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Laboratory studies on the culture of the brine shrimp Artemia using organic wastes
Bioresource TechnologySI (1995) 265-267 Elsevier Science Limited Printed in Great Britain 0960-8524/95/$9.50 ELSEVIER
0960-8524(94)00104-9
Short Communication Laboratory Studies on the Culture of the Brine Shrimp Artemia using Organic Wastes
maturity and fecundity rate of the three strains of Anemia. Three days after enrichment with the wastes (diets), each tube with a capacity of 10 1was inoculated with 100 nauplii (3-days old) per litre. The feeding schedule followed was 12 ml/l on the fourth day, 27 ml/l on the fifth and sixth days and 36 ml/1 from the seventh day onwards. The time taken to attain maturity was calculated, while the fecundity rate was measured by counting the eggs present in the brood pouch of the animal.
Abstract
Three different Artemia strains (Belgian, USA and Tuticorin) were tested for their culture potential when offered five different diets comprising cabbage leaves, cow dung, poultry manure and pig dung in varying proportions at 45, 60, 75 and lOO ppt salinities. One mixture of the ingredients gave the best results among the five diets tested, while the optimum salinity was found to be 75 ppt. Among the three strains the Tuticorin strain gave the best results.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All the three strains exhibited faster maturity with the experimental diets compared to the control diet (Table 2). Diet C resulted in faster maturity than all other diets for the three strains. Increase in salinity improved maturity attainment only for certain diets. With reference to fecundity, the experimental diets gave an increase in egg production compared to the control diet for all the three strains. For the Tuticorin and Belgian strains, diets C and A, respectively, resulted in maximum egg production (Table 3). In general, an increase in salinity favoured the fecundity rate for all the three strains. The results indicate that 7.5-100 ppt salinity is the optimum for Artemia culture. Salinity plays a major role in the life cycle of Artemia. Hedgpeth (1959) mentioned that for several species of marine fish and invertebrates, this level can be as high as 80-100 ppt. Artemia cysts hatch when the salinity of the medium drops below a threshold, which is strain dependent. In lower salinities the hatching rate increases and the nauplii have a higher energy content (Conte et al., 1977; Vanhaecke & Sorgeloos, 1980). Increase in salinity enhanced the fecundity and maturity of Artemia in several cases (Dwivedi et al., 1980; Basil et al., 1987; Basil & Pandian, 1991 ). For the Belgian strain, diet C resulted in faster maturity, while fecundity was maximum for diet A. The
Key words: Artemia, organic wastes, fecundity, maturity. INTRODUCTION The most critical challenge of the day is to produce more food with the least possible utilization of energy and resources. In India, both man and cattle produce large quantities of organic wastes of various origins. Though rice bran is being widely used as a feed in Artemia culture, the developing countries cannot use it for this purpose, since this would compete with animal husbandry. The real success in mass culture of Artemia lies in the identification of a good but cheap substitute feed. Hence, the present study was undertaken to utilize agricultural wastes, as well as organic domestic wastes, with suitable salinity conditions for the mass production of different strains of Artemia. METHODS
The cysts of USA and Belgian strains of Artemia were received from Dr E Sorgeloos, Artemia Reference Centre, State University of Gent, Belgium, while the cysts of the Tuticorin strain were collected from the salt pans of Tuticorin, India. Hatching of the cysts and the maintenance of hatched nauplii for up to 3 days were achieved using methods followed by Basil et al. (1987). Five different diets were prepared from the organic wastes, cow dung, pig dung, poultry manure and cabbage leaves (Table 1) and rice bran suspension (50 g/l) was employed as the control diet. All these six diets at four different salinities -- 45, 60, 75 and 100 ppt -- were employed to estimate the
Table 1. Percentage (wet weighO of various ingredients in the diets of A rtemia
Diet A B C D E 265
Cabbage leaves
Cow dung
Poultry manure
Pig dung
25 20 20 20 40
25 40 20 20 20
25 20 40 20 20
25 20 20 40 20
Short communication
266
Table 2. Time taken to attain maturity (days) by Artemia for the various diets at different salinities. (Values are represented as the mean of four observations with standard deviation) Salinity (ppt)
Strain
Diets Control
A
B
C
D
E
45
T U Be
27+ 1 21 +2 24+2
12+ 1 15+ 1 15+2
18+2 18+2 15+2
12+ 1 15+ 1 12+1
18+2 15+2 15+2
18+2 18+2 18__-2
60
T U Be
27+ 1 18+2 21+1
14+2 15+2 12+1
18+2 15+2 15+2
12+ 1 12+1 12+1
16+2 15+2 15+2
18+2 18+2 15+2
75
T U Be
24+2 18+2 21+ 1
14+ 1 15+2 12+ 1
18+2 15+2 15+ 1
12+ 1 12+1 12+1
16+2 15+2 12+ 1
18+2 15+2 15+1
100
T U Be
29+2 18+1 21+2
14+ 1 15+1 15+1
18+2 15+2 15+2
14+ 1 12+1 12+1
16+2 15+2 12+1
18+2 15+2 15+2
T -- Tuticorin; U -- USA; Be -- Belgian.
Table 3. Fecundity (no. of eggs/brood) of Artemia. (Values are represented as the mean of three observations with standard deviation) Salinity (ppt)
Strain
Diets Control
A
B
C
D
E
45
T U Be
51 + 1.83 52+1"41 45 + 3-16
80 + 7-81 65+2.58 80 + 4-97
60 + 2"16 65+1.41 70 + 6"16
85 + 2.94 70+2"16 68 + 3.32
69 + 4.65 60+2.16 68 + 3"83
50 + 1"63 60+2.94 50 + 7.02
60
T U Be
53 + 2-58 55 + 2.94 50 + 1"41
91 + 2.75 65 + 2.83 90 + 3"65
65 + 1.83 70 + 1.41 70 + 5.48
95 + 3"74 70 + 0"82 70 + 5-10
87 + 3.74 67 + 2"83 70 + 6.32
65 + 2.16 65 + 2.45 50 + 7-17
75
T U Be
67 + 2.94 58 + 1.63 53 + 2.16
100 + 2.94 67 + 1-41 95 + 2.45
80 + 3"37 70 + 2-16 70 + 4"97
100 + 2.94 67 + 1.83 70 + 5.94
95 + 2"58 68 + 2"16 70 + 5"25
70 + 2.16 65 + 5"00 55 + 4.24
75
T U Be
74 + 4.69 53 + 2.16 52 + 3"37
95 + 3-46 70 + 3"65 90 + 2"83
75 + 3-16 70 + 1-41 65 + 1-63
100 + 3.16 68 + 2.16 68 + 4.69
93 + 2"16 68 + 2"16 69 + 4.16
68 + 3.92 68 + 2.94 52 + 3"37
T -- Tuticorin; U -- USA; Be -- Belgian.
U S A strain exhibited maximum fecundity and minim u m larval duration for diet C. Parallel results were noted for the Tuticorin strain. In the present study, all the three strains grown on diet C reached adult size within 12 days. Comparing the three strains, egg production was maximum in the Tuticorin strain, while time taken to attain maturity was the least for the Belgian strain. According to Sorgeloos and Persoone (1975), growth and time taken for maturity largely depend on the nature of strains. Similar reports were given by B o o n e and Bass-Becking (1931), Urbani (1959) and Hentig (1971). T h e results of the present study indicate that the Tuticorin strain can be r e c o m m e n d e d for culture integrated with the recycling of animal and agricultural wastes, which would be cost-effective c o m p a r e d to other artificial feeds used for culturing Anemia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T h e authors thank Prof. J. Jayaraman for encouragement and the Head and Co-ordinator, SBS, MKU, for the facilities provided.
REFERENCES Basil, J. A. & Pandian, G. T. (1991 ). Culturing Anemia (Tuticorin strain) in organic and agricultural wastes at different salinities. Hydrobiologia, 212, 11-17. Basil, J. A., Premkumar, D. R. D., Lipton, A. P. & Marian, M. P. (1987). Preliminary studies on the culture of Anemia using Applications VoL 3. Ecology, Culturing, Use in Aquaculture, ed. P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengtson, W. Decleir & E. Jaspers. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, pp. 275-8.
Short communication
Boone, J. A. & Bass-Becking; L. G. M. (1931). Salt effects on eggs and nauplii of Artemia salina L. J. Gen. Physiol., 14, 753-63. Conte, F. P., Droukas, P. C. & Ewing, R. D. (1977). Development of sodium regulation and de novo synthesis of Na + K- activated ATPase in larval brine shrimp Artemia salina. J. Exp. Zool., 202,339-61. Dwivedi, S. N., Ansari, S. K. R. & Ahmed, M. G. (1980). Mass culture of brine shrimp under controlled conditions in cement pools in Bombay, India. In The Brine Shrimp Anemia. Vol. 3. Ecology Culturing, Use in Aquaculture, ed. G. Persoone, E Sorgeloos, O. Roels & E. Jaspers. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, pp. 175-83. Hedgpeth, J. W. (1959). Some preliminary considerations of the biology of inland mineral waters. Arch. Oceanogr. Limnol., 11,111-41. Hentig, R. V. (1971 ). Influence of salinity and temperature on the development, growth, reproduction and energy budget of Artemia salina. Marine Biol., 9, 145-82. Sorgeloos, P. & Persoone, G. (1975). Technological improvements for the cultivation of invertebrates as food for fishes and crustaceans. II. Hatching and culturing of brine shrimp, Anemia salina L. Aquaculture, 6, 303-17.
267
Urbani, E. (1959). Protidi, glucidi e lipidi nello sviluppo di Anemia salina. Acta Embryol. Morph. Exp., 2, 171-94. Vanhaecke, P. & Sorgeloos, P. (1980). International study of Artemia. XIV. The biometrics of Artemia strains from different geographical origins. In The Brine Shrimp Artemia. Vol. 3. Ecology, Culturing, Use in Aquaculture, ed. G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, O. Roels & E. Jaspers. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, pp. 393-405.
J. A. Basil, V. K. S. Nair & A. J. Thatheyus* School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, India (Received 10 March 1994; received in revised form 13 October 1994; accepted 18 October 1994) *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
0960-8524(94)00104-9
Short Communication Laboratory Studies on the Culture of the Brine Shrimp Artemia using Organic Wastes
maturity and fecundity rate of the three strains of Anemia. Three days after enrichment with the wastes (diets), each tube with a capacity of 10 1was inoculated with 100 nauplii (3-days old) per litre. The feeding schedule followed was 12 ml/l on the fourth day, 27 ml/l on the fifth and sixth days and 36 ml/1 from the seventh day onwards. The time taken to attain maturity was calculated, while the fecundity rate was measured by counting the eggs present in the brood pouch of the animal.
Abstract
Three different Artemia strains (Belgian, USA and Tuticorin) were tested for their culture potential when offered five different diets comprising cabbage leaves, cow dung, poultry manure and pig dung in varying proportions at 45, 60, 75 and lOO ppt salinities. One mixture of the ingredients gave the best results among the five diets tested, while the optimum salinity was found to be 75 ppt. Among the three strains the Tuticorin strain gave the best results.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All the three strains exhibited faster maturity with the experimental diets compared to the control diet (Table 2). Diet C resulted in faster maturity than all other diets for the three strains. Increase in salinity improved maturity attainment only for certain diets. With reference to fecundity, the experimental diets gave an increase in egg production compared to the control diet for all the three strains. For the Tuticorin and Belgian strains, diets C and A, respectively, resulted in maximum egg production (Table 3). In general, an increase in salinity favoured the fecundity rate for all the three strains. The results indicate that 7.5-100 ppt salinity is the optimum for Artemia culture. Salinity plays a major role in the life cycle of Artemia. Hedgpeth (1959) mentioned that for several species of marine fish and invertebrates, this level can be as high as 80-100 ppt. Artemia cysts hatch when the salinity of the medium drops below a threshold, which is strain dependent. In lower salinities the hatching rate increases and the nauplii have a higher energy content (Conte et al., 1977; Vanhaecke & Sorgeloos, 1980). Increase in salinity enhanced the fecundity and maturity of Artemia in several cases (Dwivedi et al., 1980; Basil et al., 1987; Basil & Pandian, 1991 ). For the Belgian strain, diet C resulted in faster maturity, while fecundity was maximum for diet A. The
Key words: Artemia, organic wastes, fecundity, maturity. INTRODUCTION The most critical challenge of the day is to produce more food with the least possible utilization of energy and resources. In India, both man and cattle produce large quantities of organic wastes of various origins. Though rice bran is being widely used as a feed in Artemia culture, the developing countries cannot use it for this purpose, since this would compete with animal husbandry. The real success in mass culture of Artemia lies in the identification of a good but cheap substitute feed. Hence, the present study was undertaken to utilize agricultural wastes, as well as organic domestic wastes, with suitable salinity conditions for the mass production of different strains of Artemia. METHODS
The cysts of USA and Belgian strains of Artemia were received from Dr E Sorgeloos, Artemia Reference Centre, State University of Gent, Belgium, while the cysts of the Tuticorin strain were collected from the salt pans of Tuticorin, India. Hatching of the cysts and the maintenance of hatched nauplii for up to 3 days were achieved using methods followed by Basil et al. (1987). Five different diets were prepared from the organic wastes, cow dung, pig dung, poultry manure and cabbage leaves (Table 1) and rice bran suspension (50 g/l) was employed as the control diet. All these six diets at four different salinities -- 45, 60, 75 and 100 ppt -- were employed to estimate the
Table 1. Percentage (wet weighO of various ingredients in the diets of A rtemia
Diet A B C D E 265
Cabbage leaves
Cow dung
Poultry manure
Pig dung
25 20 20 20 40
25 40 20 20 20
25 20 40 20 20
25 20 20 40 20
Short communication
266
Table 2. Time taken to attain maturity (days) by Artemia for the various diets at different salinities. (Values are represented as the mean of four observations with standard deviation) Salinity (ppt)
Strain
Diets Control
A
B
C
D
E
45
T U Be
27+ 1 21 +2 24+2
12+ 1 15+ 1 15+2
18+2 18+2 15+2
12+ 1 15+ 1 12+1
18+2 15+2 15+2
18+2 18+2 18__-2
60
T U Be
27+ 1 18+2 21+1
14+2 15+2 12+1
18+2 15+2 15+2
12+ 1 12+1 12+1
16+2 15+2 15+2
18+2 18+2 15+2
75
T U Be
24+2 18+2 21+ 1
14+ 1 15+2 12+ 1
18+2 15+2 15+ 1
12+ 1 12+1 12+1
16+2 15+2 12+ 1
18+2 15+2 15+1
100
T U Be
29+2 18+1 21+2
14+ 1 15+1 15+1
18+2 15+2 15+2
14+ 1 12+1 12+1
16+2 15+2 12+1
18+2 15+2 15+2
T -- Tuticorin; U -- USA; Be -- Belgian.
Table 3. Fecundity (no. of eggs/brood) of Artemia. (Values are represented as the mean of three observations with standard deviation) Salinity (ppt)
Strain
Diets Control
A
B
C
D
E
45
T U Be
51 + 1.83 52+1"41 45 + 3-16
80 + 7-81 65+2.58 80 + 4-97
60 + 2"16 65+1.41 70 + 6"16
85 + 2.94 70+2"16 68 + 3.32
69 + 4.65 60+2.16 68 + 3"83
50 + 1"63 60+2.94 50 + 7.02
60
T U Be
53 + 2-58 55 + 2.94 50 + 1"41
91 + 2.75 65 + 2.83 90 + 3"65
65 + 1.83 70 + 1.41 70 + 5.48
95 + 3"74 70 + 0"82 70 + 5-10
87 + 3.74 67 + 2"83 70 + 6.32
65 + 2.16 65 + 2.45 50 + 7-17
75
T U Be
67 + 2.94 58 + 1.63 53 + 2.16
100 + 2.94 67 + 1-41 95 + 2.45
80 + 3"37 70 + 2-16 70 + 4"97
100 + 2.94 67 + 1.83 70 + 5.94
95 + 2"58 68 + 2"16 70 + 5"25
70 + 2.16 65 + 5"00 55 + 4.24
75
T U Be
74 + 4.69 53 + 2.16 52 + 3"37
95 + 3-46 70 + 3"65 90 + 2"83
75 + 3-16 70 + 1-41 65 + 1-63
100 + 3.16 68 + 2.16 68 + 4.69
93 + 2"16 68 + 2"16 69 + 4.16
68 + 3.92 68 + 2.94 52 + 3"37
T -- Tuticorin; U -- USA; Be -- Belgian.
U S A strain exhibited maximum fecundity and minim u m larval duration for diet C. Parallel results were noted for the Tuticorin strain. In the present study, all the three strains grown on diet C reached adult size within 12 days. Comparing the three strains, egg production was maximum in the Tuticorin strain, while time taken to attain maturity was the least for the Belgian strain. According to Sorgeloos and Persoone (1975), growth and time taken for maturity largely depend on the nature of strains. Similar reports were given by B o o n e and Bass-Becking (1931), Urbani (1959) and Hentig (1971). T h e results of the present study indicate that the Tuticorin strain can be r e c o m m e n d e d for culture integrated with the recycling of animal and agricultural wastes, which would be cost-effective c o m p a r e d to other artificial feeds used for culturing Anemia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T h e authors thank Prof. J. Jayaraman for encouragement and the Head and Co-ordinator, SBS, MKU, for the facilities provided.
REFERENCES Basil, J. A. & Pandian, G. T. (1991 ). Culturing Anemia (Tuticorin strain) in organic and agricultural wastes at different salinities. Hydrobiologia, 212, 11-17. Basil, J. A., Premkumar, D. R. D., Lipton, A. P. & Marian, M. P. (1987). Preliminary studies on the culture of Anemia using Applications VoL 3. Ecology, Culturing, Use in Aquaculture, ed. P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengtson, W. Decleir & E. Jaspers. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, pp. 275-8.
Short communication
Boone, J. A. & Bass-Becking; L. G. M. (1931). Salt effects on eggs and nauplii of Artemia salina L. J. Gen. Physiol., 14, 753-63. Conte, F. P., Droukas, P. C. & Ewing, R. D. (1977). Development of sodium regulation and de novo synthesis of Na + K- activated ATPase in larval brine shrimp Artemia salina. J. Exp. Zool., 202,339-61. Dwivedi, S. N., Ansari, S. K. R. & Ahmed, M. G. (1980). Mass culture of brine shrimp under controlled conditions in cement pools in Bombay, India. In The Brine Shrimp Anemia. Vol. 3. Ecology Culturing, Use in Aquaculture, ed. G. Persoone, E Sorgeloos, O. Roels & E. Jaspers. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, pp. 175-83. Hedgpeth, J. W. (1959). Some preliminary considerations of the biology of inland mineral waters. Arch. Oceanogr. Limnol., 11,111-41. Hentig, R. V. (1971 ). Influence of salinity and temperature on the development, growth, reproduction and energy budget of Artemia salina. Marine Biol., 9, 145-82. Sorgeloos, P. & Persoone, G. (1975). Technological improvements for the cultivation of invertebrates as food for fishes and crustaceans. II. Hatching and culturing of brine shrimp, Anemia salina L. Aquaculture, 6, 303-17.
267
Urbani, E. (1959). Protidi, glucidi e lipidi nello sviluppo di Anemia salina. Acta Embryol. Morph. Exp., 2, 171-94. Vanhaecke, P. & Sorgeloos, P. (1980). International study of Artemia. XIV. The biometrics of Artemia strains from different geographical origins. In The Brine Shrimp Artemia. Vol. 3. Ecology, Culturing, Use in Aquaculture, ed. G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, O. Roels & E. Jaspers. Universa Press, Wetteren, Belgium, pp. 393-405.
J. A. Basil, V. K. S. Nair & A. J. Thatheyus* School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, India (Received 10 March 1994; received in revised form 13 October 1994; accepted 18 October 1994) *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.