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Lactational Performance of Dairy Cows Fed Raw Soybeans, with or Without Animal By-product Proteins, or Roasted Soybeans
Lactational Performance of Dairy Cows Fed Raw Soybeans, with or Without Animal By-Product Proteins, or Roasted Soybeans RIC R. GRUMMER1 and MELISSA L. LUCK Department of Dairy Science University of Wisconsin Madison 53706 JAMES A. BARMORE Vila Plus Corporation Madison, WI 53711 ABSTRACT
41.3 kg/d). Increasing the ratio of undegradable to degradable dietary protein also increased yields of milk protein and fat. No differences occurred in lactation performance among cows fed the two diets containing higher undegradable protein. The DMI was not influenced by treatment. Increasing the ratio of undegradable to degradable dietary protein by feeding animal by-product proteins or heated soybeans enhanced lactation performance. (Key words: lactation, soybean, animal protein, undegradability)
Twelve multiparous Holstein cows averaged 10 wk postpartum and were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design to compare two feeding strategies for increasing the ratio of dietary undegradable to degradable protein. Treatments were raw soybeans, with or without meat and bone meal plus blood meal, and roasted soybeans as the primary protein supplements. Meat and bone meal and blood meal were fed at 4.0 and .9% of dietary DM, respectively. Basal diets were 30% alfalfa silage, 18% corn silage, and 52% corn-based concentrate mix. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Estimated undegradable protein contents, as a percentage of total CP, were 32.2, 36.2, and 34.3 for diets containing raw soybeans, raw soybeans plus animal by-product proteins, and roasted soybeans, respectively. The undegradable protein estimates were calculated from NRC values for basal feeds and from results of in vitro analysis of test protein supplements. Yields of milk and 3.5% FCM of cows receiving raw soybeans plus animal by-product proteins (45.5 and 43.4 kg/d) and roasted soybeans (44.7 and 42.7 kg/ d) were greater than those of cows receiving raw soybeans alone (43.2 and
Abbreviation key: ABP = animal by-product proteins, RSB = roasted soybeans, RUP = ruminally undegradable protein, S8 = raw soybeans, S8M = soybean meal. INTRODUCTION
Received April 30, 1993, Accepted January 18, 1994, I Reprint requests: 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI.
1994 J Dairy Sci 77:1354-1359
Whole soybeans commonly are fed to lactating dairy cows because they are rich in protein and fat. The protein is highly degradable in the rumen; therefore, heat treatment often is applied to increase the ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) content (5). Roasted soybeans (RSB) fed to dairy cows may increase RUP and energy intakes and improve lactation performance (5, 7), particularly if the basal diet contains significant amounts of alfalfa and is low in RUP (19). Variability of heat-processed soybeans, costs associated with heat treatment of soybeans, or a combination has led some producers to feed raw soybeans (S8) in combination with other protein supplements that are higher in RUP. Animal by-product proteins (ABP), such as
1354
1355
ROASTED SOYBEANS VERSUS ANIMAL PROTEINS
fish meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal, and blood meal, are high in protein and RUP. The AA profiles vary among ABP; for example, Lys and Met are abundant in fish meal and relatively low in feather meal. The ABP that contain bone may be high in Ca and P; therefore, their use may reduce the need for other supplemental sources of Ca and P and reduce cost of the diet. Information regarding the feeding value of ABP for lactating dairy cows is limited, especially for meat and bone meal and blood meal. In most trials, these supplements were fed in conjunction with other ABP, such as fish meal or feather meal. Cows fed diets containing 50% of the protein from feather meal or a 1: 1 (wt/wt) mix of feather meal and blood meal had greater protein flow to the intestine than cows fed equal amounts of protein from soybean meal (SBM) or blood meal alone (20); milk yield was not reported. Commercial blends of dietary meat and bone meal, meat meal, poultry by-product meal, blood meal, and feather meal did not enhance lactation performance of primiparous cows (10); ingredient composition of the blends was not reported. An ABP blend containing blood meal, feather meal, and meat and bone meal fed in place of SBM did not enhance lactation performance of multiparous cows during the first 100 DIM (4). Replacement of SBM with blood meal did not affect DMI or milk yield of lactating dairy cows (12). Increasing dietary RUP by addition of meat and bone meal increased milk yield by dairy cows (2), but not by goats (8). The objective of this experiment was to compare lactation performance of cows fed diets containing SB, SB plus a mixture of ABP (meat and bone meal and ring-dried blood meal) (SB + ABP) or RSB. To avoid reductions in feed intake, meat and bone meal was limited to 4% of ration DM. Consequently, blood meal was included in the diet to provide amounts of RUP similar to that provided by the diet containing RSB. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twelve multiparous Holstein cows averaging 695 kg of BW were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design. Each period was 28 d; the first 21 d were for adaptation to diets.
TABLE 1. Ingredient and chemical composition of diets. l SB Alfalfa silage Corn silage Ground corn Soybean meal. 44% CP SB RSB Blood meal Meat and bone meal Urea Tallow Trace-mineralized salt Vitamin premix 2 Calcium sulfate Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Magnesium oxide CPo % Undegradable protein. 3 % of CP NEL. 4 Mcal/kg
OM. % NDF, % Fatty acid. S %
SB + ABP
RSB
- - OM Basis ( % ) - 30.0 30.0 30.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 32.3 36.5 35.7 6.1 10.5
3.5 9.5 9.0 .9 4.0
.4 .5
.6 .6 .5 .1 .3
.5 .I .3
1.0 .6 .2 17.9
.2 18.0
1.0 .5 .2 18.4
32.2 1.70 92.5 27.5 4.8
36.2 1.70 92.4 28.9 4.3
34.3 1.71 92.4 27.8 4.4
.I .3
ISB =Raw soybeans. SB + ABP =SB plus animal byproduct proteins, RSB = roasted soybeans. 2Vitamin premix provided 2643 IV of vitamin A. 881 IV of vitamin D. and 3.5 IU of vitamin EJkg of dietary OM. 3Undegradable protein values for SB. RSB. meat and bone meal. and blood meal were determined in vitro (3); values for other feeds were from NRC (11) except alfalfa silage. which was estimated to contain 25% of total CP as undegradable protein (15). 4Calculated from NRC (11) values. sC14:0 to C18:3'
Cows averaged 10 wk postpartum (3 to 18 wk) at the start of the trial. Cows were blocked by square according to calving date and milk yield. Basal diets consisted of 30% alfalfa silage. 18% corn silage, and 52% corn-based concentrate mix (OM basis; Table 1). Treatments were SB, SB + ABP, and RSB as the primary protein supplements. Diets were formulated to be 18% CP and isocaloric; SB was formulated to contain 32% of CP as RUP, and SB + ABP and RSB diets were formulated to contain 36% of CP as RUP. Diets were fed for ad libitum intake as a TMR twice daily. SoyJournal of Dairy Science Vol. 77. No.5. 1994
1356
GRUMMER ET AL.
beans (Vita Plus Corp., Madison, WI) were roasted in a Roast-A-Matic® roaster (Roast-AMatic®, Lebanon, PA) to an exit temperature of 149·C, steeped for approximately 30 min, and rolled to break the SB into halves and quarters. The SB and RSB were rolled for consistent particle size. Feed offered and orts were measured daily. Orts were sampled and composited on an individual cow basis on d 27 to 28 of each period. Forages were sampled weekly for determination of DM, and as-fed forage: concentrate ratios were adjusted accordingly. Concentrate mixes were sampled from each new batch mixed at the feed mill. Samples of concentrate, forage, and orts were dried for 48 h at 60·C in a forced-air oven and ground through a 2-mm screen in a Wiley mill (Arthur H. Thomas, Philadelphia, PA), and duplicate samples were analyzed for absolute DM (1), OM (1), CP (1), NDF (6), and C 14:0 to C18:3 fatty acids (16). Fatty acids were determined by GLC (Perkin-Elmer Autosystem, Norwalk. using GP 10% SP-2330 Chromasorb W AW column packing (Supelco, Inc.. Bellefonte, PA). Protein supplements were ground through a 40-/Lm screen in a Wiley intermediate mill (Arthur H. Thomas), and RUP content was determined in vitro (3). The RUP content of other feeds was from NRC (11) except except alfalfa silage. Alfalfa silage fed in this trial averaged 20.8% CP and 54.9% DM and was estimated to contain 25% of total CP as RUP for diet formulation (15). Milk yield was recorded daily. Milk samples from a.m. and p.m. milkings were taken on d 25 to 28 for component analysis by infrared procedures (Wisconsin DHI Laboratory, Appleton). Body weight was measured twice weekly throughout the trial. Data were examined by ANOVA using the general linear models procedure of SAS (13). The statistical model employed was
en
Yijkm
= /L
+ Si + Cj(S)j + Pk + Om X O}jm + (S X P)ik + (P X Db + Ejjkm
+ (S
where Y = the dependent variable, /L = the overall mean of the population, Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 77, No.5, 1994
S'1 CjCS)j
(S (S
X
Pk Dm D}jm
X P~
(P x D~m
Eijkm
= the average effect of square i, = the average effect of cow j nested within square i, = the average effect of period k, = the average effect of diet m, = the interaction of square i and diet m, = the interaction of square i and period k, = the interaction of period k and diet m, and = the unexplained residual error assumed to be normally and independently distributed.
Average effect of square was tested using cow(square) as the error term. All other terms were tested using the residual mean square. Terms of the model not significant at P > .15 were removed from the model and pooled with the residual term. Orthogonal contrasts were SB + ABP plus RSB versus SB to test for differences between high and low RUP diets and SB + APB versus RSB to test for differences between the two high RUP diets. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The OMI and OM intake were similar among treatments (Table 2). Cows were introduced abruptly to ABP, and average daily
TABLE 2. Intake of selected nutrients. Diets! SB
SB + ABP
27.5 25.5 7.34 4.95 1.59 1.33
RSB
SE
27.4 25.3 7.73 5.01
27.5 25.4 7.43 5.09
.4 .3 .10 .07
1.81 1.21
1.74 1.22
.03 .03
(kg/d) DM OM NDF2 CP Undegradable protein 3 Fatty acids 4
=
=
ISB Raw soybeans. SB + ABP SB plus animal byproduct proteins. RSB = roasted soybeans. 2SB versus SB + ABP plus RSB and SB + ABP versus RSB (P < .05). 3SB versus SB + ABP + RSB (P < .0001).
4C 14 :O to CIS:3; SB versus SB + ABP plus RSB .01).
(P
<
ROASTED SOYBEANS YERSUS ANIMAL PROTEINS
1357
DMI of cows receiving SB + ABP during wk 1 TABLE 3. Characteristics of protein supplements. l to 4 of each period were, respectively, 27.3, Undegradable protein 27.7, 27.8, and 27.4 kg/d. These data indicate Percentage Degradation that diets containing 4% meat and bone meal of CP rate Supplements CP and .9% blood meal as part of a TMR were (%/h) (%) readily accepted. Inclusion of blood meal at 18.2 40.1 25 3.2% of dietary DM in transition diets did not Raw soybeans 40.4 48 6.5 affect DMI by cows during the last 3 wk of Roasted soybeans 8.1 Meat and bone meal 50.8 42 gestation (18). The DMI of lactating cows was Blood meal 99.2 88 .9 not reduced when blood meal was substituted lYalues are an average from analysis of triplicate for SBM at 2.5% of ration DM (12). Blood samples. meal or a blood meal and feather meal mix (1: 1, wt!wt) did not depress OM intake when fed as 9.7% of ration DM to mid to late lactation cows (20). Effects on DMI were variable when meat and bone meal and blood meal were fed 36% of total CPo Prior to determination of as part of a protein blend containing other by- RUP in vitro, SB were ground to a particle product protein sources (4, 9, 10). Intake of size considerably smaller than that consumed NDF was greater for cows fed diets high in by the cow. Grinding increases surface area RUP (P < .05); however, this difference available for microbial digestion in the rumen. primarily was accounted for by cows receiving Therefore, this procedure may underestimate SB + ABP. Diets were formulated to be simi- RUP in vivo, particularly for supplements that lar in NDF, with the assumption that ABP did are rich in RUP and fed as relatively large not contain NDF. The NDF analysis yielded a particles. The RUP content of SB fed to lactatresidue following neutral detergent extraction ing dairy cows decreased linearly when partiof meat and bone meal. The NDF content of cle size was reduced by cracking or grinding SB + ABP grain, 14.9%, was greater than that (17). The RUP content (as a percentage of CP) of SB, 12.1%, or RSB, 12.6%, grain mixtures; of SB, 25%, meat and bone meal, 42%, and therefore, the greater NDF intake of cows blood meal, 88%, were similar to those listed receiving SB + ABP probably was an artifact. by the NRC (11) (26, 49, and 82%, respectiveCows receiving SB + ABP and RSB consumed ly). The reason for the high CP for blood meal more RUP than those receiving SB (P < relative to the NRC value (11) is unknown. .0001). The RUP intake did not differ signifiYields of milk and 3.5% FCM were incantly (P > .15) among cows consuming SB + creased by diets high in RUP (P < .05), but no ABP and RSB, even though the RUP content of SB + ABP was slightly higher than that of RSB (Table 1). Intake of C14:0 to C18:3 fatty acids was slightly greater for cows receiving SB than for those receiving diets high in RUP TABLE 4. Milk yield and composition and BW change. (P < .01). Forages were the same for each diet, Diets l and C14:0 to C18:3 fatty acid contents for SB, SB + 6.51%, SB + ABP, 6.64%, and RSB, 7.49%, RSB SE ABP SB concentrate mixtures did not reflect the treat45.5 44.7 .4 43.2 ment differences in fatty acid intake. Differ- Milk,2 kg/d 42.7 3.5% FCM,2 kg/d 43.4 .4 41.3 ences probably were due to sorting of feed- Fat. % 3.21 3.23 .02 3.22 stuffs because orts from cows consuming SB Protein. % 2.95 .01 2.94 2.94 1.44 .02 1.46 1.40 had a lower fatty acid content than the diet Fat,3 kg/d 1.32 .02 Protein, 3 kg/d 1.27 1.33 offered. 10.2 5.6 BW Change, kg/28 d 6.3 5.4 The RUP content of the RSB determined in vitro was 48% of total CP (Table 3), which 'SB = Raw soybeans, SB + ABP = SB plus animal bywas lower than the expected 55 to 60% (5). product proteins, RSB = roasted soybeans. 2SB versus SB + ABP plus RSB (P < .01). This difference explained why the RUP con3SB versus SB + ABP plus RSB (P < .05). tent of the RSB diet was below the targeted Journal of Dairy Science Yol. 77, No.5. 1994
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GRUMMER ET AL.
significant difference occurred between SB + ABP and RSB (P> .15; Table 4). Interestingly, cows on this trial did not lose BW (Table 4); nutrient intake was sufficient to support maintenance and high milk yields. Satter et al. (14) presented a summary of nine trials in which heated soybeans (excluding extruded soybeans) were compared with SB. Average responses for milk and FCM were 1.4 and 1.2 kg/d, respectively, which is similar to that in our study. Very few lactation trials have evaluated the dietary value of meat and bone meal, blood meal, or blends of the two. In most previous trials (8, 9, 12), milk yield was not influenced by supplementation with meat and bone meal or blood meal. Milk yield was increased from 27.8 to 29.0 kg/d when a portion of the SBM was replaced by meat and bone meal (12); yield of SCM was not changed by a depression in milk fat percentage. Conditions that may have favored a response in our trial include the high milk yields and the relatively low RUP content of the SB diet. Further research is needed to determine whether a response can be obtained when a meat and bone meal and blood meal blend is supplemented to basal diets that are closer to recommendations of the NRC (11) for RUP. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous; therefore, when RUP content of the diet was increased, degradable protein content was decreased. Therefore, whether the yield responses in this trial were due to the provision of additional AA to the small intestine for absorption and utilization or from reducing energy requirements for detoxification of NH3 produced in the rumen is not known. Milk protein and fat concentrations were similar among treatments (P > .15). Average response in milk fat and protein when heattreated soybeans (excluding extruded soybeans) were substituted for SB was -.03 and -.05 percentage units (14). Partial replacement of SBM with meat and bone meal decreased milk fat percentage from 3.57 to 3.35 (2), and partial replacement of SBM with blood meal decreased milk fat percentage from 3.95 to 3.79 (12). Reasons for milk fat depression in these studies (2, 12) are not obvious. Meat and bone meal may include 10% ether extract; however, percentage of inclusion was not reported by Bernard and Kelly (2). Our results do not support meat and bone meal and blood Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 77, No.5, 1994
meal as ABP supplements that cause milk fat depression. CONCLUSIONS
Increasing the ratio of RUP to degraded protein by feeding 4% meat and bone meal and .9% blood meal with SB or RSB was equally effective for enhancing lactation performance. Feed intake was not influenced by inclusion of ABP in a TMR. Utilization of ABP may be a suitable alternative feeding strategy to RSB for increasing dietary RUP. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors appreciate the assistance of Tom Syverud and the farm crew at the Ashland Agricultural Experiment Station for their help in the completion of this experiment. The project was funded partially by the Fats and Proteins Research Foundation (Ft. Meyers Beach, FL) and Vita Plus Corp. (Madison, WI). The ABP was donated by Max Co., Inc. (Green Bay, WI). REFERENCES
I Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA. 2 Bernard, J. K., and F. M. Kelly. 1990. Influence of cottonseed meal or meat and bone meal additions to diets containing wheat middling fed to lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):170.(Abstr.) 3 Broderick, G. A. 1987. Determination of protein degradation rates using a rumen in vitro system containing inhibitors of microbial nitrogen metabolism. Br. 1. Nutr. 58:463. 4 England, M. L., D. K. Combs, and R. D. Shaver. 1991. Animal protein byproducts and level of undegraded intake protein in diets for early lactation dairy cows. 1. Dairy Sci. 74(Suppl. l):215.(Abstr.) 5 Faldet, M. A., V. L. Voss, G. A. Broderick, and L. D. Satter. 1991. Chemical, in vitro, and in situ evaluation of heat-treated soybean proteins. 1. Dairy Sci. 74: 2548. 6 Grant, R. 1., and D. R. Mertens. 1992. Impact of in vitro fermentation techniques upon kinetics of fiber digestion. 1. Dairy Sci. 75:1263. 7 Knapp, D. M., R. R. Grommer, and M. R. Dentine. 1991. The response of lactating dairy cows to increasing levels of whole roasted soybeans. 1. Dairy Sci. 74: 2563. 8 Lu, C. D., M. J. Potchoiba, T. Sahlu, and J. R. Kawas. 1990. Performance of dairy goats fed soybean meal or meat and bone meal with or without urea during early lactation. 1. Dairy Sci. 73:726. 9 Mansfield, H. R., M. D. Stem, and D. E. Otterby.
ROASTED SOYBEANS VERSUS ANIMAL PROTEINS 1990. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed animal by-products and beet pulp. J. Dairy Sci. 73(Suppl. I): 171.(Abstr.) 10 Mantysaari, P. E., C. J. Sniffen, T. V. Muscato. J. M. Lynch. and D. M. Barbano. 1989. Performance of cows in early lactation fed isonitrogenous diets containing soybean meal or animal byproduct meals. J. Dairy Sci. 72:2958. II National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. 12 Sandrucci, A., G. M. Crovetto, L. Rapetti, and A. Tamburini. 1992. Effect of blood meal in dairy cow diet on milk yield and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 75(Suppl. 1):281.(Abstr.) 13 SAS
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15 Shaver. R. D. 1989. Role of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) as an indicator of dietary protein status: relationship to reproductive performance. Page 15 in Vet. Nutr. Symp., Univ. Wisconsin, Madison. 16 Sukhija, P. S., and D. L. Palmquist. 1988. Rapid method for determination of total fatty acid content and composition of feedstuffs and feces. J. Agric. Food Chern. 36:1202. 17 Tice, E. M.• M. L. Eastridge, and J. L. Firkins. 1993. Raw soybeans and roasted soybeans of different particle sizes. 1. Digestibility and utilization by lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:224. 18 Van Saun. R. J., S. C. Idleman, and C. J. Sniffen. 1993. Effect of undegradable protein amount fed prepartum on postpartum production in ftrst lactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:236. 19 Voss, V. L., D. Stehr, L. D. Satter, and G. A. Broderick. 1988. Feeding lactating dairy cows proteins resistant to ruminal degradation. J. Dairy Sci. 71 :2428. 20 Waltz. D. M.• M. D. Stern, and D. J. IIlg. 1989. Effect of ruminal protein degradation of blood meal and feather meal on the intestinal amino acid supply to lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72: 1509.
Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 77, No.5, 1994
41.3 kg/d). Increasing the ratio of undegradable to degradable dietary protein also increased yields of milk protein and fat. No differences occurred in lactation performance among cows fed the two diets containing higher undegradable protein. The DMI was not influenced by treatment. Increasing the ratio of undegradable to degradable dietary protein by feeding animal by-product proteins or heated soybeans enhanced lactation performance. (Key words: lactation, soybean, animal protein, undegradability)
Twelve multiparous Holstein cows averaged 10 wk postpartum and were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design to compare two feeding strategies for increasing the ratio of dietary undegradable to degradable protein. Treatments were raw soybeans, with or without meat and bone meal plus blood meal, and roasted soybeans as the primary protein supplements. Meat and bone meal and blood meal were fed at 4.0 and .9% of dietary DM, respectively. Basal diets were 30% alfalfa silage, 18% corn silage, and 52% corn-based concentrate mix. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Estimated undegradable protein contents, as a percentage of total CP, were 32.2, 36.2, and 34.3 for diets containing raw soybeans, raw soybeans plus animal by-product proteins, and roasted soybeans, respectively. The undegradable protein estimates were calculated from NRC values for basal feeds and from results of in vitro analysis of test protein supplements. Yields of milk and 3.5% FCM of cows receiving raw soybeans plus animal by-product proteins (45.5 and 43.4 kg/d) and roasted soybeans (44.7 and 42.7 kg/ d) were greater than those of cows receiving raw soybeans alone (43.2 and
Abbreviation key: ABP = animal by-product proteins, RSB = roasted soybeans, RUP = ruminally undegradable protein, S8 = raw soybeans, S8M = soybean meal. INTRODUCTION
Received April 30, 1993, Accepted January 18, 1994, I Reprint requests: 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI.
1994 J Dairy Sci 77:1354-1359
Whole soybeans commonly are fed to lactating dairy cows because they are rich in protein and fat. The protein is highly degradable in the rumen; therefore, heat treatment often is applied to increase the ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) content (5). Roasted soybeans (RSB) fed to dairy cows may increase RUP and energy intakes and improve lactation performance (5, 7), particularly if the basal diet contains significant amounts of alfalfa and is low in RUP (19). Variability of heat-processed soybeans, costs associated with heat treatment of soybeans, or a combination has led some producers to feed raw soybeans (S8) in combination with other protein supplements that are higher in RUP. Animal by-product proteins (ABP), such as
1354
1355
ROASTED SOYBEANS VERSUS ANIMAL PROTEINS
fish meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal, and blood meal, are high in protein and RUP. The AA profiles vary among ABP; for example, Lys and Met are abundant in fish meal and relatively low in feather meal. The ABP that contain bone may be high in Ca and P; therefore, their use may reduce the need for other supplemental sources of Ca and P and reduce cost of the diet. Information regarding the feeding value of ABP for lactating dairy cows is limited, especially for meat and bone meal and blood meal. In most trials, these supplements were fed in conjunction with other ABP, such as fish meal or feather meal. Cows fed diets containing 50% of the protein from feather meal or a 1: 1 (wt/wt) mix of feather meal and blood meal had greater protein flow to the intestine than cows fed equal amounts of protein from soybean meal (SBM) or blood meal alone (20); milk yield was not reported. Commercial blends of dietary meat and bone meal, meat meal, poultry by-product meal, blood meal, and feather meal did not enhance lactation performance of primiparous cows (10); ingredient composition of the blends was not reported. An ABP blend containing blood meal, feather meal, and meat and bone meal fed in place of SBM did not enhance lactation performance of multiparous cows during the first 100 DIM (4). Replacement of SBM with blood meal did not affect DMI or milk yield of lactating dairy cows (12). Increasing dietary RUP by addition of meat and bone meal increased milk yield by dairy cows (2), but not by goats (8). The objective of this experiment was to compare lactation performance of cows fed diets containing SB, SB plus a mixture of ABP (meat and bone meal and ring-dried blood meal) (SB + ABP) or RSB. To avoid reductions in feed intake, meat and bone meal was limited to 4% of ration DM. Consequently, blood meal was included in the diet to provide amounts of RUP similar to that provided by the diet containing RSB. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twelve multiparous Holstein cows averaging 695 kg of BW were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design. Each period was 28 d; the first 21 d were for adaptation to diets.
TABLE 1. Ingredient and chemical composition of diets. l SB Alfalfa silage Corn silage Ground corn Soybean meal. 44% CP SB RSB Blood meal Meat and bone meal Urea Tallow Trace-mineralized salt Vitamin premix 2 Calcium sulfate Dicalcium phosphate Limestone Magnesium oxide CPo % Undegradable protein. 3 % of CP NEL. 4 Mcal/kg
OM. % NDF, % Fatty acid. S %
SB + ABP
RSB
- - OM Basis ( % ) - 30.0 30.0 30.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 32.3 36.5 35.7 6.1 10.5
3.5 9.5 9.0 .9 4.0
.4 .5
.6 .6 .5 .1 .3
.5 .I .3
1.0 .6 .2 17.9
.2 18.0
1.0 .5 .2 18.4
32.2 1.70 92.5 27.5 4.8
36.2 1.70 92.4 28.9 4.3
34.3 1.71 92.4 27.8 4.4
.I .3
ISB =Raw soybeans. SB + ABP =SB plus animal byproduct proteins, RSB = roasted soybeans. 2Vitamin premix provided 2643 IV of vitamin A. 881 IV of vitamin D. and 3.5 IU of vitamin EJkg of dietary OM. 3Undegradable protein values for SB. RSB. meat and bone meal. and blood meal were determined in vitro (3); values for other feeds were from NRC (11) except alfalfa silage. which was estimated to contain 25% of total CP as undegradable protein (15). 4Calculated from NRC (11) values. sC14:0 to C18:3'
Cows averaged 10 wk postpartum (3 to 18 wk) at the start of the trial. Cows were blocked by square according to calving date and milk yield. Basal diets consisted of 30% alfalfa silage. 18% corn silage, and 52% corn-based concentrate mix (OM basis; Table 1). Treatments were SB, SB + ABP, and RSB as the primary protein supplements. Diets were formulated to be 18% CP and isocaloric; SB was formulated to contain 32% of CP as RUP, and SB + ABP and RSB diets were formulated to contain 36% of CP as RUP. Diets were fed for ad libitum intake as a TMR twice daily. SoyJournal of Dairy Science Vol. 77. No.5. 1994
1356
GRUMMER ET AL.
beans (Vita Plus Corp., Madison, WI) were roasted in a Roast-A-Matic® roaster (Roast-AMatic®, Lebanon, PA) to an exit temperature of 149·C, steeped for approximately 30 min, and rolled to break the SB into halves and quarters. The SB and RSB were rolled for consistent particle size. Feed offered and orts were measured daily. Orts were sampled and composited on an individual cow basis on d 27 to 28 of each period. Forages were sampled weekly for determination of DM, and as-fed forage: concentrate ratios were adjusted accordingly. Concentrate mixes were sampled from each new batch mixed at the feed mill. Samples of concentrate, forage, and orts were dried for 48 h at 60·C in a forced-air oven and ground through a 2-mm screen in a Wiley mill (Arthur H. Thomas, Philadelphia, PA), and duplicate samples were analyzed for absolute DM (1), OM (1), CP (1), NDF (6), and C 14:0 to C18:3 fatty acids (16). Fatty acids were determined by GLC (Perkin-Elmer Autosystem, Norwalk. using GP 10% SP-2330 Chromasorb W AW column packing (Supelco, Inc.. Bellefonte, PA). Protein supplements were ground through a 40-/Lm screen in a Wiley intermediate mill (Arthur H. Thomas), and RUP content was determined in vitro (3). The RUP content of other feeds was from NRC (11) except except alfalfa silage. Alfalfa silage fed in this trial averaged 20.8% CP and 54.9% DM and was estimated to contain 25% of total CP as RUP for diet formulation (15). Milk yield was recorded daily. Milk samples from a.m. and p.m. milkings were taken on d 25 to 28 for component analysis by infrared procedures (Wisconsin DHI Laboratory, Appleton). Body weight was measured twice weekly throughout the trial. Data were examined by ANOVA using the general linear models procedure of SAS (13). The statistical model employed was
en
Yijkm
= /L
+ Si + Cj(S)j + Pk + Om X O}jm + (S X P)ik + (P X Db + Ejjkm
+ (S
where Y = the dependent variable, /L = the overall mean of the population, Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 77, No.5, 1994
S'1 CjCS)j
(S (S
X
Pk Dm D}jm
X P~
(P x D~m
Eijkm
= the average effect of square i, = the average effect of cow j nested within square i, = the average effect of period k, = the average effect of diet m, = the interaction of square i and diet m, = the interaction of square i and period k, = the interaction of period k and diet m, and = the unexplained residual error assumed to be normally and independently distributed.
Average effect of square was tested using cow(square) as the error term. All other terms were tested using the residual mean square. Terms of the model not significant at P > .15 were removed from the model and pooled with the residual term. Orthogonal contrasts were SB + ABP plus RSB versus SB to test for differences between high and low RUP diets and SB + APB versus RSB to test for differences between the two high RUP diets. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The OMI and OM intake were similar among treatments (Table 2). Cows were introduced abruptly to ABP, and average daily
TABLE 2. Intake of selected nutrients. Diets! SB
SB + ABP
27.5 25.5 7.34 4.95 1.59 1.33
RSB
SE
27.4 25.3 7.73 5.01
27.5 25.4 7.43 5.09
.4 .3 .10 .07
1.81 1.21
1.74 1.22
.03 .03
(kg/d) DM OM NDF2 CP Undegradable protein 3 Fatty acids 4
=
=
ISB Raw soybeans. SB + ABP SB plus animal byproduct proteins. RSB = roasted soybeans. 2SB versus SB + ABP plus RSB and SB + ABP versus RSB (P < .05). 3SB versus SB + ABP + RSB (P < .0001).
4C 14 :O to CIS:3; SB versus SB + ABP plus RSB .01).
(P
<
ROASTED SOYBEANS YERSUS ANIMAL PROTEINS
1357
DMI of cows receiving SB + ABP during wk 1 TABLE 3. Characteristics of protein supplements. l to 4 of each period were, respectively, 27.3, Undegradable protein 27.7, 27.8, and 27.4 kg/d. These data indicate Percentage Degradation that diets containing 4% meat and bone meal of CP rate Supplements CP and .9% blood meal as part of a TMR were (%/h) (%) readily accepted. Inclusion of blood meal at 18.2 40.1 25 3.2% of dietary DM in transition diets did not Raw soybeans 40.4 48 6.5 affect DMI by cows during the last 3 wk of Roasted soybeans 8.1 Meat and bone meal 50.8 42 gestation (18). The DMI of lactating cows was Blood meal 99.2 88 .9 not reduced when blood meal was substituted lYalues are an average from analysis of triplicate for SBM at 2.5% of ration DM (12). Blood samples. meal or a blood meal and feather meal mix (1: 1, wt!wt) did not depress OM intake when fed as 9.7% of ration DM to mid to late lactation cows (20). Effects on DMI were variable when meat and bone meal and blood meal were fed 36% of total CPo Prior to determination of as part of a protein blend containing other by- RUP in vitro, SB were ground to a particle product protein sources (4, 9, 10). Intake of size considerably smaller than that consumed NDF was greater for cows fed diets high in by the cow. Grinding increases surface area RUP (P < .05); however, this difference available for microbial digestion in the rumen. primarily was accounted for by cows receiving Therefore, this procedure may underestimate SB + ABP. Diets were formulated to be simi- RUP in vivo, particularly for supplements that lar in NDF, with the assumption that ABP did are rich in RUP and fed as relatively large not contain NDF. The NDF analysis yielded a particles. The RUP content of SB fed to lactatresidue following neutral detergent extraction ing dairy cows decreased linearly when partiof meat and bone meal. The NDF content of cle size was reduced by cracking or grinding SB + ABP grain, 14.9%, was greater than that (17). The RUP content (as a percentage of CP) of SB, 12.1%, or RSB, 12.6%, grain mixtures; of SB, 25%, meat and bone meal, 42%, and therefore, the greater NDF intake of cows blood meal, 88%, were similar to those listed receiving SB + ABP probably was an artifact. by the NRC (11) (26, 49, and 82%, respectiveCows receiving SB + ABP and RSB consumed ly). The reason for the high CP for blood meal more RUP than those receiving SB (P < relative to the NRC value (11) is unknown. .0001). The RUP intake did not differ signifiYields of milk and 3.5% FCM were incantly (P > .15) among cows consuming SB + creased by diets high in RUP (P < .05), but no ABP and RSB, even though the RUP content of SB + ABP was slightly higher than that of RSB (Table 1). Intake of C14:0 to C18:3 fatty acids was slightly greater for cows receiving SB than for those receiving diets high in RUP TABLE 4. Milk yield and composition and BW change. (P < .01). Forages were the same for each diet, Diets l and C14:0 to C18:3 fatty acid contents for SB, SB + 6.51%, SB + ABP, 6.64%, and RSB, 7.49%, RSB SE ABP SB concentrate mixtures did not reflect the treat45.5 44.7 .4 43.2 ment differences in fatty acid intake. Differ- Milk,2 kg/d 42.7 3.5% FCM,2 kg/d 43.4 .4 41.3 ences probably were due to sorting of feed- Fat. % 3.21 3.23 .02 3.22 stuffs because orts from cows consuming SB Protein. % 2.95 .01 2.94 2.94 1.44 .02 1.46 1.40 had a lower fatty acid content than the diet Fat,3 kg/d 1.32 .02 Protein, 3 kg/d 1.27 1.33 offered. 10.2 5.6 BW Change, kg/28 d 6.3 5.4 The RUP content of the RSB determined in vitro was 48% of total CP (Table 3), which 'SB = Raw soybeans, SB + ABP = SB plus animal bywas lower than the expected 55 to 60% (5). product proteins, RSB = roasted soybeans. 2SB versus SB + ABP plus RSB (P < .01). This difference explained why the RUP con3SB versus SB + ABP plus RSB (P < .05). tent of the RSB diet was below the targeted Journal of Dairy Science Yol. 77, No.5. 1994
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GRUMMER ET AL.
significant difference occurred between SB + ABP and RSB (P> .15; Table 4). Interestingly, cows on this trial did not lose BW (Table 4); nutrient intake was sufficient to support maintenance and high milk yields. Satter et al. (14) presented a summary of nine trials in which heated soybeans (excluding extruded soybeans) were compared with SB. Average responses for milk and FCM were 1.4 and 1.2 kg/d, respectively, which is similar to that in our study. Very few lactation trials have evaluated the dietary value of meat and bone meal, blood meal, or blends of the two. In most previous trials (8, 9, 12), milk yield was not influenced by supplementation with meat and bone meal or blood meal. Milk yield was increased from 27.8 to 29.0 kg/d when a portion of the SBM was replaced by meat and bone meal (12); yield of SCM was not changed by a depression in milk fat percentage. Conditions that may have favored a response in our trial include the high milk yields and the relatively low RUP content of the SB diet. Further research is needed to determine whether a response can be obtained when a meat and bone meal and blood meal blend is supplemented to basal diets that are closer to recommendations of the NRC (11) for RUP. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous; therefore, when RUP content of the diet was increased, degradable protein content was decreased. Therefore, whether the yield responses in this trial were due to the provision of additional AA to the small intestine for absorption and utilization or from reducing energy requirements for detoxification of NH3 produced in the rumen is not known. Milk protein and fat concentrations were similar among treatments (P > .15). Average response in milk fat and protein when heattreated soybeans (excluding extruded soybeans) were substituted for SB was -.03 and -.05 percentage units (14). Partial replacement of SBM with meat and bone meal decreased milk fat percentage from 3.57 to 3.35 (2), and partial replacement of SBM with blood meal decreased milk fat percentage from 3.95 to 3.79 (12). Reasons for milk fat depression in these studies (2, 12) are not obvious. Meat and bone meal may include 10% ether extract; however, percentage of inclusion was not reported by Bernard and Kelly (2). Our results do not support meat and bone meal and blood Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 77, No.5, 1994
meal as ABP supplements that cause milk fat depression. CONCLUSIONS
Increasing the ratio of RUP to degraded protein by feeding 4% meat and bone meal and .9% blood meal with SB or RSB was equally effective for enhancing lactation performance. Feed intake was not influenced by inclusion of ABP in a TMR. Utilization of ABP may be a suitable alternative feeding strategy to RSB for increasing dietary RUP. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors appreciate the assistance of Tom Syverud and the farm crew at the Ashland Agricultural Experiment Station for their help in the completion of this experiment. The project was funded partially by the Fats and Proteins Research Foundation (Ft. Meyers Beach, FL) and Vita Plus Corp. (Madison, WI). The ABP was donated by Max Co., Inc. (Green Bay, WI). REFERENCES
I Association of Official Analytical Chemists International. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA. 2 Bernard, J. K., and F. M. Kelly. 1990. Influence of cottonseed meal or meat and bone meal additions to diets containing wheat middling fed to lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):170.(Abstr.) 3 Broderick, G. A. 1987. Determination of protein degradation rates using a rumen in vitro system containing inhibitors of microbial nitrogen metabolism. Br. 1. Nutr. 58:463. 4 England, M. L., D. K. Combs, and R. D. Shaver. 1991. Animal protein byproducts and level of undegraded intake protein in diets for early lactation dairy cows. 1. Dairy Sci. 74(Suppl. l):215.(Abstr.) 5 Faldet, M. A., V. L. Voss, G. A. Broderick, and L. D. Satter. 1991. Chemical, in vitro, and in situ evaluation of heat-treated soybean proteins. 1. Dairy Sci. 74: 2548. 6 Grant, R. 1., and D. R. Mertens. 1992. Impact of in vitro fermentation techniques upon kinetics of fiber digestion. 1. Dairy Sci. 75:1263. 7 Knapp, D. M., R. R. Grommer, and M. R. Dentine. 1991. The response of lactating dairy cows to increasing levels of whole roasted soybeans. 1. Dairy Sci. 74: 2563. 8 Lu, C. D., M. J. Potchoiba, T. Sahlu, and J. R. Kawas. 1990. Performance of dairy goats fed soybean meal or meat and bone meal with or without urea during early lactation. 1. Dairy Sci. 73:726. 9 Mansfield, H. R., M. D. Stem, and D. E. Otterby.
ROASTED SOYBEANS VERSUS ANIMAL PROTEINS 1990. Performance of lactating dairy cows fed animal by-products and beet pulp. J. Dairy Sci. 73(Suppl. I): 171.(Abstr.) 10 Mantysaari, P. E., C. J. Sniffen, T. V. Muscato. J. M. Lynch. and D. M. Barbano. 1989. Performance of cows in early lactation fed isonitrogenous diets containing soybean meal or animal byproduct meals. J. Dairy Sci. 72:2958. II National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 6th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. 12 Sandrucci, A., G. M. Crovetto, L. Rapetti, and A. Tamburini. 1992. Effect of blood meal in dairy cow diet on milk yield and composition. J. Dairy Sci. 75(Suppl. 1):281.(Abstr.) 13 SAS
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15 Shaver. R. D. 1989. Role of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) as an indicator of dietary protein status: relationship to reproductive performance. Page 15 in Vet. Nutr. Symp., Univ. Wisconsin, Madison. 16 Sukhija, P. S., and D. L. Palmquist. 1988. Rapid method for determination of total fatty acid content and composition of feedstuffs and feces. J. Agric. Food Chern. 36:1202. 17 Tice, E. M.• M. L. Eastridge, and J. L. Firkins. 1993. Raw soybeans and roasted soybeans of different particle sizes. 1. Digestibility and utilization by lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:224. 18 Van Saun. R. J., S. C. Idleman, and C. J. Sniffen. 1993. Effect of undegradable protein amount fed prepartum on postpartum production in ftrst lactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:236. 19 Voss, V. L., D. Stehr, L. D. Satter, and G. A. Broderick. 1988. Feeding lactating dairy cows proteins resistant to ruminal degradation. J. Dairy Sci. 71 :2428. 20 Waltz. D. M.• M. D. Stern, and D. J. IIlg. 1989. Effect of ruminal protein degradation of blood meal and feather meal on the intestinal amino acid supply to lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 72: 1509.
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