Left atrial function and ventricular filling in hypertensive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Left atrial function and ventricular filling in hypertensive patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

~y~e~ens~on may alter the diastolic pro the cQ~tractile(2,3) and electrical (4,5), sometimes evolving toward paroxysmal or sustained atrial fi~riilat~...

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~y~e~ens~on may alter the diastolic pro the cQ~tractile(2,3) and electrical (4,5), sometimes evolving toward paroxysmal or sustained atrial fi~riilat~on(6,7).Loss ofatria! contraction may decrease cardiac output (8) or left vent ular ejection fraction (9). The anatomic and f~nctiQ~a~ atrial and ventricular characteristics associated with the develo ment of atrial fibrillation in human hypertension have not been investigated; the main question of whether the occurrence of atrial fibrillationis associated with distinct patterns of ventricular filling and atrial contractile activity remains unanswered. From the Istituto di Cardiologiadell’llniversiti degli Stuai, Centro di Studio per le Ricerche Cardiovascolari del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricercbe. Centro Cardiolokw-Fondazione “I. Monzino”-IRCCS,Milan, My. Manuscript received September27, 1993;revised manuscriptreceived February 18, 1994,acceptedFebruary 25, 1994. Address for correw: Dr. Paolo Barbier, lstituto di Cardiologia, via Parea, 4,20138.Milano,Italy. 81994by the AmericanCollegeof Cardiology

e investigated patie ts with essential hy~e~ension and rillation because t eralds the onset of chronic atrial fib~llation (HI), ecause a study like this would not be feasible in chr atrial fibrillation because of the variability of the cardiac cycle (1I).

Hypertensive patients from a group of 280 untreated consecutive sttbjects ad stitute because of ressure were screened for inclusi aroxysmal atrial fib~llatio~(lastingfr 2 weeks and occurring not late admissions had been documented p them. Thirty-four subjects without atrial arrhythmias were selected patients and were matched for age and gender patients with the arrhythmia. Seventeen normal s similarage and gender were also investigated.The 07351097/94/$7.@0

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BAXBIERETAL. PAROXYSMALATRIALFIBRILLAT~ONiNHYPERTENSlON

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approvedby the EthicalCommitteeof our Institute and was illustrated to all subjectsinvolved. Diagnosis of essential

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sample volume (length, valve lea&t tip level

itral annulus endcm) diamethe same view from inner edge to inner edge of the basal insertion of the mitral leafletsand We lit transmiti flow. The following left ventricular variables were c&Mated: end-diastolic and end-systolic postet’ohtteralwall thickness (PWd and PWs, respectively, cm)and in+-cavitary diameters (LVDD and LVSD, respecl

The followingindexes were measured: isovolumic relaxation time (ms), as the time interval between the first high frequency deflectionof the second heart sound and the onset of mitral flow in early diastole; early late diastolic velocities (cm/s); Doppler dia early/l velocity ratio; deceleration time of early velocity (ms); velocity-time inte1sof early and late Doppler velocities (cm): and derived transmittal flow rates in early and late diastok, calculated, respectively, as early velocity-timeintegral x [~A~NS/2)2x 3.141,late velocity-time integral x [(ANND/2P x 3.141and earlynate ratio of transmitral flow. At any heart rate, when deceleration of the early diastolic wave was not linear, the

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ode and Two-Dimensional

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LADS (mm) LADa (mm)

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LADd (mm) Factional sbo~e~i~g (%)

27.6 i: 2.8 10.8 f 4.4

29.5 f 4.9 14.6 f 5.st

36.8 2 9.3’t 9.3 + 5.3*

E~&systolic area (cm*) End-diastolic area (cm*)

18.4 2 28 12.8 2: 2.3

20.6 + 5.1 14.9 f 4.5

26.1 2 3.9*$

Transport function (%)

29.5 k 13.2

28.6 2 11

31.6 2 85

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*p < 0.05 versus the EH group. tp c 0.05. &I c 0.001 versus normal subjects. LADa = M-mode left atria1 anteroposterior diameter before atria1 contractiw LADd = M-mode minimal left atrial anteroposterior diameter at the end of atria! contraction; LADs = M-mode maximal left atrial anbroposterior diameter at end-systole; other abbreviations as in Table 1.

BARBlERETAL. PAROXYSMALATRiAL FlBRILLATlONIN HYPERTENSION

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eq~e~cy of episodes of e left atrial diameters and fractional shorten-

*p < U.QS, hypertensivepatientskth versus without arrhyth#p < 0.05, hypertensive patientswithoutarrhythmiaversus normalsubjects.LAFS = left atrial fractionalshorteni itiesandE/A ratio flow rates. *p < 0.05 and **p K’ 0.001, hypertensive s without arrhythmia. $7~e 0.05, hypertensive out arrhythmia versus normal subjects. Ap = peak v&city of A wave; Ep = peak velocity of E wave: EfrlAfr = ratio of transmitral flow rates: other abbreviations as in Figure 1.

tion or fractionai shorteningand left ventricular mass or wall thickness, end-systolic wall stress or fictional

ode echocardiogramsto have a high he evaluation of atria! co~t~cti~ity. Atrial diameter modificationsevaluated with this technique reflect left atria1volume variations in patients without thoracic:deformities, mitral valve disease or markedly dilated left atrium (14).

In hyperearly velocity and early/late ratio of peak velocities and of flow rates were reduced, whereas peak late velocity and flow rate were increased in norms!ensive subjects. In those with the arrhytharia, peak early velocity and ratio of early to late peak velocities were not dilTerentfivrn those of control subjects, but were increased significantly in hypertensive patients

eccentric hypertrophy seems to be a stronger precursor of chronic atrial fibrillation than arterial by~~e~sio~ alone (6.7).Myocardialdamage has been suggested to precede the onset of chronic atria1 fibrillation (7). Unlike results from previous studies using larger groups of ~aticnts with chronic atrial fibrillation(6,7), we were reasonably able to exclude left ventricular systolic dysfunction, decreased inotropic state, increased wdl stress or concentric Lypertrophy as

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without the arrbyt~m~a~as eter before atrial co~tractio~ rvatiotls have been atsuzaki et al. (2) in ttents, unselected for age.

atsuda et al. (41 and

Doppler flow pattern. In fact, left atria1 diameters were greater than in hypcrtetxive patients without the a~~~t~~ia, and atrial contractile function and left ventricular rapid range, were, respectively, filling,although within the with high blood pressure lower and greater than in without the arrhythmia. These diversities were unrelated to ventricular anatomy, wall stress and systolic funcart rate might have accounted partially for these owever, wbett patieentswith similar heart ences in tra~s~~tra~Doppler rates were compared, d vocal. Paroxysmalatrial fibrilvelocity patterns were un lation was associated invariably with altered atria1fractional shortening and was unrelated to the time interval from the last episode of arrhythmia. tlvc’.Reduced active "Nordi y' Duppler atria1emptying leads to Increased atrial residual volume at

mec~a~~~rn§ linking these three vari es remaia e~§~~t~a~~y that patiems whose undefined, one interpretation may atria1muscle fibers are more susce le to i~crea§edload, wall stress or inotropic stimulation (2) develop atrial tissue alterations facilitating depression of atria1 function, “normalization” of the ventricular fillingpattern aradfrag~~emtathe electrical impuIse con In hypertensive atria%fibrillation,enlargement and fr ression of the left atrium are associated with ventricular inflow during early dias

or consequence of paroxysmal atria1fibrillationremains to be determined.

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IN HYPERTENSION

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