGFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIWZRWUDFHUV .,DQG XUDQLQH DUHFDOFXODWHGWREHîDQGîUHVSHFWLYHO\&2FRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQWKHIOXLGVYDULHGIURPWR PJ/ZLWKWLPHDQGVKRZHGQRFRUUHODWLRQZLWKWKRVHRIWKHWUDFHUV7KLVLVGXHWRWKHKLJKGLOXWLRQUDWHZLWK UHVHUYRLUIOXLGV,QWKLVILHOGH[SHULPHQWZHFRXOGQRWGLVFXVVWKHIL[DWLRQUDWHRI&2DVFDUERQDWH  7HVWLQ $IWHULQMHFWLRQRI&2ZDWHUWKHWUDFHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVGHFUHDVHZLWKWKHHODSVHGWLPH )LJ ,WLVQRWHGWKDWWKH EHKDYLRURIQDWXUDOWUDFHUVVXFKDV&OǬ'DQGǬ&&2 FORVHGPDUNHUVLQ)LJ DUHGLIIHUHQWIURPDUWLILFLDOO\ DGGHGWUDFHUVVXFKDV,%UDQGIOXRUHVFH RSHQHGRQHV 7KHUHDVRQLVQRWFOHDUVRIDUEXWRQHSRVVLELOLW\LVWKDWULYHU ZDWHULQWKHFDVLQJSLSHFRXOGPL[ZLWK&2ZDWHU ULYHUZDWHUDQGGU\LFH  'XULQJWKHILHOGH[SHULPHQWV&2FRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIWKHZDWHUVDPSOHVXQGHUWKHUHVHUYRLUSUHVVXUHFRXOG QRWEHFRUUHFWO\PRQLWRUHGGXHWRWKHEURNHQRIWKHZDWHUVDPSOHU7KLVPHDQVWKDWZDWHUVDPSOHVZHUHFROOHFWHG DURXQGPGHSWKDQGDSDUWRI&2PXVWEHGHJDVVHGGXULQJDVFHQGLQJWRWKHVXUIDFHIURPWKHVDPSOHU 7KHUHIRUH&2FRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIWKHUHVHUYRLUIOXLGVDUHFDOFXODWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHREVHUYHGS+DQGFKDUJH EDODQFHRIHDFKVDPSOHV &DVH DQGWKHWUDFHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQ &DVH 7KH&DVHPHDQVWKDW&2LQWKHLQMHFWHG ZDWHUGLGQRWUHDFWZLWKURFNV)LJVKRZVWKHFDOFXODWHG&2FRQFHQWUDWLRQZLWKLRGLQH,RGLQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHFUHDVHVIURPWRǴJ/ZLWKWKHHODSVHGWLPH)URP)LJWKHIUDFWLRQRIWKHLQMHFWHG&2ZDWHU  ZW&2 LVDOPRVW]HUR7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHLQMHFWHGZDWHUZDVFRPSOHWHO\GLOXWHGZLWKWKHUHVHUYRLUIOXLG7KH FDOFXODWHG&2FRQFHQWUDWLRQVYDU\IURPWRPJ/ )LJ  )URPWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQVRIZDWHUVDPSOHVWKHVDWXUDWLRQLQGH[RIFDOFLWHLVFDOFXODWHGDVIROORZV 6, 6DWXUDWLRQ,QGH[  /RJ 4.    ZKHUH4DQG.DUHDFWLYLW\DQGVROXELOLW\SURGXFWVRIFDOFLWH &D &2 UHVSHFWLYHO\,I6,!WKHIOXLGLV VDWXUDWHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRFDOFLWH FDOFLWHSUHFLSLWDWLRQ 

3673

A. Ueda et al. / Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674



$XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD  ±



 㪈㪇㪇㪇

㪠 㪙㫉 㪽㫃㫌㫆㫉㪼㫊㪺㪼㫉

㪏㪇

㪚㪦㪉㩷㩿㫄㪾㪆㪣㪀䋬䇭㪠㩷㩿㫄㪾㪆㪣㪀

㪝㫉㪸㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㫀㫅㫁㪼㪺㫋㪼㪻㩷㪚㪦㪉㪄㫎㪸㫋㪼㫉 䋨㩼 䋩

㪈㪇㪇

㪚㫃㩿㩼㪀 㱐㪛㩿㩼㪀 㱐㪈㪊㪚㩿㩼㪀

㪍㪇

㪋㪇

㪉㪇

㪏㪇㪇

㪍㪇㪇

㪋㪇㪇

㪇 㪇

㪉㪇

㪋㪇

㪍㪇

㪠㩷㩿㱘㪾㪆㪣㪀 㪚㪦㪉㩷㩿㫄㪾㪆㪣㪀

㪉㪇㪇



㪏㪇

㪐㪆㪈㪉

㪜㫃㪸㫇㫊㪼㪻㩷㫋㫀㫄㪼㩷㪸㪽㫋㪼㫉㩷㪚㪦㪉㩷㫀㫅㫁㪼㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㩿㪿㫆㫌㫉㫊㪀

㪐㪆㪈㪊

㪐㪆㪈㪋

㪐㪆㪈㪌

㪐㪆㪈㪍

㪤㫆㫅㫋㪿㪆㪛㪸㫐  )LJWUDFHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDIWHU&2LQMHFWLRQ)LJ&RQFHQWUDWLRQVRILRGLQHDQG&2

 )LJVKRZVWKHFKDQJHRIWKH6,GXULQJWKHH[SHULPHQWV 5XQ ,QWKHFDVHWKH6,LVDERYH]HURH[FHSWIRU WKHVDPSOHFROOHFWHGMXVWDIWHU&2LQMHFWLRQ,QFRQWUDVWWKH6,LVFORVHWR]HURLQWKHFDVHLPSO\LQJWKDWWKH UHVHUYRLUIOXLGPL[HGZLWKWKHLQMHFWHG&2ZDWHULVDOPRVWLQHTXLOLEULXPZLWKFDOFLWH)LJDOVRVKRZVWKH REVHUYHGGLVVROXWLRQRUSUHFLSLWDWLRQUDWHVRIFDOFLWHVZKLFKDUHGHWHUPLQHGE\LQVLWHDQDO\VHV)URPWKHVHUHVXOWV WKHLQMHFWHG&2ZDWHULVGLOXWHGZLWKWKHUHVHUYRLUIOXLGZLWKGD\VDQGPRVW&2LQWKHPPLJKWEHGHSRVLWHGE\ LQWHUDFWLRQZLWKJUDQLWLFURFNV$FFRUGLQJWRWKHPDWHULDOEDODQFHRQO\ǴPWKLFNQHVVRIWKHJUDQLWLFURFNVLV HQRXJKWRUHDFWZLWKWKH&2ZDWHUWRSUHFLSLWDWHDVFDUERQDWHPLQHUDOV,QWKHSUHYLRXVILHOGH[SHULPHQWVLQ DQG&DFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHZDWHUVDPSOHVLQFUHDVHGIURPWRPJ/ZLWKGD\DQGTXLFNO\GHFUHDVHGWR WKHEDFNJURXQG7KHVHUHVXOWVDOVRVXSSRUWWKHYLHZWKDW&2LQMHFWHGLVSUHFLSLWDWHGDVFDUERQDWHVZLWKIHZGD\V 㪉

㪋 㪅㪇㪜㪄 㪇㪈

㪉 㪅㪇㪜㪄 㪇㪈 㪈 㪅㪇㪜㪄 㪇㪈



㪇 㪅㪇㪜㪂 㪇㪇

㪭 㫅 㫆 㫉 㫄 㩷㩿㫅㫄㪆㫊㪀

㪪㪅㪠㪅㩷㫆㪽㩷㪚㪸㫃㪺㫀㫋㪼

㪊 㪅㪇㪜㪄 㪇㪈 㪈

㪄 㪈㪅㪇㪜㪄㪇㪈 㪄㪈

㪪㪠㩷㩿㪚㪸㫊㪼㪈㪀 㪪㪠㩷㩿㪚㪸㫊㪼㪉㪀

㪄 㪉㪅㪇㪜㪄㪇㪈

㪭㫅㫆㫉㫄

㪄 㪊㪅㪇㪜㪄㪇㪈

㪄㪉

㪄 㪋㪅㪇㪜㪄㪇㪈 㪇

㪉㪇

㪋㪇

㪍㪇

㪜㫃㪸㫇㫊㪼㪻㩷㫋㫀㫄㪼㩷㪸㪽㫋㪼㫉㩷㪚㪦㪉㩷㫀㫅㫁㪼㪺㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㩿㪿㫆㫌㫉㫊㪀 )LJ6DWXUDWLRQLQGH[RIFDOFLWH

㪏㪇



&RQFOXVLRQV 7KHLQMHFWHG&2ZDWHULVGLOXWHGZLWKWKHUHVHUYRLUIOXLGZLWKLQGD\V0RVW&2LQWKHPPLJKWEHGHSRVLWHGDV FDOFLWHE\LQWHUDFWLRQZLWKJUDQLWLFURFNV&DFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHZDWHUVDPSOHVLQFUHDVHGIURPWRPJ/ZLWK GD\DQGTXLFNO\GHFUHDVHGWRWKHEDFNJURXQG7KHVHUHVXOWVDOVRVXSSRUWWKHYLHZWKDW&2LQMHFWHGLVSUHFLSLWDWHG DVFDUERQDWHVZLWKLQIHZGD\V  $FNQRZOHGJHPHQW 7KLV UHVHDUFK LV SDUWO\ VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH JUDQWV RI WKH 3URJUDPPHG 5HVHDUFK ³'HYHORSPHQW RI HYDOXDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\IRUWKH&2LQWKHH[KDXVWJDVVHTXHVWUDWLRQLQWRJHRWKHUPDOILHOGV³RI5,7(XQGHUWKHIXQGIURP0(7, 0LQLVWU\RI(FRQRP\7UDGHDQG,QGXVWU\ :HWKDQN2GDVKLPD7RNXPDUXDQGRWKHUPHPEHUVDW2JDFKLIRUWKHLU

3674



A. Ueda et al. / Energy Procedia 1 (2009) 3669–3674 $XWKRUQDPH(QHUJ\3URFHGLD  ±

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