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Lasalocid1 in Prevention of Turkey Coccidiosis
ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH Lasalocid1 in Prevention of Turkey Coccidiosis M. MITROVIC, E. G. SCHILDKNECHT, and W. L. MARUSICH Animal Health Research Department, Hoffmann-LaRoche Nutley, New Jersey 07110
Inc.,
(Received for publication October 2, 1978)
1979 Poultry Science 58:1154-1159 INTRODUCTION
The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid (Berger et al, 1951; Westley et al, 1970), against pathogenic species of Eimeria in chicks, was first reported by Mitrovic and Schildknecht (1973, 1974), Mitrovic (1974), Edgar and Flanagan (1974) and Taylor et al. (1974). Resistance studies, comparative efficacy, and its compatibility with growth promotants were discussed by Mitrovic and Schildknecht (1975a,b). Lasalocid efficacy in presence of moderate and severe coccidiosis exposure, was reported by Reid et al. (1975). Mitrovic et al. (1977) reported on enhanced reduction in gross lesions and oocyst production when lasalocid and monensin were used in combination with roxarsone against E. tenella field isolates. Activity of lasalocid against recent field isolates was reported by Mitrovic and Schildknecht (1976). Since these reports demonstrate lasalocid's ability to prevent coccidiosis when fed to chicks, studies were undertaken to evaluate its anticoccidial efficacy in turkey poults under controlled laboratory conditions in battery trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Efficacy-Experimental Broad Breasted White
Design. Day-old (BBW) t u r k e y p o u l t s
1 Avatec® is the Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc. trademark for lasalocid sodium anticoccidial.
from a commercial hatchery were kept in wire floored, electrically heated battery brooders in isolation rooms until two weeks of age. At that time, they were evenly distributed by sex and body weight and placed on test. Ten birds were used per group, and all trials were repeated four times. The tests were conducted in identical rooms and batteries under uniform temperature and light conditions. Cultures and Infections. The coccidial cultures used in our studies were either laboratory strains or the field isolates. All cultures, properly identified, were checked for purity and virulence prior to use. The number of sporulated oocysts varied according to coccidial species. For single species infections, from 50,000 to 500,000 oocysts of Eimeria gallopavonis, E. meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, and E. dispersa were used per bird. For mixed species infection, 150,000 oocysts were used per bird, each species being represented by 50,000 oocysts. Field isolates composed of mixed species of coccidia were given in amounts of 150,000 to 300,000 oocysts per bird. The sporulated oocysts were suspended in 1.0 ml of sterile distilled water and delivered by intubation into the turkey crop. Medication. Purina turkey starter mash, a. complete feed formula free of drugs, was used as the basal ration. The medicated feed was prepared by adding to the basal ration the desired concentration of drugs, specifically .0050 to .0150% of lasalocid sodium, as active drug in feed. Each drug concentration was thoroughly
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ABSTRACT Lasalocid was tested at graded feed concentrations in controlled battery experiments against single and mixed Eimeria species infections in 2-week-old turkey poults. Eimeria meleagritnitis, E. gallopavonis, E. adenoeides, and E. dispersa infected poults medicated with lasalocid at concentrations of .015, .0125, .01, .0075, and .005% were heavier, converted feed more efficiently, showed lower lesion scores (ADD, shed fewer oocysts, and showed reduced or no mortality as compared to the infected, unmedicated controls. Lasalocid activity was similar against the few field isolates tested. Lasalocid responses were dose related, the higher the concentration, the greater the effect. The optimum dose level in these battery studies was aporoximately .0125%. Lasalocid fed at two times the optimum dose level to poults for a four week period did not have any adverse effect on growth or feed conversion performance.
LASALOCID IN TURKEY COCCIDIOSIS
Safety and Palatability Studies. Day old BBW turkey poults were distributed into 10 uniform groups of 10 each (5 females and 5 males) based on body weight. Lasalocid added to the commercial turkey starter mash, was fed at 0, .0225, .0375, .05625, and .075% for four weeks with each treatment duplicated. These
lasalocid concentrations are many fold above the projected prophylactic use level. The birds were weighed individually at two and four weeks with feed intake recorded throughout.
RESULTS E. gallopavonis. The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid is shown in Table 1. The data show that all concentrations of lasalocid were effective in preventing and/or reducing mortality and gross lesions (ADI), allowing for good weight gains and feed conversions. Lasalocid medicated poults performed significantly better, relative to the four main parameters (P<.01) compared to the infected, unmedicated controls (IUC). Lasalocid medicated birds shed fewer oocysts than the IUC. Monensin medicated birds did well and significantly better than IUC. E. meleagrimitis. The efficacy data are shown in Table 2. Except for weight gain at the .0075% (P<.05), and .0050% levels, all of the parameters for lasalocid medicated birds, weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, and ADI, were significantly superior (P<.01), to those of the IUC. Lasalocid at all concentrations reduced the oocyst shedding. Monensin was significantly better than IUC and comparable to lasalocid. E. adenoeides. The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid is shown in Table 3. Except for feed conversion at .005% (P<.05), turkeys medi-
TABLE 1. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against Eimeria gallopavonis in 2-week-old turkey poults1
Group
Concentration in feed
Weight gain
Feed 2 conversion
Mortality
(%)
ADI
100 a 68 97a 96 a 93a 94a 86 a 99a
1.56a 2.44 1.73 a 1.72 a 1.73 a 1.73 a 1.97a 1.84a
0a 50 0a 0a 0a 7.5 a 12.5 a 15 a
0a 3.1 0a 0a .6 a .8 a 1.2a 1.2a
Oocyst output per bird X 10 6
- <%) UUC IUC Lasalocid
Monensin
0 0 .0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050 .0080
0 13.9 .5 1.4 1.3 3.1 3.6 1.8
Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; 50,000 sporulated oocyts per bird. Average 4 X 1 0 poults per group; oocyst output determined at the end of the test or 7 days postinfection; UUC = uninfected, unmedicated controls; IUC = infected, unmedicated controls; ADI = average degree of infection. Medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC. Feed conversion = feed consumed/weight gain. a (P<.01).
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mixed into the mash just prior to use to provide a uniform blend. In all instances the medicated feed was fed two days before infection and for a total of nine consecutive days. Monensin at .008% was used as a positive control, Anderson et al. (1976) and McDougald (1976). Parameters of Activity. At the termination of the trials, the surviving birds were sacrificed, autopsied, and scored for gross lesions. All birds that died during the experiments were necropsied. The readings obtained were recorded as average degree of infection (ADI) according to the following scoring system: 0 = normal; 1 = slight; 2 = moderate; 3 = severe; and 4 = dead. Fecal oocyst output was determined over a 24 hr period and expressed as average number of oocysts per bird. In addition, bird group weight, daily feed intake, feed conversion, and mortality records were kept. The parameters of activity were based upon mortality, weight gain, feed conversion, lesion score (ADI), and oocyst count of the medicated-infected vs. the unmedicated-uninfected controls (UUC) and the infected-unmedicated controls (IUC). The biological data reported were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance followed by t-test.
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MITROVIC ET AL. TABLE 2. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against Eimeria meleagrimith in 2-week-old turkey poults1
Group
Concentration in feed
Weight gain
Feed conversion
Mortality
(%)
ADI
100 a 78 97a 95a 93a 90b 81 89b
1.59a 2.77 1.68a 1.70a 1.74a 1.74a 2.28 a 1.76a
0a 85 0a 0a 0a 0a 20 a 0a
0a 3.6 .2 a .2 a .6 a .8 a 1.4a .5a
Oocyst output per bird X 10 6
- (%) UUC IUC Lasalocid
0 0
Monensin
Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; 50,000 sporulated oocysts per bird. Average 4 X 10 poults per group; medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC. a (P<-01). b (P<.05).
cated with all concentrations of lasalocid had weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, and ADI significantly greater (P<.01) than IUC. Lasalocid reduced the oocyst output at all concentrations tested. Monensin at .008% was significantly superior to IUC and similar to lasalocid. E. dispersa. The efficacy data are shown in Table 4. Except for feed conversion at .0075% (P<.05), and .0050% lasalocid, efficacy parameters for all concentrations were significantly better (P<.01) than those of the IUC. Reduced oocyst output was noted at all concentrations.
Monensin was superior to IUC and similar to lasalocid. Mixed Infection. The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against mixed infection, E. meleagrimitis, E. gallopavonis, and E. adenoeides, is shown in Table 5. Except for weight gain at .005% (P<.05), all concentrations of lasalocid had significantly superior parameters (P<.01) than IUC. All levels of lasalocid reduced the oocyst output. Monensin was significantly superior to IUC and it was similar in activity to lasalocid.
TABLE 3. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against Eimeria adenoeides in 2^week-old turkey poults1
Group
Concentration in feed •
UUC IUC Lasalocid
Monensin
0 0 .0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050 .0080
(%)
Weight gain
Feed conversion
100 a 78 92a 101 a 95a 92a 91a 100 a
1.54a 2.19 1.85 a 1.78 a 1.83 a 1.83 a 2.02 b 1.84a
Mortality
(%)
ADI
Oocyst output per bird X 10«
-
0a 23 0a 0a 0a 0a 3a 0a
0a 2.2 0a 0a .2 a .4 a 1.0* .la
0 4.1 .4 .8 .4 .7 1.4 .9
1 Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; 100,000 sporulated oocysts per bird. Average 4X10 poults per group; medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC. a (P<-01). b (P<.05).
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.0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050 .0080
0 5.4 .6 .6 .9 1.2 1.8 .9
LASALOCID IN TURKEY COCCIDIOSIS
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TABLE 4. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against Eimeria dispersa in 2^week-old turkey poults1
Group
Concentration in feed •
UUC IUC Lasalocid
(%)
0 0 .0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050 .0080
Monensin
Weight gain
Feed conversion
Mortality
(%)
ADI
100 a 86 99a 100 a 99a 101 a 94a 102 a
1.47 a 1.72 1.61 a 1.58a 1.59a 1.64b 1.69 1.60a
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0a 1.5 0a 0a 0a .la .4 a .la
Oocyst output per bird X 10 6
"
0 3.2 .4 .5 .8 .7 1.0 .2
a b
(P<.01). (P<.05).
Field Isolates. The anticoccidial efficacy of lasalocid against field isolates is shown in Table 6. All of the field isolates tested were mixed cultures composed of two or three Eimeria species. Lasalocid medicated birds, at all concentrations tested, exhibited a high degree of activity as shown by the weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, and ADI parameters which were significantly superior (P<.01) to IUC. Safety and Palatability. The results are
summarized in Table 7. Lasalocid fed to poults at .0225%, approximately two times the optimum dose level, was tolerated with minimal changes in performance. The .0375, .05625, and .075% levels significantly depressed the growth performance of the poults (P<.05, .01, and .01, respectively). The highest level, .075%, adversely affected feed conversion (P<.05). Mortality was minimal and did not appear to be drug related.
TABLE 5. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against Eimeria mixed infection in 2^week-old turkey poults1
Group
Concentration in feed
Weight gain
Feed conversion
Mortality
(%)
ADI
100 a 82 98a 99a 102 a 99a 91b 97a
1.60a 2.86 1.72 a 1.69 a 1.68 a 1.71* 1.89 a 1.73 a
0a 83 0a 0a 0a 0a 12.5 a 0a
0a 3.4 0a .03 a .la .2 a l.la .2 a
Oocyst output per bird X 10 6
- (%) UUC IUC Lasalocid
Monensin
0 0 .0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050 .0080
0 6.4 .9 .8 .9 1.1 2.1 1.3
' Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. gallopavonis and E. adenoeides, 50,000 sporulated oocysts of each species per bird. Average 4 X 10 poults per group. Medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC. a
(P<-01).
b
(P<.05).
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Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; 500,000 sporulated oocysts per bird. Average 4 X 1 0 poults per group; medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC.
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MITROVIC ET AL. TABLE 6. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against four Eimeria species field isolates in 2-week-old turkey poults1
Concentration in feed, (%)
No. of isolates tested
Weight gain, (%)
Feed conversion
Mortality
(%)
ADI
UUC, 0 IUC, 0 Lasalocid,
4 4 1 1 4 4 4
100* 65 102 a 97a 99a 99a 92*
1.52a 2.25 1.68 a 1.70* 1.56a 1.58a 1.68a
0a 44 0a 0a 0a .6 a 3.8 a
0a 2.5 0a 0a .01 a .la .5 a
.0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050
a
(P<-01).
TABLE 7. Growth, feed conversion, mortality, and drug intake of turkeys fed graded levels of lasalocid1 Lasalocid intake Lasalocid in feed
Gain (g)
Gain
(%)
(%)
Feed conversion
Feed conversion
0 .0225 .0375 .05625 .0750
675 642 626» 584° 43 8 b
100 95 93 87 65
1.46 1.55 1.62 1.52 1.66a
±0 5.8 9.4 3.9 12.0
[
Mortality
Total (mg)
Average daily (mg) mg/kg BW
0 0 5 15 0
0 225 379 501 547
0 8.0 13.6 17.9 19.5
(%) -
0 21.2 36.5 51.2 70.5
Summary of 0 to 4 week data; average 2 X 1 0 turkeys per group. Medicated groups performed significantly different than control. a
(P<05).
b
(P<.01).
DISCUSSION
The experimental data presented show lasalocid to be highly effective in control of experimentally induced single and mixed Eimeria species infections in 2-week-old turkey poults. Lasalocid (.0075, .01, .0125, and .015%) medicated birds performed significantly better than the IUC relative to weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, and ADI. All concentrations of lasalocid reduced the oocyst shedding. While there were no significant differences among the various levels of lasalocid the .0075% and higher levels showed numerically superior parameters of activity. Monensin (.008%) medicated poults performed significantly better than
the IUC. Lasalocid fed at two times the optimum dose level to poults for a four week period was tolerated with only minor reduction in performance. Thus, lasalocid promises to be an effective agent in control of turkey coccidiosis. REFERENCES Anderson, W. I., W. M. Reid, and L. R. McDougald, 1976. Efficacy of monensin against turkey coccidiosis in laboratory and floor-pen experiments. Avian Dis. 20:387-394. Berger, J., A. I. Rachlin, W. E. Scott, L. H. Sternbach, and M. W. Goldberg, 1951. The isolation of three new crystalline antibiotics from Streptomyces. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 73:5295-5298.
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Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; 150,000 to 300,000 sporulated oocysts per bird of mixed culture; two field isolates contained mixed population of E. meleagrimitis and E. gallopavonis-, the other two contained in addition E. adenoeides; average 4 X 10 poults per group; medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC.
LASALOCID IN TURKEY COCCIDIOSIS
lasalocid in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 54:757— 761. Mitrovic, M., and E. G. Schildknecht, 1976. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid and other anticoccidials against recent field isolates in chicks. Poultry Sci. 55:2068. Mitrovic, M., E. G. Schildknecht, and C. Trainor, 1977. Effects of lasalocid and monensin in combination with roxarsone on lesion reduction and oocyst suppression in chicks infected with Eimeria tenella field isolates. Poultry Sci. 56:979-984. Reid, W. M., J. Johnson, and J. Dick, 1975. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid in control of moderate and severe coccidiosis. Avian Dis. 19:12—18. Taylor, W. M., H. G. Eisenbeis, L. J. Hanson, W. L. Marusich, and E. G. Schildknecht, 1974. The safety and efficacy of the anticoccidial drug, lasalocid, in chickens. Poultry Sci. 53:1983. Westley, J. W., R. H. Evans, T. Williams, and A. Stempel, 1970. Structure of antibiotic X-537A. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. D:71—72.
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Edgar, S. A., and C. Flanagan, 1974. Efficacy of a new drug, lasalocid sodium, in the prevention of coccidiosis in chickens. Poultry Sci. 53:1637. McDougald, L. R., 1976. Anticoccidial action of monensin in turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 55:2442— 2447. Mitrovic, M., 1974. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid in chickens. Proc. 3rd. Int. Cong. Parasitol. 3: 1319-1320. Mitrovic, M., and E. G. Schildknecht, 1973. Anticoccidial activity of antibiotic X-537A in chicks. Poultry Sci. 52:2065. Mitrovic, M., and E. G. Schildknecht, 1974. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid (X-537A) in chicks. Poultry Sci. 53:1448-1455. Mitrovic, M-, and E. G. Schildknecht, 1975a. Lasalocid: Resistance and cross-resistance studies in Eimeria tenella-'mfected chicks. Poultry Sci. 54:750-756. Mitrovic, M., and E. G. Schildknecht, 1975b. Comparative anticoccidial activity and compatibility of
1159
Inc.,
(Received for publication October 2, 1978)
1979 Poultry Science 58:1154-1159 INTRODUCTION
The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid (Berger et al, 1951; Westley et al, 1970), against pathogenic species of Eimeria in chicks, was first reported by Mitrovic and Schildknecht (1973, 1974), Mitrovic (1974), Edgar and Flanagan (1974) and Taylor et al. (1974). Resistance studies, comparative efficacy, and its compatibility with growth promotants were discussed by Mitrovic and Schildknecht (1975a,b). Lasalocid efficacy in presence of moderate and severe coccidiosis exposure, was reported by Reid et al. (1975). Mitrovic et al. (1977) reported on enhanced reduction in gross lesions and oocyst production when lasalocid and monensin were used in combination with roxarsone against E. tenella field isolates. Activity of lasalocid against recent field isolates was reported by Mitrovic and Schildknecht (1976). Since these reports demonstrate lasalocid's ability to prevent coccidiosis when fed to chicks, studies were undertaken to evaluate its anticoccidial efficacy in turkey poults under controlled laboratory conditions in battery trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Efficacy-Experimental Broad Breasted White
Design. Day-old (BBW) t u r k e y p o u l t s
1 Avatec® is the Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc. trademark for lasalocid sodium anticoccidial.
from a commercial hatchery were kept in wire floored, electrically heated battery brooders in isolation rooms until two weeks of age. At that time, they were evenly distributed by sex and body weight and placed on test. Ten birds were used per group, and all trials were repeated four times. The tests were conducted in identical rooms and batteries under uniform temperature and light conditions. Cultures and Infections. The coccidial cultures used in our studies were either laboratory strains or the field isolates. All cultures, properly identified, were checked for purity and virulence prior to use. The number of sporulated oocysts varied according to coccidial species. For single species infections, from 50,000 to 500,000 oocysts of Eimeria gallopavonis, E. meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides, and E. dispersa were used per bird. For mixed species infection, 150,000 oocysts were used per bird, each species being represented by 50,000 oocysts. Field isolates composed of mixed species of coccidia were given in amounts of 150,000 to 300,000 oocysts per bird. The sporulated oocysts were suspended in 1.0 ml of sterile distilled water and delivered by intubation into the turkey crop. Medication. Purina turkey starter mash, a. complete feed formula free of drugs, was used as the basal ration. The medicated feed was prepared by adding to the basal ration the desired concentration of drugs, specifically .0050 to .0150% of lasalocid sodium, as active drug in feed. Each drug concentration was thoroughly
1154
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hong Kong on May 7, 2015
ABSTRACT Lasalocid was tested at graded feed concentrations in controlled battery experiments against single and mixed Eimeria species infections in 2-week-old turkey poults. Eimeria meleagritnitis, E. gallopavonis, E. adenoeides, and E. dispersa infected poults medicated with lasalocid at concentrations of .015, .0125, .01, .0075, and .005% were heavier, converted feed more efficiently, showed lower lesion scores (ADD, shed fewer oocysts, and showed reduced or no mortality as compared to the infected, unmedicated controls. Lasalocid activity was similar against the few field isolates tested. Lasalocid responses were dose related, the higher the concentration, the greater the effect. The optimum dose level in these battery studies was aporoximately .0125%. Lasalocid fed at two times the optimum dose level to poults for a four week period did not have any adverse effect on growth or feed conversion performance.
LASALOCID IN TURKEY COCCIDIOSIS
Safety and Palatability Studies. Day old BBW turkey poults were distributed into 10 uniform groups of 10 each (5 females and 5 males) based on body weight. Lasalocid added to the commercial turkey starter mash, was fed at 0, .0225, .0375, .05625, and .075% for four weeks with each treatment duplicated. These
lasalocid concentrations are many fold above the projected prophylactic use level. The birds were weighed individually at two and four weeks with feed intake recorded throughout.
RESULTS E. gallopavonis. The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid is shown in Table 1. The data show that all concentrations of lasalocid were effective in preventing and/or reducing mortality and gross lesions (ADI), allowing for good weight gains and feed conversions. Lasalocid medicated poults performed significantly better, relative to the four main parameters (P<.01) compared to the infected, unmedicated controls (IUC). Lasalocid medicated birds shed fewer oocysts than the IUC. Monensin medicated birds did well and significantly better than IUC. E. meleagrimitis. The efficacy data are shown in Table 2. Except for weight gain at the .0075% (P<.05), and .0050% levels, all of the parameters for lasalocid medicated birds, weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, and ADI, were significantly superior (P<.01), to those of the IUC. Lasalocid at all concentrations reduced the oocyst shedding. Monensin was significantly better than IUC and comparable to lasalocid. E. adenoeides. The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid is shown in Table 3. Except for feed conversion at .005% (P<.05), turkeys medi-
TABLE 1. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against Eimeria gallopavonis in 2-week-old turkey poults1
Group
Concentration in feed
Weight gain
Feed 2 conversion
Mortality
(%)
ADI
100 a 68 97a 96 a 93a 94a 86 a 99a
1.56a 2.44 1.73 a 1.72 a 1.73 a 1.73 a 1.97a 1.84a
0a 50 0a 0a 0a 7.5 a 12.5 a 15 a
0a 3.1 0a 0a .6 a .8 a 1.2a 1.2a
Oocyst output per bird X 10 6
- <%) UUC IUC Lasalocid
Monensin
0 0 .0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050 .0080
0 13.9 .5 1.4 1.3 3.1 3.6 1.8
Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; 50,000 sporulated oocyts per bird. Average 4 X 1 0 poults per group; oocyst output determined at the end of the test or 7 days postinfection; UUC = uninfected, unmedicated controls; IUC = infected, unmedicated controls; ADI = average degree of infection. Medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC. Feed conversion = feed consumed/weight gain. a (P<.01).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hong Kong on May 7, 2015
mixed into the mash just prior to use to provide a uniform blend. In all instances the medicated feed was fed two days before infection and for a total of nine consecutive days. Monensin at .008% was used as a positive control, Anderson et al. (1976) and McDougald (1976). Parameters of Activity. At the termination of the trials, the surviving birds were sacrificed, autopsied, and scored for gross lesions. All birds that died during the experiments were necropsied. The readings obtained were recorded as average degree of infection (ADI) according to the following scoring system: 0 = normal; 1 = slight; 2 = moderate; 3 = severe; and 4 = dead. Fecal oocyst output was determined over a 24 hr period and expressed as average number of oocysts per bird. In addition, bird group weight, daily feed intake, feed conversion, and mortality records were kept. The parameters of activity were based upon mortality, weight gain, feed conversion, lesion score (ADI), and oocyst count of the medicated-infected vs. the unmedicated-uninfected controls (UUC) and the infected-unmedicated controls (IUC). The biological data reported were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance followed by t-test.
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MITROVIC ET AL. TABLE 2. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against Eimeria meleagrimith in 2-week-old turkey poults1
Group
Concentration in feed
Weight gain
Feed conversion
Mortality
(%)
ADI
100 a 78 97a 95a 93a 90b 81 89b
1.59a 2.77 1.68a 1.70a 1.74a 1.74a 2.28 a 1.76a
0a 85 0a 0a 0a 0a 20 a 0a
0a 3.6 .2 a .2 a .6 a .8 a 1.4a .5a
Oocyst output per bird X 10 6
- (%) UUC IUC Lasalocid
0 0
Monensin
Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; 50,000 sporulated oocysts per bird. Average 4 X 10 poults per group; medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC. a (P<-01). b (P<.05).
cated with all concentrations of lasalocid had weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, and ADI significantly greater (P<.01) than IUC. Lasalocid reduced the oocyst output at all concentrations tested. Monensin at .008% was significantly superior to IUC and similar to lasalocid. E. dispersa. The efficacy data are shown in Table 4. Except for feed conversion at .0075% (P<.05), and .0050% lasalocid, efficacy parameters for all concentrations were significantly better (P<.01) than those of the IUC. Reduced oocyst output was noted at all concentrations.
Monensin was superior to IUC and similar to lasalocid. Mixed Infection. The anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against mixed infection, E. meleagrimitis, E. gallopavonis, and E. adenoeides, is shown in Table 5. Except for weight gain at .005% (P<.05), all concentrations of lasalocid had significantly superior parameters (P<.01) than IUC. All levels of lasalocid reduced the oocyst output. Monensin was significantly superior to IUC and it was similar in activity to lasalocid.
TABLE 3. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against Eimeria adenoeides in 2^week-old turkey poults1
Group
Concentration in feed •
UUC IUC Lasalocid
Monensin
0 0 .0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050 .0080
(%)
Weight gain
Feed conversion
100 a 78 92a 101 a 95a 92a 91a 100 a
1.54a 2.19 1.85 a 1.78 a 1.83 a 1.83 a 2.02 b 1.84a
Mortality
(%)
ADI
Oocyst output per bird X 10«
-
0a 23 0a 0a 0a 0a 3a 0a
0a 2.2 0a 0a .2 a .4 a 1.0* .la
0 4.1 .4 .8 .4 .7 1.4 .9
1 Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; 100,000 sporulated oocysts per bird. Average 4X10 poults per group; medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC. a (P<-01). b (P<.05).
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.0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050 .0080
0 5.4 .6 .6 .9 1.2 1.8 .9
LASALOCID IN TURKEY COCCIDIOSIS
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TABLE 4. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against Eimeria dispersa in 2^week-old turkey poults1
Group
Concentration in feed •
UUC IUC Lasalocid
(%)
0 0 .0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050 .0080
Monensin
Weight gain
Feed conversion
Mortality
(%)
ADI
100 a 86 99a 100 a 99a 101 a 94a 102 a
1.47 a 1.72 1.61 a 1.58a 1.59a 1.64b 1.69 1.60a
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0a 1.5 0a 0a 0a .la .4 a .la
Oocyst output per bird X 10 6
"
0 3.2 .4 .5 .8 .7 1.0 .2
a b
(P<.01). (P<.05).
Field Isolates. The anticoccidial efficacy of lasalocid against field isolates is shown in Table 6. All of the field isolates tested were mixed cultures composed of two or three Eimeria species. Lasalocid medicated birds, at all concentrations tested, exhibited a high degree of activity as shown by the weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, and ADI parameters which were significantly superior (P<.01) to IUC. Safety and Palatability. The results are
summarized in Table 7. Lasalocid fed to poults at .0225%, approximately two times the optimum dose level, was tolerated with minimal changes in performance. The .0375, .05625, and .075% levels significantly depressed the growth performance of the poults (P<.05, .01, and .01, respectively). The highest level, .075%, adversely affected feed conversion (P<.05). Mortality was minimal and did not appear to be drug related.
TABLE 5. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against Eimeria mixed infection in 2^week-old turkey poults1
Group
Concentration in feed
Weight gain
Feed conversion
Mortality
(%)
ADI
100 a 82 98a 99a 102 a 99a 91b 97a
1.60a 2.86 1.72 a 1.69 a 1.68 a 1.71* 1.89 a 1.73 a
0a 83 0a 0a 0a 0a 12.5 a 0a
0a 3.4 0a .03 a .la .2 a l.la .2 a
Oocyst output per bird X 10 6
- (%) UUC IUC Lasalocid
Monensin
0 0 .0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050 .0080
0 6.4 .9 .8 .9 1.1 2.1 1.3
' Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. gallopavonis and E. adenoeides, 50,000 sporulated oocysts of each species per bird. Average 4 X 10 poults per group. Medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC. a
(P<-01).
b
(P<.05).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Hong Kong on May 7, 2015
Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; 500,000 sporulated oocysts per bird. Average 4 X 1 0 poults per group; medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC.
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MITROVIC ET AL. TABLE 6. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid against four Eimeria species field isolates in 2-week-old turkey poults1
Concentration in feed, (%)
No. of isolates tested
Weight gain, (%)
Feed conversion
Mortality
(%)
ADI
UUC, 0 IUC, 0 Lasalocid,
4 4 1 1 4 4 4
100* 65 102 a 97a 99a 99a 92*
1.52a 2.25 1.68 a 1.70* 1.56a 1.58a 1.68a
0a 44 0a 0a 0a .6 a 3.8 a
0a 2.5 0a 0a .01 a .la .5 a
.0150 .0125 .0100 .0075 .0050
a
(P<-01).
TABLE 7. Growth, feed conversion, mortality, and drug intake of turkeys fed graded levels of lasalocid1 Lasalocid intake Lasalocid in feed
Gain (g)
Gain
(%)
(%)
Feed conversion
Feed conversion
0 .0225 .0375 .05625 .0750
675 642 626» 584° 43 8 b
100 95 93 87 65
1.46 1.55 1.62 1.52 1.66a
±0 5.8 9.4 3.9 12.0
[
Mortality
Total (mg)
Average daily (mg) mg/kg BW
0 0 5 15 0
0 225 379 501 547
0 8.0 13.6 17.9 19.5
(%) -
0 21.2 36.5 51.2 70.5
Summary of 0 to 4 week data; average 2 X 1 0 turkeys per group. Medicated groups performed significantly different than control. a
(P<05).
b
(P<.01).
DISCUSSION
The experimental data presented show lasalocid to be highly effective in control of experimentally induced single and mixed Eimeria species infections in 2-week-old turkey poults. Lasalocid (.0075, .01, .0125, and .015%) medicated birds performed significantly better than the IUC relative to weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, and ADI. All concentrations of lasalocid reduced the oocyst shedding. While there were no significant differences among the various levels of lasalocid the .0075% and higher levels showed numerically superior parameters of activity. Monensin (.008%) medicated poults performed significantly better than
the IUC. Lasalocid fed at two times the optimum dose level to poults for a four week period was tolerated with only minor reduction in performance. Thus, lasalocid promises to be an effective agent in control of turkey coccidiosis. REFERENCES Anderson, W. I., W. M. Reid, and L. R. McDougald, 1976. Efficacy of monensin against turkey coccidiosis in laboratory and floor-pen experiments. Avian Dis. 20:387-394. Berger, J., A. I. Rachlin, W. E. Scott, L. H. Sternbach, and M. W. Goldberg, 1951. The isolation of three new crystalline antibiotics from Streptomyces. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 73:5295-5298.
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Medicated 2 days before infection and for 9 consecutive days; 150,000 to 300,000 sporulated oocysts per bird of mixed culture; two field isolates contained mixed population of E. meleagrimitis and E. gallopavonis-, the other two contained in addition E. adenoeides; average 4 X 10 poults per group; medicated groups performed significantly better than IUC.
LASALOCID IN TURKEY COCCIDIOSIS
lasalocid in broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 54:757— 761. Mitrovic, M., and E. G. Schildknecht, 1976. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid and other anticoccidials against recent field isolates in chicks. Poultry Sci. 55:2068. Mitrovic, M., E. G. Schildknecht, and C. Trainor, 1977. Effects of lasalocid and monensin in combination with roxarsone on lesion reduction and oocyst suppression in chicks infected with Eimeria tenella field isolates. Poultry Sci. 56:979-984. Reid, W. M., J. Johnson, and J. Dick, 1975. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid in control of moderate and severe coccidiosis. Avian Dis. 19:12—18. Taylor, W. M., H. G. Eisenbeis, L. J. Hanson, W. L. Marusich, and E. G. Schildknecht, 1974. The safety and efficacy of the anticoccidial drug, lasalocid, in chickens. Poultry Sci. 53:1983. Westley, J. W., R. H. Evans, T. Williams, and A. Stempel, 1970. Structure of antibiotic X-537A. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. D:71—72.
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Edgar, S. A., and C. Flanagan, 1974. Efficacy of a new drug, lasalocid sodium, in the prevention of coccidiosis in chickens. Poultry Sci. 53:1637. McDougald, L. R., 1976. Anticoccidial action of monensin in turkey poults. Poultry Sci. 55:2442— 2447. Mitrovic, M., 1974. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid in chickens. Proc. 3rd. Int. Cong. Parasitol. 3: 1319-1320. Mitrovic, M., and E. G. Schildknecht, 1973. Anticoccidial activity of antibiotic X-537A in chicks. Poultry Sci. 52:2065. Mitrovic, M., and E. G. Schildknecht, 1974. Anticoccidial activity of lasalocid (X-537A) in chicks. Poultry Sci. 53:1448-1455. Mitrovic, M-, and E. G. Schildknecht, 1975a. Lasalocid: Resistance and cross-resistance studies in Eimeria tenella-'mfected chicks. Poultry Sci. 54:750-756. Mitrovic, M., and E. G. Schildknecht, 1975b. Comparative anticoccidial activity and compatibility of
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