- Email: [email protected]
Leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure in the pliofilm cohort: I. mortality update and exposure distribution
Abstracts and Reviews full-tax deductibility, and provides consistent solutions to all arrangements involving captives, including variations in the ownership structure and in the types of r._ _ business written. The authors argue that the approach is both theoretically sound and intuitively appealing; that it is consistent with the U.S. government’s established policy of favoring traditional insurers over alternative risk management techniques; and that it is fair and reasonable to all parties, reducing incentives for abuse, litigation, and distortions of economic activity. Keywords : Captive Insurance.
E26: PUBLIC
HEALTH
074079 (E26, B20) An enforceable indoor air quality standard for environmental tobacco smoke in the workplace. Repace J.L., Lowrey A.H., Risk Analysis, Vol. 13, nr. 4, 1993, pp. 463-475. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has recently been determined .. . by U.S. environmental and occupational health authorities to be a human carcinogen. We develop a model which permits using atmospheric nicotine measurements to estimate nonsmokers’ ETS lung cancer risks in individual workplaces for the first time. This model is based upon a linear exposure-response relationship validated by physical, clinical, and epidemiological data. From available data, it appears that workplaces without effective smoking policies considerably exceed this de minimis risk standard. For a substantial fraction of the 59 million nonsmoking workers in the U.S., current workplace exposure to ETS also appears to pose risks exceeding the de manifestis risk level above which carcinogens are strictly regulated by the federal government.
(shortened abstract from paper). Keywords: environmental tobacco assessment.
smoke,
risk
074080 (E26, B52) Leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure in the pliofilm cohort: I. mortality update and exposure distribution. Paxton M.B., Chinchilli V.M. (*), Brett S.M., Rodricks J.V., Pennsylvania State University (*),Risk Analysis, Vol. 14, nr. 2, 1994, pp. 147-154.
247
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recently completed a vital status update adding 6 years of observation on the rubber workers known as the Pliofllm cohort. Using traditional standardized mortality ratio (SMR) analysis, we investigate the impact of the additional information gathered in the NIOSH update. We also compare the effect of using three sets of job-, plant-, and yearspecific exposure estimates on the evaluation of benzene’s leukemogenicity. The lack of any additional cases of multiple myeloma does not support trends toward elevated risks for this endpoint (as had been observed earlier), and there is no indication of increased incidences of solid tumors (as predicted by animal studies). Quantitatively, which exposure estimates are used does not alter the conclusions. The data added in the update did not greatly modify the estimated relative risk of leukemia associated with benzene exposure, but did confirm previous findings that occupational exposure to high concentrations had leukemogenic potential. The fact that leukemia has not been observed in any individual who started employment in Pliofllm production after 1950 suggests that the observed leukemia cases could be a response to very high levels of benzene exposure that,occurred during the early years of this manufacturing process. Keywords: exposure assessment, epidemiological data. 074081 (E26, B20) Risk assessment of virus in drinking water. Haas C.N., Rose J.B. (*), Gerba C. (**), Regli S., Drexel University, Philadelphia, University of South Florida, Florida (*), University of Arizona, Arizona (**), Risk Analysis, Vol. 13, nr. 5, 1993, pp. 545-552. The reevaluation of drinking water treatment practices in a desire to minimize the formation of disinfection byproducts while assuring minimum levels of public health protection against infectious organisms has caused it to become necessary to consider the problem of estimation of risks posed from exposure to low levels of micro-organisms, such as virus or protozoans, found in treated drinking water. This paper outlines a methodology based on risk assessment principles to approach the problem. The methodology is validated by comparison with results obtained in a prospective epidemiological study. It is feasible to produce both point and interval estimates of infection, illness and perhaps mortality by this methodology. Areas of uncertainty which require future data are indicated. Keywords: virus, infectious disease.
E26: PUBLIC
HEALTH
074079 (E26, B20) An enforceable indoor air quality standard for environmental tobacco smoke in the workplace. Repace J.L., Lowrey A.H., Risk Analysis, Vol. 13, nr. 4, 1993, pp. 463-475. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has recently been determined .. . by U.S. environmental and occupational health authorities to be a human carcinogen. We develop a model which permits using atmospheric nicotine measurements to estimate nonsmokers’ ETS lung cancer risks in individual workplaces for the first time. This model is based upon a linear exposure-response relationship validated by physical, clinical, and epidemiological data. From available data, it appears that workplaces without effective smoking policies considerably exceed this de minimis risk standard. For a substantial fraction of the 59 million nonsmoking workers in the U.S., current workplace exposure to ETS also appears to pose risks exceeding the de manifestis risk level above which carcinogens are strictly regulated by the federal government.
(shortened abstract from paper). Keywords: environmental tobacco assessment.
smoke,
risk
074080 (E26, B52) Leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure in the pliofilm cohort: I. mortality update and exposure distribution. Paxton M.B., Chinchilli V.M. (*), Brett S.M., Rodricks J.V., Pennsylvania State University (*),Risk Analysis, Vol. 14, nr. 2, 1994, pp. 147-154.
247
The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recently completed a vital status update adding 6 years of observation on the rubber workers known as the Pliofllm cohort. Using traditional standardized mortality ratio (SMR) analysis, we investigate the impact of the additional information gathered in the NIOSH update. We also compare the effect of using three sets of job-, plant-, and yearspecific exposure estimates on the evaluation of benzene’s leukemogenicity. The lack of any additional cases of multiple myeloma does not support trends toward elevated risks for this endpoint (as had been observed earlier), and there is no indication of increased incidences of solid tumors (as predicted by animal studies). Quantitatively, which exposure estimates are used does not alter the conclusions. The data added in the update did not greatly modify the estimated relative risk of leukemia associated with benzene exposure, but did confirm previous findings that occupational exposure to high concentrations had leukemogenic potential. The fact that leukemia has not been observed in any individual who started employment in Pliofllm production after 1950 suggests that the observed leukemia cases could be a response to very high levels of benzene exposure that,occurred during the early years of this manufacturing process. Keywords: exposure assessment, epidemiological data. 074081 (E26, B20) Risk assessment of virus in drinking water. Haas C.N., Rose J.B. (*), Gerba C. (**), Regli S., Drexel University, Philadelphia, University of South Florida, Florida (*), University of Arizona, Arizona (**), Risk Analysis, Vol. 13, nr. 5, 1993, pp. 545-552. The reevaluation of drinking water treatment practices in a desire to minimize the formation of disinfection byproducts while assuring minimum levels of public health protection against infectious organisms has caused it to become necessary to consider the problem of estimation of risks posed from exposure to low levels of micro-organisms, such as virus or protozoans, found in treated drinking water. This paper outlines a methodology based on risk assessment principles to approach the problem. The methodology is validated by comparison with results obtained in a prospective epidemiological study. It is feasible to produce both point and interval estimates of infection, illness and perhaps mortality by this methodology. Areas of uncertainty which require future data are indicated. Keywords: virus, infectious disease.