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Late Effusive-constrictive Pericarditis after Lung Transplantation
CLINICAL COMMUNICATION TO THE EDITOR
Late Effusive-constrictive Pericarditis after Lung Transplantation To the Editor: A 65-year-old man with persistent atrial fibrillation and stage II chronic kidney disease presented with new onset of dyspnea on exertion, abdominal distention, and lowerextremity edema 4 years after bilateral sequential lung
Funding: None. Conflict of Interest: None. Authorship: All authors had access to the data and played a role in writing this manuscript. Requests for reprints should be addressed to Emil Missov, MD, PhD, Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455. E-mail address: [email protected]
transplantation. He had been maintained on a triple-drug immunosuppressive regimen of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. A panel of reactive antibodies, cytomegalovirus serology, computed tomographic (CT) pulmonary angiogram, and pulmonary function testing were unremarkable. Echocardiography demonstrated a pericardial effusion with early tamponade that required pericardiocentesis. Pericardial fluid analysis was negative. A followup echocardiogram 2 weeks later demonstrated normal left ventricular systolic function, thickening of the pericardium, and abnormal interventricular septal motion (Video). A chest CT scan confirmed thickening of the pericardium (Figure A). Hemodynamic evaluation noted equalization of right ventricular and left ventricular diastolic pressure (Figure B). Pericardiectomy was performed via median sternotomy. Dense pericardial adhesions and a thick pericardial membrane were encountered intraoperatively. The histopathological specimen demonstrated fibroconnective tissue with chronic nonspecific inflammatory changes
Figure (A) Noncontrast computed tomography of the chest. The pericardium is thickened and measures up to 10 mm (arrows). (B) Invasive hemodynamic evaluation. Simultaneous right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) tracing with dip and plateau configuration and equalization of RV and LV diastolic pressure (arrow). (C) Histopathological specimen demonstrating thickened fibroconnective tissue with patchy chronic nonspecific inflammatory changes (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification 20).
0002-9343/$ -see front matter Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
e2 (Figure C). Postoperatively, hemodynamic instability and septicemia resulted in anuric acute kidney injury. The patient elected not to pursue hemodialysis and focus on comfort care only. Symptoms of dyspnea after lung transplantation are not uncommon. They are most concerning for allograft rejection, infection, pulmonary embolism, or airway or vascular complications. Pericardial constriction results from progressive pericardial fibrosis and manifests with dyspnea and right heart failure. Its incidence is 2% to 3% after cardiothoracic surgery. Constriction is exceedingly rare after lung transplantation, possibly due to the chronic use of corticosteroids as part of the immunosuppressive regimen.1-4 In our institutional experience, of 736 lung transplant recipients, only 3 (0.4%) have been diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis: one with infectious pericarditis, one with uremic pericarditis, and the patient described in this report. The definitive treatment is pericardiectomy. Surgical mortality from pericardiectomy increases in the presence of intractable right heart failure and comorbid conditions. It is particularly high in elderly and debilitated patients.5 Early diagnosis of constriction is important to reduce morbidity and mortality. Pericardial constriction should be considered in symptomatic lung transplant recipients irrespective of time elapsed after surgery.
The American Journal of Medicine, Vol 128, No 6, June 2015 Forum Kamdar, MDa Marshall Hertz, MDb Sara Shumway, MDc Emil Missov, MD, PhDa a
Division of Cardiology Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care c Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery University of Minnesota Medical Center Minneapolis
b
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.12.017
References 1. Gaudino M, Anselmi A, Pavone N, Massetti M. Constrictive pericarditis after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95:731-736. 2. Billings M, Mulligan M, Raghu G. Acute constrictive pericarditis after lung transplantation for lymphangioleiomyomatosis. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009;28:110-113. 3. Afshar K, Cunningham M, Barbers R, McFadden P. Pericardial constriction after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90: 1361-1363. 4. Karolak W, Cypel M, Chen F, et al. Constrictive pericarditis after lung transplantation: an under-recognized complication. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010;29:578-581. 5. Ghavidel A, Gholampour M, Kyavar M, et al. Constrictive pericarditis treated by surgery. Tex Heart Inst J. 2012;39:199-205.
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Supplementary video accompanying this article can be found in the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. amjmed.2014.12.017.
Late Effusive-constrictive Pericarditis after Lung Transplantation To the Editor: A 65-year-old man with persistent atrial fibrillation and stage II chronic kidney disease presented with new onset of dyspnea on exertion, abdominal distention, and lowerextremity edema 4 years after bilateral sequential lung
Funding: None. Conflict of Interest: None. Authorship: All authors had access to the data and played a role in writing this manuscript. Requests for reprints should be addressed to Emil Missov, MD, PhD, Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455. E-mail address: [email protected]
transplantation. He had been maintained on a triple-drug immunosuppressive regimen of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. A panel of reactive antibodies, cytomegalovirus serology, computed tomographic (CT) pulmonary angiogram, and pulmonary function testing were unremarkable. Echocardiography demonstrated a pericardial effusion with early tamponade that required pericardiocentesis. Pericardial fluid analysis was negative. A followup echocardiogram 2 weeks later demonstrated normal left ventricular systolic function, thickening of the pericardium, and abnormal interventricular septal motion (Video). A chest CT scan confirmed thickening of the pericardium (Figure A). Hemodynamic evaluation noted equalization of right ventricular and left ventricular diastolic pressure (Figure B). Pericardiectomy was performed via median sternotomy. Dense pericardial adhesions and a thick pericardial membrane were encountered intraoperatively. The histopathological specimen demonstrated fibroconnective tissue with chronic nonspecific inflammatory changes
Figure (A) Noncontrast computed tomography of the chest. The pericardium is thickened and measures up to 10 mm (arrows). (B) Invasive hemodynamic evaluation. Simultaneous right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) tracing with dip and plateau configuration and equalization of RV and LV diastolic pressure (arrow). (C) Histopathological specimen demonstrating thickened fibroconnective tissue with patchy chronic nonspecific inflammatory changes (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification 20).
0002-9343/$ -see front matter Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
e2 (Figure C). Postoperatively, hemodynamic instability and septicemia resulted in anuric acute kidney injury. The patient elected not to pursue hemodialysis and focus on comfort care only. Symptoms of dyspnea after lung transplantation are not uncommon. They are most concerning for allograft rejection, infection, pulmonary embolism, or airway or vascular complications. Pericardial constriction results from progressive pericardial fibrosis and manifests with dyspnea and right heart failure. Its incidence is 2% to 3% after cardiothoracic surgery. Constriction is exceedingly rare after lung transplantation, possibly due to the chronic use of corticosteroids as part of the immunosuppressive regimen.1-4 In our institutional experience, of 736 lung transplant recipients, only 3 (0.4%) have been diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis: one with infectious pericarditis, one with uremic pericarditis, and the patient described in this report. The definitive treatment is pericardiectomy. Surgical mortality from pericardiectomy increases in the presence of intractable right heart failure and comorbid conditions. It is particularly high in elderly and debilitated patients.5 Early diagnosis of constriction is important to reduce morbidity and mortality. Pericardial constriction should be considered in symptomatic lung transplant recipients irrespective of time elapsed after surgery.
The American Journal of Medicine, Vol 128, No 6, June 2015 Forum Kamdar, MDa Marshall Hertz, MDb Sara Shumway, MDc Emil Missov, MD, PhDa a
Division of Cardiology Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care c Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery University of Minnesota Medical Center Minneapolis
b
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.12.017
References 1. Gaudino M, Anselmi A, Pavone N, Massetti M. Constrictive pericarditis after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95:731-736. 2. Billings M, Mulligan M, Raghu G. Acute constrictive pericarditis after lung transplantation for lymphangioleiomyomatosis. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2009;28:110-113. 3. Afshar K, Cunningham M, Barbers R, McFadden P. Pericardial constriction after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90: 1361-1363. 4. Karolak W, Cypel M, Chen F, et al. Constrictive pericarditis after lung transplantation: an under-recognized complication. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010;29:578-581. 5. Ghavidel A, Gholampour M, Kyavar M, et al. Constrictive pericarditis treated by surgery. Tex Heart Inst J. 2012;39:199-205.
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA Supplementary video accompanying this article can be found in the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. amjmed.2014.12.017.