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Lectin-Induced Giant Cell Formation in the Chicken Wattle
Lectin-Induced Giant Cell Formation in the Chicken Wattle I. OLAH, F. McCORKLE, and B. CLICK Poultry Science Department, MAFfcS, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 (Received for publication August 31, 1979)
1980 Poultry Science 59:2151-2157 INTRODUCTION
The fusion of mononuclear cells has been observed in inflammatory reactions and in cell culture experiments (Goldstein, 1954; Gillman and Wright, 1966; Spector and Lykke, 1966; Sutton and Weiss, 1966; Papadimitriou et al, 1973a,b; Papadimitriou and Archer, 1974; Galindo et al., 1974, 1975; Moskalewski and Ptak, 1972). Also, DNA synthesis by the fused mononuclear cells has been reported (Black and Epstein, 1974; Mariano and Spector, 1974; Papadimitriou and Cornelisse, 1975). However, only a few reports are available concerning in vitro lectin-induced giant cell formation (Berman and Stulberg, 1962; Wayne-Smith and Goldman, 1971; Chambers, 1977a). It has been generally accepted that the plant derived proteins possess all the properties which are necessary to induce fusion of macrophages. Lectins which bind to the surface of the macrophages (Allen et al., 1971; Malucci, 1971) stimulate endocytosis (Edelson and Cohn, 1974a,b) and are interiorized (Loor and Roelants, 1974). In our experiments dealing with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) induced basophil hypersensitivity (McCorkle et al., 1980), giant cell formation was observed in the chicken's wattle. This report describes the in vivo fusion of macrophages and their cytological structure. MATERIALS AND METHODS
New Hampshire chickens, 10 to 20 weeks
old, from our LJD strain received a subcutaneous injection of .1 ml phytohemagglutinin-P (1000 /ig/ml saline) into the left wattle and .1 ml saline into the right wattle as a control. Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) is extracted from Phaseolus vulgaris and was purchased from Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI. An area of 5 mm in diameter was outlined around the injection site. The tissue samples were taken from this area. The animals were killed 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hr after the PHA by air injection into the wing vein. The tissue blocks were fixed in 4% buffered glutaraldehyde (.2 M phosphate buffer) for 2 to 3 hr. After rinsing in buffer the tissues were postfixed in 2% buffered osmium tetroxide and embedded in araldite (Durcupan ACM) (Olah and Glick, 1979). The 1 /im sections were stained with toluidine blue and the thin sections were contrasted by uranyl acetate and lead citrate. RESULTS Mononuclear, nonlymphoid phagocytic cells were present in the wattle 6 hr after PHA-P injection. The phagosomes of these cells contained erythrocytes and granulocytes. At 24 hr, the presence of phagosomes in the mononuclear cells appeared reduced. The nucleus of the mononuclear cell was irregular in shape and cytoplasm contained numerous organelles. At 48 hr a well-developed Golgi apparatus, ergasto-
2151
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ABSTRACT The fusion of mononuclear cells has been observed in inflammatory reactions and in cell culture experiments. This report describes the in vivo fusion of macrophages and their cytological structures. Thick (1 Mm) and thin sections of wattle were prepared 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hr after a single subcutaneous-wattle injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P; .1 ml; 100 jug) in saline. The injection of PHA-P induced within 6 hr a blood borne mononuclear cell infiltration of the chicken's wattle. Giant cells (3 to 8 mononuclear cells) were found by 24 hr, reached a maximum number by 48 hr and declined perceptibly by 96 hr. After 48 hr the mononuclear cells possessed a well-developed Golgi apparatus, ergastoplasmic cisternae, and large amounts of glycogen-like granules which diminished by 96 hr. The influence of lectin on the glycogen content of macrophages is similar to published observations on small lymphocytes and suggests a similar carbohydrate metabolism between these two cell types. (Key words: PHA, chicken wattle, lectin, macrophage, giant cell)
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FIG. 1. Groups of mononuclear phagocytic cells are observed 48 hr after PHA injection. The small portion of the cell surface facing the other cell is smooth (between the arrows), while the larger part of the cell membrane possesses microvilli. Outlined area is shown on Figure 3. G, glycogen-like granules. X 19,000.
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plasmic cisternae, and large a m o u n t s of glycogen-like granules were the m o s t characteristic c o m p o n e n t s of the cells. Glycogen-like granules appear to be freely dissociated in the cytoplasm and often associated with vacuoles (Fig. 1). T h e cell surface reveals many irregular, branching microvilli. Cells appear to associate in groups of 3 to 8, and the cell m e m b r a n e remains s m o o t h where the cells are in c o n t a c t with one another (Fig. 1). Cytoplasmic bridges can be observed between neighboring cells (Fig. 2). Cytoplasmic bridges between the microvilli were not observed.
T h e shape of the p o l y k a r y o n s is usually ovoid with t h e 3 to 8 nuclei located in a circle at t h e edge of the cell's c y t o p l a s m (Figs. 3, 4 ) . Besides the glycogen-like granules the large " e m p t y " vacuoles are characteristic c o m p o n e n t s of the periphery of t h e c y t o p l a s m . The largest vacuoles (1 t o 3 /dm in diameter) contain a substance on t h e inner surface of their m e m brane which may represent the interiorization of the lectin. T h e smaller vacuoles are filled with a similar appearing substance (Fig. 5).
FIG. 2. Between the cell membranes an intercellular substance appears to connect the surfaces. Two intercellular bridges have formed (arrows). X 43,306.
Mononuclear cells appear in the l y m p h a t i c vessels of the wattle (Fig. 6). Mitotic figures occur infrequently. The n u m b e r of m o n o n u c l e a r cells and p o l y k a r y o n s was reduced 96 hr after the PHA-P injection. However, t h e n u m b e r of nuclei increased in t h e p o l y k a r y o n s and the shape of the cells became irregular. These giant cells usually enclose "keratinized cells" which seem to be separated from their cytoplasm (Fig. 7).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 12, 2015
FIG. 3. The nuclei of the polykaryons are located at the edge of the cytoplasm. The elongated shaped nuclei are usually oriented parallel with the long axis of the polykaryon. B, basophil granulocyte. X 1200.
OLAH ET AL.
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FIG. 4. The periphery of the polykaryon contains many vacuoles. The glycogen fields occupy this area of the cytoplasm. The surface of the cell produces many microvilli. The cytoplasm, rich in organelles, is surrounded by the nuclei. X 9600.
GIANT CELLS IN CHICKEN WATTLE
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Polykaryons appeared in vessels of the wattle 4 8 hr after PHA injections. These vessels appeared to be lymphatics. Probably t h e m o n o n u c l e a r cells entered the dilated l y m p h vessel and p o l y k a r y o n ' s formation p r o c e e d e d
>
FIG. 5. The largest (L) vacuoles have a fine substance associated with the membrane of the vacuoles, while the smaller vacuoles (S) are filled with a substance of similar density. Glycogen-like particles are scattered over the cytoplasm. The larger glycogen fields are associated with vacuoles. X 11,855.
T h e a m o u n t of glycogen-like granules diminished while a large n u m b e r of microfilaments a c c u m u l a t e d in t h e cytoplasm. The "keratinized cells" are filled widi filaments similar to those of the cells of t h e s t r a t u m corneum of t h e stratified s q u a m o u s epithelium (Fig 8).
DISCUSSION T h e injection of PHA-P induced a b l o o d b o r n e m o n o n u c l e a r cell infilitration of the chicken's w a t t l e . Within 24 hr of P H A injection t h e m o n o n u c l e a r cells in the wattle formed into small groups consisting of 3 to 8 cells. The major p o r t i o n of their m e m b r a n e p r o d u c e d microvilli which interdigitated with neighboring
FIG. 6. Mononuclear phagocytic cells are present in the lumen of a dilated lymph vessel. X 1200.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 12, 2015
cells. T h e small part of the cell m e m b r a n e remained s m o o t h where t h e cells were attached to one another. Intercytoplasmic bridges could be observed shortly after the a t t a c h m e n t of the cells, indicating t h e beginning of cell fusion. Vacuoles appeared close to the i n t e r c y t o plasmic bridges. T h e vacuoles c o n t a i n e d on their inner surface a substance similar to t h a t of the cell coat. T h e presence of these vacuoles, possibly formed by interiorization of lectin, may s u p p o r t C h a m b e r ' s ( 1 9 7 7 a , b ) h y p o t h e s i s t h a t during the p o l y k a r y o n formation interiorization of m e m b r a n e b o u n d lectins takes place. T h e giant cells appear to be short-lived cells, since 96 h r after PHA-P injection only a few could be found.
2156
O L A H ET AL. "c«
1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
% FIG. 7. The shape of the giant cells is irregular because of the fused polykaryons. "Keratinized cells" (arrow) are dark in the center of the giant cell. X 1200.
The secretarial assistance of Terry T. Bragg is greatly appreciated. This is j o u r n a l article n u m b e r 43 57 from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry E x p e r i m e n t Station. We t h a n k Greta T y s o n , Head of the Mississippi State University EM Center, for the use of t h e Siemans 101 EM.
FIG. 8. Detail of the "keratinized cells" enclosed by giant cell. The "keratinized cells" are filled with filaments. The giant cell contains glycogen-like particles and filaments. X 46,200.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 12, 2015
7 V i"
inside the l y m p h vessel suggesting that PHA-P is present on the cell surface during the migration through t h e vessel wall. Also, it should be n o t e d t h a t the greatest c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p o l y k a r y o n s in the wattle occurred 4 8 hr past PHA-P injection. It is k n o w n t h a t lectins influence t h e carboh y d r a t e metabolism of the small l y m p h o c t y e (Pachman, 1 9 6 7 ; Cooper and Barkhan, 1 9 6 3 ; Barker and F a m e s , 1 9 6 7 ; MacHaffie and Wang, 1967). According to Pachman ( 1 9 6 7 ) , 4 8 hr after PHA e x p o s u r e glycogen c o n t e n t increased in the small l y m p h o c y t e s and was lost during blasting. Our findings with mononuclear phagocytic cells are similar to the small lymp h o c y t e observations of Pachman. Perhaps there exists a similarity in c a r b o h y d r a t e m e t a b olism between m o n o n u c l e a r phagocytic cells and small l y m p h o c y t e s in the presence of PHA-P.
GIANT CELLS IN CHICKEN WATTLE REFERENCES
phytohemagglutinin upon glucose catabolism in lymphocytes. Blood 29:640-646. Malucci, L., 1971. Binding of concanavalin A to normal and transformed cells as detected by immunofluorescence. Nature New Biol. 233: 241-244. Mariano, M., and W. G. Spector, 1974. The formation and properties of macrophage polykaryons (inflammatory giant cells). J. Pathol. 113:1—19. McCorkle,. F., Jr., I. Olah, and B. Glick, 1980. The morphology of the phytohemagglutinin-induced cell response in the chicken wattle. Poultry Sci. 59:616-623. Moskalewski, S., and W. Ptak, 1972. Inflammatory giant cells: Immunophagocytosis and rosette formation. Folia Histochem. Cytochem. 15: 271-275. Olah, I., and B. Glick, 1979. Structure of the germinal centers in the chick's caecal tonsil. Light and electron microscopic and autoradiographic studies. Poultry Sci. 58:195-210. Pachman, L. M., 1967. The carbohydrate metabolism and respiration of isolated small lymphocytes. In vitro studies of normal and phytohemagglutinin stimulated cells. Blood 30:691-706. Papadimitriou, J. M., and M. Archer, 1974. The morphology of murine foreign body multinucleate giant cells. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 49:372—386. Papadimitriou, J. M., and C. J. Cornelisse, 1975. A cytophotometric and autoradiographic study of DNA synthesis in macrophages and multinucleate foreign body giant cells. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 18:260-270. Papadimitriou, J. M., J. M. Finlay-Jones, and M.N.I. Walters, 1973a. Surface characteristics of macrophages, epithelioid and giant cells using scanning electron microscopy. Exp. Cell. Res. 76:353 — 362. Papadimitriou, J. M., D. Sforsina, and L. Papaelias, 1973b. Kinetics of multinucleate giant cell formation and their modification by various agents in foreign body reactions. Amer. J. Pathol. 73:349-361. Spector, W. G., and A.W.J. Lykke, 1966. The cellular evolution of inflammatory granulomata. J. Pathol. 92:163-177. Sutton, J. S., and L. Weiss, 1966. Transformation of monocytes in tissue culture into macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cell. J. Cell. Biol. 28:303-332. Wayne-Smith, C , and A. S. Goldman, 1971. Macrophages from human colostrum. Exp. Cell. Res. 66:317-320.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 12, 2015
Allen, J. M., G.M.W. Cook, and A. R. Poole, 1971. Action of concanavalin A on the attachment stage of phagocytosis by macrophages. Exp. Cell. Res. 6 8 : 4 6 6 - 4 7 1 . Barker, B. E., and P. Fames, 1967. Histochemistry of blood cells treated with pokeweed mitogen. Nature 214:787-789. Berman, L., and C. S. Stulberg, 1962. Primary cultures of macrophages from normal human peripheral blood. Lab. Invest. 11:1322-1331. Black, M. M., and W. L. Epstein, 1974. Formation of multinucleate giant cells in organized epithelioid cell granulomas. Amer. J. Pathol. 74:263-274. Chambers, T. J., 1977a. Fusion of hamster macrophages induced by lectins. J. Pathol. 123:53—61. Chambers, T. J., 1977b. Studies on the phagocytic capacity of macrophage polykaryons. J. Pathol. 123:65-77. Cooper, E. H., and P. Barkhan, 1963. Observations on the proliferation of human leukocytes cultured with phytohemagglutinin. Brit. J. Haematol. 9:101-111. Edelson, P. J., and Z. A. Cohn, 1974a. The effects of concanavalin A on mouse peritoneal macrophages. I. Stimulation of endocytic activity and inhibition of phagolysosome formation. J. Exp. Med. 140:1364-1386. Edelson, P. J., and Z. A. Cohn, 1974b. The effects of concanavalin A on mouse peritoneal macrophages. II. Metabolism of endocytized proteins and reversibility of the effects of mannose. J. Exp. Med. 140:1387-1403. Galindo, B., J. Lazdins, and R. Castillo, 1974. Fusion of normal rabbit alveolar macrophages induced by supernatant fluids from BCG-sensitized lymph node cells after elicitation by antigen. Infect. Immun. 9:212-216. Galindo, B., Q. N. Myrvik, and S. H. Love, 1975. A macrophage agglutinating factor produced during a pulmonary delayed hypersensitivity reaction. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 18:295-304. Gillman, T., and L. J. Wright, 1966. Probable in vivo origin of multinucleated giant cells from circulating mononuclears. Nature 209:263—265. Goldstein, M. N., 1954. Formation of giant cells from human monocytes cultivated on cellophane. Anat. Rec. 118:577-591. Loor, F., and G. E. Roelants, 1974. The dynamic state of the macrophage plasma membrane. Attachment and fate of immunoglobulin, antigen and lectins. Europ. J. Immunol. 4:649—660. MacHaffie, R. A., and C. H. Wang, 1967. The effect of
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1980 Poultry Science 59:2151-2157 INTRODUCTION
The fusion of mononuclear cells has been observed in inflammatory reactions and in cell culture experiments (Goldstein, 1954; Gillman and Wright, 1966; Spector and Lykke, 1966; Sutton and Weiss, 1966; Papadimitriou et al, 1973a,b; Papadimitriou and Archer, 1974; Galindo et al., 1974, 1975; Moskalewski and Ptak, 1972). Also, DNA synthesis by the fused mononuclear cells has been reported (Black and Epstein, 1974; Mariano and Spector, 1974; Papadimitriou and Cornelisse, 1975). However, only a few reports are available concerning in vitro lectin-induced giant cell formation (Berman and Stulberg, 1962; Wayne-Smith and Goldman, 1971; Chambers, 1977a). It has been generally accepted that the plant derived proteins possess all the properties which are necessary to induce fusion of macrophages. Lectins which bind to the surface of the macrophages (Allen et al., 1971; Malucci, 1971) stimulate endocytosis (Edelson and Cohn, 1974a,b) and are interiorized (Loor and Roelants, 1974). In our experiments dealing with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) induced basophil hypersensitivity (McCorkle et al., 1980), giant cell formation was observed in the chicken's wattle. This report describes the in vivo fusion of macrophages and their cytological structure. MATERIALS AND METHODS
New Hampshire chickens, 10 to 20 weeks
old, from our LJD strain received a subcutaneous injection of .1 ml phytohemagglutinin-P (1000 /ig/ml saline) into the left wattle and .1 ml saline into the right wattle as a control. Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) is extracted from Phaseolus vulgaris and was purchased from Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI. An area of 5 mm in diameter was outlined around the injection site. The tissue samples were taken from this area. The animals were killed 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hr after the PHA by air injection into the wing vein. The tissue blocks were fixed in 4% buffered glutaraldehyde (.2 M phosphate buffer) for 2 to 3 hr. After rinsing in buffer the tissues were postfixed in 2% buffered osmium tetroxide and embedded in araldite (Durcupan ACM) (Olah and Glick, 1979). The 1 /im sections were stained with toluidine blue and the thin sections were contrasted by uranyl acetate and lead citrate. RESULTS Mononuclear, nonlymphoid phagocytic cells were present in the wattle 6 hr after PHA-P injection. The phagosomes of these cells contained erythrocytes and granulocytes. At 24 hr, the presence of phagosomes in the mononuclear cells appeared reduced. The nucleus of the mononuclear cell was irregular in shape and cytoplasm contained numerous organelles. At 48 hr a well-developed Golgi apparatus, ergasto-
2151
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 12, 2015
ABSTRACT The fusion of mononuclear cells has been observed in inflammatory reactions and in cell culture experiments. This report describes the in vivo fusion of macrophages and their cytological structures. Thick (1 Mm) and thin sections of wattle were prepared 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 hr after a single subcutaneous-wattle injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P; .1 ml; 100 jug) in saline. The injection of PHA-P induced within 6 hr a blood borne mononuclear cell infiltration of the chicken's wattle. Giant cells (3 to 8 mononuclear cells) were found by 24 hr, reached a maximum number by 48 hr and declined perceptibly by 96 hr. After 48 hr the mononuclear cells possessed a well-developed Golgi apparatus, ergastoplasmic cisternae, and large amounts of glycogen-like granules which diminished by 96 hr. The influence of lectin on the glycogen content of macrophages is similar to published observations on small lymphocytes and suggests a similar carbohydrate metabolism between these two cell types. (Key words: PHA, chicken wattle, lectin, macrophage, giant cell)
2152
OLAH ET AL.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 12, 2015
FIG. 1. Groups of mononuclear phagocytic cells are observed 48 hr after PHA injection. The small portion of the cell surface facing the other cell is smooth (between the arrows), while the larger part of the cell membrane possesses microvilli. Outlined area is shown on Figure 3. G, glycogen-like granules. X 19,000.
GIANT CELLS IN CHICKEN WATTLE
2153
plasmic cisternae, and large a m o u n t s of glycogen-like granules were the m o s t characteristic c o m p o n e n t s of the cells. Glycogen-like granules appear to be freely dissociated in the cytoplasm and often associated with vacuoles (Fig. 1). T h e cell surface reveals many irregular, branching microvilli. Cells appear to associate in groups of 3 to 8, and the cell m e m b r a n e remains s m o o t h where the cells are in c o n t a c t with one another (Fig. 1). Cytoplasmic bridges can be observed between neighboring cells (Fig. 2). Cytoplasmic bridges between the microvilli were not observed.
T h e shape of the p o l y k a r y o n s is usually ovoid with t h e 3 to 8 nuclei located in a circle at t h e edge of the cell's c y t o p l a s m (Figs. 3, 4 ) . Besides the glycogen-like granules the large " e m p t y " vacuoles are characteristic c o m p o n e n t s of the periphery of t h e c y t o p l a s m . The largest vacuoles (1 t o 3 /dm in diameter) contain a substance on t h e inner surface of their m e m brane which may represent the interiorization of the lectin. T h e smaller vacuoles are filled with a similar appearing substance (Fig. 5).
FIG. 2. Between the cell membranes an intercellular substance appears to connect the surfaces. Two intercellular bridges have formed (arrows). X 43,306.
Mononuclear cells appear in the l y m p h a t i c vessels of the wattle (Fig. 6). Mitotic figures occur infrequently. The n u m b e r of m o n o n u c l e a r cells and p o l y k a r y o n s was reduced 96 hr after the PHA-P injection. However, t h e n u m b e r of nuclei increased in t h e p o l y k a r y o n s and the shape of the cells became irregular. These giant cells usually enclose "keratinized cells" which seem to be separated from their cytoplasm (Fig. 7).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 12, 2015
FIG. 3. The nuclei of the polykaryons are located at the edge of the cytoplasm. The elongated shaped nuclei are usually oriented parallel with the long axis of the polykaryon. B, basophil granulocyte. X 1200.
OLAH ET AL.
2154
f
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 12, 2015
FIG. 4. The periphery of the polykaryon contains many vacuoles. The glycogen fields occupy this area of the cytoplasm. The surface of the cell produces many microvilli. The cytoplasm, rich in organelles, is surrounded by the nuclei. X 9600.
GIANT CELLS IN CHICKEN WATTLE
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Polykaryons appeared in vessels of the wattle 4 8 hr after PHA injections. These vessels appeared to be lymphatics. Probably t h e m o n o n u c l e a r cells entered the dilated l y m p h vessel and p o l y k a r y o n ' s formation p r o c e e d e d
>
FIG. 5. The largest (L) vacuoles have a fine substance associated with the membrane of the vacuoles, while the smaller vacuoles (S) are filled with a substance of similar density. Glycogen-like particles are scattered over the cytoplasm. The larger glycogen fields are associated with vacuoles. X 11,855.
T h e a m o u n t of glycogen-like granules diminished while a large n u m b e r of microfilaments a c c u m u l a t e d in t h e cytoplasm. The "keratinized cells" are filled widi filaments similar to those of the cells of t h e s t r a t u m corneum of t h e stratified s q u a m o u s epithelium (Fig 8).
DISCUSSION T h e injection of PHA-P induced a b l o o d b o r n e m o n o n u c l e a r cell infilitration of the chicken's w a t t l e . Within 24 hr of P H A injection t h e m o n o n u c l e a r cells in the wattle formed into small groups consisting of 3 to 8 cells. The major p o r t i o n of their m e m b r a n e p r o d u c e d microvilli which interdigitated with neighboring
FIG. 6. Mononuclear phagocytic cells are present in the lumen of a dilated lymph vessel. X 1200.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 12, 2015
cells. T h e small part of the cell m e m b r a n e remained s m o o t h where t h e cells were attached to one another. Intercytoplasmic bridges could be observed shortly after the a t t a c h m e n t of the cells, indicating t h e beginning of cell fusion. Vacuoles appeared close to the i n t e r c y t o plasmic bridges. T h e vacuoles c o n t a i n e d on their inner surface a substance similar to t h a t of the cell coat. T h e presence of these vacuoles, possibly formed by interiorization of lectin, may s u p p o r t C h a m b e r ' s ( 1 9 7 7 a , b ) h y p o t h e s i s t h a t during the p o l y k a r y o n formation interiorization of m e m b r a n e b o u n d lectins takes place. T h e giant cells appear to be short-lived cells, since 96 h r after PHA-P injection only a few could be found.
2156
O L A H ET AL. "c«
1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
% FIG. 7. The shape of the giant cells is irregular because of the fused polykaryons. "Keratinized cells" (arrow) are dark in the center of the giant cell. X 1200.
The secretarial assistance of Terry T. Bragg is greatly appreciated. This is j o u r n a l article n u m b e r 43 57 from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry E x p e r i m e n t Station. We t h a n k Greta T y s o n , Head of the Mississippi State University EM Center, for the use of t h e Siemans 101 EM.
FIG. 8. Detail of the "keratinized cells" enclosed by giant cell. The "keratinized cells" are filled with filaments. The giant cell contains glycogen-like particles and filaments. X 46,200.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on April 12, 2015
7 V i"
inside the l y m p h vessel suggesting that PHA-P is present on the cell surface during the migration through t h e vessel wall. Also, it should be n o t e d t h a t the greatest c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p o l y k a r y o n s in the wattle occurred 4 8 hr past PHA-P injection. It is k n o w n t h a t lectins influence t h e carboh y d r a t e metabolism of the small l y m p h o c t y e (Pachman, 1 9 6 7 ; Cooper and Barkhan, 1 9 6 3 ; Barker and F a m e s , 1 9 6 7 ; MacHaffie and Wang, 1967). According to Pachman ( 1 9 6 7 ) , 4 8 hr after PHA e x p o s u r e glycogen c o n t e n t increased in the small l y m p h o c y t e s and was lost during blasting. Our findings with mononuclear phagocytic cells are similar to the small lymp h o c y t e observations of Pachman. Perhaps there exists a similarity in c a r b o h y d r a t e m e t a b olism between m o n o n u c l e a r phagocytic cells and small l y m p h o c y t e s in the presence of PHA-P.
GIANT CELLS IN CHICKEN WATTLE REFERENCES
phytohemagglutinin upon glucose catabolism in lymphocytes. Blood 29:640-646. Malucci, L., 1971. Binding of concanavalin A to normal and transformed cells as detected by immunofluorescence. Nature New Biol. 233: 241-244. Mariano, M., and W. G. Spector, 1974. The formation and properties of macrophage polykaryons (inflammatory giant cells). J. Pathol. 113:1—19. McCorkle,. F., Jr., I. Olah, and B. Glick, 1980. The morphology of the phytohemagglutinin-induced cell response in the chicken wattle. Poultry Sci. 59:616-623. Moskalewski, S., and W. Ptak, 1972. Inflammatory giant cells: Immunophagocytosis and rosette formation. Folia Histochem. Cytochem. 15: 271-275. Olah, I., and B. Glick, 1979. Structure of the germinal centers in the chick's caecal tonsil. Light and electron microscopic and autoradiographic studies. Poultry Sci. 58:195-210. Pachman, L. M., 1967. The carbohydrate metabolism and respiration of isolated small lymphocytes. In vitro studies of normal and phytohemagglutinin stimulated cells. Blood 30:691-706. Papadimitriou, J. M., and M. Archer, 1974. The morphology of murine foreign body multinucleate giant cells. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 49:372—386. Papadimitriou, J. M., and C. J. Cornelisse, 1975. A cytophotometric and autoradiographic study of DNA synthesis in macrophages and multinucleate foreign body giant cells. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 18:260-270. Papadimitriou, J. M., J. M. Finlay-Jones, and M.N.I. Walters, 1973a. Surface characteristics of macrophages, epithelioid and giant cells using scanning electron microscopy. Exp. Cell. Res. 76:353 — 362. Papadimitriou, J. M., D. Sforsina, and L. Papaelias, 1973b. Kinetics of multinucleate giant cell formation and their modification by various agents in foreign body reactions. Amer. J. Pathol. 73:349-361. Spector, W. G., and A.W.J. Lykke, 1966. The cellular evolution of inflammatory granulomata. J. Pathol. 92:163-177. Sutton, J. S., and L. Weiss, 1966. Transformation of monocytes in tissue culture into macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cell. J. Cell. Biol. 28:303-332. Wayne-Smith, C , and A. S. Goldman, 1971. Macrophages from human colostrum. Exp. Cell. Res. 66:317-320.
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