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Level of physical activity in young children is not related to subsequent motor skill competence
Friday 23 October Papers / Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 19S (2015) e57–e87
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Level of physical activity in young children is not related to subsequent motor skill competence
An evaluation of web- and print-based methods to attract people to a physical activity intervention
L. Barnett 1,∗ , J. Salmon 2 , K. Hesketh 2
S. Alley 1,∗ , C. Jennings 2 , R. Plotnikoff 3 , C. Vandelanotte 1
1 School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia 2 Centre for Physical Activtiy and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia
Introduction: Physical activity and motor skill competence are associated cross-sectionally but few studies have investigated longitudinal relationships. The longitudinal studies (in older children and adolescents) show skill competence predicts physical activity. We investigated the reverse i.e. whether physical activity in the toddler/preschool years influences subsequent motor skill competence. Methods: Children were assessed as part of the Melbourne InFANT Program longitudinal cohort study at 19 months, 3.5 years and 5 years. Light-moderate-vigorous physical activity (LMVPA) (accelerometry; any four days) was assessed at 19 months and 3.5 years and at age 5 children were assessed via video using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2) on 12 skills. General linear models were performed with either all 12 skills, six object control skills, or six locomotor skills at age 5 as the outcome variable. Model A had LMVPA at 19 months as the predictor and Model B, LMVPA at 3.5 years. Each model adjusted for sex, and age and valid wear time days at the time the physical activity predictor variable was collected. Results: At 19 months, children (n = 211, boys 51%) engaged in 228 LMVPA minutes per day (range 122–353). At 3.5 years (n = 129, boys 45%) the reduced cohort of children engaged in 310 LMVPA minutes per day (range 192–435). At 19 months there was no association between LMVPA and total skill at age 5 (B = 0.013, p = 0.442). Similarly, at 3.5 years there was no relationship between LMVPA and total skill at age 5 (B = 0.030, p = 0.139). There was also no relationship between LMVPA at either age when object control and locomotor skill were considered as separate outcomes. Discussion: Based on previous studies our results suggest that skill is more likely to predict physical activity than the reverse. Although it is also probable that the relationship between skill and physical activity is stronger in older children. The children in this sample were only beginning to develop skill and were unlikely to be involved in sports and activities that necessitate skill. Other research has demonstrated ‘free play’ does not contribute much to motor skill competence, so it is suggested that in very young children the type and quality of physical activity relate more to motor skill development than simply movement quantity and intensity. This provides further evidence that young children need specific opportunities for skills to be taught and practised. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.195
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School of Human, Health, and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Australia 2 Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Canada 3 Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Australia Introduction: Identifying cost-effective and efficient methods to attract people to web-based health behaviour interventions is required. Traditional print methods including leaflets, posters and newspaper advertisements remain popular despite the expanding range of web-based advertising options that have the potential to reach larger numbers at lower cost. This study evaluated the effectiveness of multiple web-based and print-based methods to attract people to a web-based physical activity intervention. Methods: A range of print- (newspaper advertisements, newspaper articles, letterboxing, leaflets and posters) and web-based (Facebook advertisements, Google AdWords and community calendars) methods were applied to attract participants to a web-based physical activity intervention in Australia. The time investment, cost, number of first time website visits, the number of completed sign-up questionnaires and the demographics of participants were recorded for each advertising method. Results: A total of 278 people signed up to participate in the physical activity program. Of the print-based methods, newspaper advertisements totalled AUD $145, letterboxing AUD $135, leaflets AUD $66, posters AUD $52, and newspaper article AUD $3 per sign up. Of the web-based methods, Google AdWords totalled AUD $495, non-targeted Facebook advertisements AUD $68, targeted Facebook advertisements AUD $42, and community calendars AUD $12 per sign-up. Although the newspaper article and community calendars cost the least per sign-up, they resulted in only 17 and 6 sign-ups respectively. The targeted Facebook advertisements were the next most cost-effective method, and reached a large number of sign-ups (n = 184). The newspaper article and the targeted Facebook advertisements required the lowest time investment per sign up (5 and 7 min respectively). People reached through the targeted Facebook advertisements were on average older (60 years vs. 50 years, p < 001) and had a higher BMI (32 vs. 30, p < 05) than people reached through the other methods. Discussion: Overall our results demonstrate that targeted Facebook advertising is the most cost-effective and efficient method at attracting large numbers to population wide interventions, whilst newspaper advertisements, letterboxing and Google AdWords were not effective. The community calendars and newspaper articles may be effective for small community interventions. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.196
181
182
Level of physical activity in young children is not related to subsequent motor skill competence
An evaluation of web- and print-based methods to attract people to a physical activity intervention
L. Barnett 1,∗ , J. Salmon 2 , K. Hesketh 2
S. Alley 1,∗ , C. Jennings 2 , R. Plotnikoff 3 , C. Vandelanotte 1
1 School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia 2 Centre for Physical Activtiy and Nutrition Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia
Introduction: Physical activity and motor skill competence are associated cross-sectionally but few studies have investigated longitudinal relationships. The longitudinal studies (in older children and adolescents) show skill competence predicts physical activity. We investigated the reverse i.e. whether physical activity in the toddler/preschool years influences subsequent motor skill competence. Methods: Children were assessed as part of the Melbourne InFANT Program longitudinal cohort study at 19 months, 3.5 years and 5 years. Light-moderate-vigorous physical activity (LMVPA) (accelerometry; any four days) was assessed at 19 months and 3.5 years and at age 5 children were assessed via video using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2) on 12 skills. General linear models were performed with either all 12 skills, six object control skills, or six locomotor skills at age 5 as the outcome variable. Model A had LMVPA at 19 months as the predictor and Model B, LMVPA at 3.5 years. Each model adjusted for sex, and age and valid wear time days at the time the physical activity predictor variable was collected. Results: At 19 months, children (n = 211, boys 51%) engaged in 228 LMVPA minutes per day (range 122–353). At 3.5 years (n = 129, boys 45%) the reduced cohort of children engaged in 310 LMVPA minutes per day (range 192–435). At 19 months there was no association between LMVPA and total skill at age 5 (B = 0.013, p = 0.442). Similarly, at 3.5 years there was no relationship between LMVPA and total skill at age 5 (B = 0.030, p = 0.139). There was also no relationship between LMVPA at either age when object control and locomotor skill were considered as separate outcomes. Discussion: Based on previous studies our results suggest that skill is more likely to predict physical activity than the reverse. Although it is also probable that the relationship between skill and physical activity is stronger in older children. The children in this sample were only beginning to develop skill and were unlikely to be involved in sports and activities that necessitate skill. Other research has demonstrated ‘free play’ does not contribute much to motor skill competence, so it is suggested that in very young children the type and quality of physical activity relate more to motor skill development than simply movement quantity and intensity. This provides further evidence that young children need specific opportunities for skills to be taught and practised. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.195
e81
1
School of Human, Health, and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Australia 2 Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Canada 3 Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Australia Introduction: Identifying cost-effective and efficient methods to attract people to web-based health behaviour interventions is required. Traditional print methods including leaflets, posters and newspaper advertisements remain popular despite the expanding range of web-based advertising options that have the potential to reach larger numbers at lower cost. This study evaluated the effectiveness of multiple web-based and print-based methods to attract people to a web-based physical activity intervention. Methods: A range of print- (newspaper advertisements, newspaper articles, letterboxing, leaflets and posters) and web-based (Facebook advertisements, Google AdWords and community calendars) methods were applied to attract participants to a web-based physical activity intervention in Australia. The time investment, cost, number of first time website visits, the number of completed sign-up questionnaires and the demographics of participants were recorded for each advertising method. Results: A total of 278 people signed up to participate in the physical activity program. Of the print-based methods, newspaper advertisements totalled AUD $145, letterboxing AUD $135, leaflets AUD $66, posters AUD $52, and newspaper article AUD $3 per sign up. Of the web-based methods, Google AdWords totalled AUD $495, non-targeted Facebook advertisements AUD $68, targeted Facebook advertisements AUD $42, and community calendars AUD $12 per sign-up. Although the newspaper article and community calendars cost the least per sign-up, they resulted in only 17 and 6 sign-ups respectively. The targeted Facebook advertisements were the next most cost-effective method, and reached a large number of sign-ups (n = 184). The newspaper article and the targeted Facebook advertisements required the lowest time investment per sign up (5 and 7 min respectively). People reached through the targeted Facebook advertisements were on average older (60 years vs. 50 years, p < 001) and had a higher BMI (32 vs. 30, p < 05) than people reached through the other methods. Discussion: Overall our results demonstrate that targeted Facebook advertising is the most cost-effective and efficient method at attracting large numbers to population wide interventions, whilst newspaper advertisements, letterboxing and Google AdWords were not effective. The community calendars and newspaper articles may be effective for small community interventions. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.196