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Lessons from oedometer tests on high quality samples
I1A 871079 Laboratory studies of gas flow through a single natural fracture Schrauf, TW: E~ans. D D lt'ater Resour Rex L22. .VV, Juh 1986, P1038-I050 Flow through a single natural fracture in a large rock block was investigated. Fracture conductivity was evaluated as a function of gas pressure and of average fracture aperture. Flow was generally in the linear regime or in the transitional area between linear and nonlinear flow. Linear and nonlinear conductivities ~ere found to be functions of aperture and fracture surface roughness. A ne~ physical model of fracture flow, an analogy to pipe flo~v, is presented.
load and injection pressure can be varied. The apparatus was also used to determine the elastic properties of the rock mass for use in analysis of results. The conceptual model, description and characterisation of the test site. test site layout, deformation and water injection tests, statistical analysis of results, relationship between applied stress and hydraulic conductivity, comparison of results with other work, and practical applications are presented. The results are comprehensively listed in a set of appendices.
Compressibility, swelling and consolidation See a~o: 871146. 871240
871080 Groundwater flow in low-permeability environments Neuzil. C E Water Resour Res 1"22. A8, Aug 1986, P1163-1195
871084 Lessons from oedometer tests on high quality samples Holtz, R D; Jamiolkowski, M B: Lancellotta, R J Geotech Engng Div ASCE Vl12. N8. Aug 1986, P768-776
Fluid flow in low-permeability geological materials has become a topic of increasing interest with the increasing importance of such disciplines as petroleum and waste disposal technology. Fine grained sedimentary deposits, such as shales or clays, and crystalline rocks without joints or fractures, or where joints or fractures are filled or healed, are such materials. The small scale experimental characterisation of flow in tight rocks is first considered for both Darcian and non-Darcian (non-hydraulic) flow. The large scale problems are then considered: steady flow: persistence of transient flow; non-hydraulic flow: and field problems. This review concludes by considering the fundamental difficulties. 292 refs.
An extensive program of oedometer tests was carried out on high quality undisturbed carved block and piston sampled specimens of a very stiff clay. The effects of type of oedometer and sampling disturbance on preconsolidation stress are demonstrated. A long term test confirmed earlier results that Ko is practically constant during secondary compression. The coefficient of secondary compression is seen to be significantly decreased by a single unload-reload cycle. Practical implications of these results are discussed.
871081 Radionuclide transport in fast channels in crystalline rock Ramunson, A: Nerctnieks, I IVater Resour Res 1"22, NS, ,4ug I986, PI247-1256 Recent field investigations strongly indicate that water flows in largely isolated channels in fissured rock. Radionuclide transport in such channels, including diffusion into the rock matrix, is analysed. 871082 Assessing seepage at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites Berggren, B J; Holm, L A: Schneider, J R In: Seepage and Leakage from Dams and Impoundments (papers to the Symposium, Denrer, Colorado, 5 May 1985) P236-249. Publ New York: ASCE, 1985 Infiltration carries organic contaminants at waste dumps into groundwater aquifers, where they form a plume of contaminated groundwater. As each compound leaches and migrates at different rates, multiple plumes are formed. By making a number of assumptions, simple equations of sorption theory can be used to estimate groundwater and soil skeleton contaminant concentrations. The contaminant concentration in extracted water over a period of time can be calculated. The effectiveness and costs of extraction wells are compared to alternative measures, such as excavation or capping. 871083 Large scale in-situ tests on stress and water flow relationships in fractured rock Carlsson, A; Olsson, T Vattenfall, Swedish State Power Board final report July 1986, 320P The results of a five year study of groundwater flow in fractured rock are described. An in situ test has been developed, where water is injected into a borehole in rock loaded by hydraulic jacks acting on grouted steel bars. Both external
871085 Experience with roads and buildings on expansive clays Wiseman, G; Komornik, K: Greenstein, J Trans Res Rec N1032, 1985, P60-67 Moisture increase in expansive clays leads to volume increase and strength loss, and may result in damage to surface structures. Previous work on constructions in swelling soils are reviewed. Methods of quantifying expected problems from the results of laboratory one-dimensional swelling curves are presented. As complete laboratory testing is often impossible because of time. site or budget restraints, empirical correlations are commonly used. A method of calibrating these correlations, which are usually based on simple index tests, is presented. A computer program to calculate heave is listed. 871086 Effect of vegetation transpiration on the deformation of high void ratio expansive soil foundation Lin, C: Kaiming, T Trans Res Rec N1032, 1985. P68-75 Vegetation transpiration can reduce soil moisture content, leading to severe shrinkage and deformation of expansive soils and possible structural damage. The relationship between transpiration rate and deformation of high void ratio expansive soils is examined, and a formula for calculating maximum contraction is derived. Remedial and preventative measures are discussed. 871087 Effect of pore fluid on soil cracking mechanisms Fang, H Y; Evans, J C: Kugelman, I J Proe 5th Engineering ~echanies Division Speciality Conference, Wyoming, 1-3 Aug 1984 V2. P1292-1295. Pubt New York. ASCE, 1984 The mechanisms of soil cracking have been classified by Fang et al (1983) into four types, shrinkage, thermal, tensile and fracture cracks. The cracking behaviour is further examined with a focus on the mechanisms influenced by the pore fluid chemistry. Three clay minerals were tested, with pore fluid pH
(_ t986 Pergamon Journals Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
load and injection pressure can be varied. The apparatus was also used to determine the elastic properties of the rock mass for use in analysis of results. The conceptual model, description and characterisation of the test site. test site layout, deformation and water injection tests, statistical analysis of results, relationship between applied stress and hydraulic conductivity, comparison of results with other work, and practical applications are presented. The results are comprehensively listed in a set of appendices.
Compressibility, swelling and consolidation See a~o: 871146. 871240
871080 Groundwater flow in low-permeability environments Neuzil. C E Water Resour Res 1"22. A8, Aug 1986, P1163-1195
871084 Lessons from oedometer tests on high quality samples Holtz, R D; Jamiolkowski, M B: Lancellotta, R J Geotech Engng Div ASCE Vl12. N8. Aug 1986, P768-776
Fluid flow in low-permeability geological materials has become a topic of increasing interest with the increasing importance of such disciplines as petroleum and waste disposal technology. Fine grained sedimentary deposits, such as shales or clays, and crystalline rocks without joints or fractures, or where joints or fractures are filled or healed, are such materials. The small scale experimental characterisation of flow in tight rocks is first considered for both Darcian and non-Darcian (non-hydraulic) flow. The large scale problems are then considered: steady flow: persistence of transient flow; non-hydraulic flow: and field problems. This review concludes by considering the fundamental difficulties. 292 refs.
An extensive program of oedometer tests was carried out on high quality undisturbed carved block and piston sampled specimens of a very stiff clay. The effects of type of oedometer and sampling disturbance on preconsolidation stress are demonstrated. A long term test confirmed earlier results that Ko is practically constant during secondary compression. The coefficient of secondary compression is seen to be significantly decreased by a single unload-reload cycle. Practical implications of these results are discussed.
871081 Radionuclide transport in fast channels in crystalline rock Ramunson, A: Nerctnieks, I IVater Resour Res 1"22, NS, ,4ug I986, PI247-1256 Recent field investigations strongly indicate that water flows in largely isolated channels in fissured rock. Radionuclide transport in such channels, including diffusion into the rock matrix, is analysed. 871082 Assessing seepage at uncontrolled hazardous waste sites Berggren, B J; Holm, L A: Schneider, J R In: Seepage and Leakage from Dams and Impoundments (papers to the Symposium, Denrer, Colorado, 5 May 1985) P236-249. Publ New York: ASCE, 1985 Infiltration carries organic contaminants at waste dumps into groundwater aquifers, where they form a plume of contaminated groundwater. As each compound leaches and migrates at different rates, multiple plumes are formed. By making a number of assumptions, simple equations of sorption theory can be used to estimate groundwater and soil skeleton contaminant concentrations. The contaminant concentration in extracted water over a period of time can be calculated. The effectiveness and costs of extraction wells are compared to alternative measures, such as excavation or capping. 871083 Large scale in-situ tests on stress and water flow relationships in fractured rock Carlsson, A; Olsson, T Vattenfall, Swedish State Power Board final report July 1986, 320P The results of a five year study of groundwater flow in fractured rock are described. An in situ test has been developed, where water is injected into a borehole in rock loaded by hydraulic jacks acting on grouted steel bars. Both external
871085 Experience with roads and buildings on expansive clays Wiseman, G; Komornik, K: Greenstein, J Trans Res Rec N1032, 1985, P60-67 Moisture increase in expansive clays leads to volume increase and strength loss, and may result in damage to surface structures. Previous work on constructions in swelling soils are reviewed. Methods of quantifying expected problems from the results of laboratory one-dimensional swelling curves are presented. As complete laboratory testing is often impossible because of time. site or budget restraints, empirical correlations are commonly used. A method of calibrating these correlations, which are usually based on simple index tests, is presented. A computer program to calculate heave is listed. 871086 Effect of vegetation transpiration on the deformation of high void ratio expansive soil foundation Lin, C: Kaiming, T Trans Res Rec N1032, 1985. P68-75 Vegetation transpiration can reduce soil moisture content, leading to severe shrinkage and deformation of expansive soils and possible structural damage. The relationship between transpiration rate and deformation of high void ratio expansive soils is examined, and a formula for calculating maximum contraction is derived. Remedial and preventative measures are discussed. 871087 Effect of pore fluid on soil cracking mechanisms Fang, H Y; Evans, J C: Kugelman, I J Proe 5th Engineering ~echanies Division Speciality Conference, Wyoming, 1-3 Aug 1984 V2. P1292-1295. Pubt New York. ASCE, 1984 The mechanisms of soil cracking have been classified by Fang et al (1983) into four types, shrinkage, thermal, tensile and fracture cracks. The cracking behaviour is further examined with a focus on the mechanisms influenced by the pore fluid chemistry. Three clay minerals were tested, with pore fluid pH
(_ t986 Pergamon Journals Ltd. Reproduction not permitted