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Linguistic influences on the auditory processing of speech by children with normal hearing or hearing impairment
254
Absrracts /Int.
J. Pediatr. Ororhinolaryngol.
30 (1994) 253-267
to 9.UlOOO) and tonsillectomy rates two-fold (from 3.6/1000 to 8.0/1000) across Scottish health boards. Variation between health boards had changed over the 15 years 1975-90. Variation in grommet insertion rates did not reflect variation in the supply of otolaryngology consultants (Spearman’s rank correlation -0.25). There was a non-significant tendency for high general practitioner referral rates to be associated with high grommet insertion rates, low tonsillectomy rates, and less deprived areas (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients 0.50, -0.53, and -0.43). Deprivation (measured by Carstairs scoring for each health board) was associated with higher tonsillectomy rates (Spearman’s rank correlation 0.41; 95% confidence interval -0.22 to 0.80) and significantly lower grommet insertion rates (-0.73; -0.92 to -0.28). Conclusion - Social factors as well as differences in disease prevalence and medical practice need to be considered when studying variation in childhood grommet insertion and tonsillectomy rates. Rhabdomyosarcomaof the tongue Doval D.C.; Rannan V.; Acbarya R.S.; Mukherjce G.; Shenoy A.M.; Rapsy P.P. BR. J. ORAL MAXILLOFAC. SURG. (IND) (1994) 3213 (183-186) Although rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has a predilection for the head and neck region its occurrence in the tongue is uncommon. We report 2 cases of RMS of the tongue, 1 paediatric and I adult patient. The child who had RMS of the alveolar type involving anterior two-thirds of the tongue was treated with surgery and chemotherapy and is disease-free at 84 months of follow-up. The adult patient had locally extensive embryonal RMS of posterior third of the tongue, received chemotherapy and radiotherapy but died with progressive disease at 24 months of follow-up. Management of petrous bone fractures in children: Analysis of 127 cases Clamer H.; Meuli M.; Hof E.; Gallati V.; Nadal D.; Fisch U.; Stauffer U.G. J. TRAUMA
(CHE)
(1994) 36/2 (198-201)
Petrous bone fractures (PBF) in children are relatively frequent. They are mostly diagnosed after collisions and falls. The complications typically associated with PBF were different types of hearing disorders in 69.1% of the patients who had audiometry, liquorrhea in 16.5”/u,palsy of cranial nerves in 10.8% (facial nerve palsy in 9.4%), bacterial meningitis, stenosis of the external ear canal, and posttraumatic cholesteatoma in 0.7% of the fractures each. Most complications were transient; 8.6% of the patients underwent surgery because of PBF-related complications and 9.4”/ suffered from severe, irreversible sequelae. Management of PBF in children requires an interdisciplinary approach between pediatric surgeons and pediatric ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists. It basically includes daily examination for cranial nerve palsy, liquorrhea, and meningitis during hospitalization as well as routine audiometric examination and antibiotic prophylaxis. Routine vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae as a new standard procedure and subtotal petrosectomy after transverse fracture as a new surgical modality are strongly recommended in order to lower the incidence of posttraumatic meningitis. Severe complications such as persistent hearing loss, persistent liquorrhea, cranial nerve palsy, and posttraumatic meningitis require aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic measures in order to minimize further morbidity and irreversible deficits. Linguistic influences on the auditory processing of speech by children with normal hearing or hearing impairment Jerger S.; Elizoado R.; Dinb T.; Sanchez P.; Chavira E. EAR HEAR.
(USA)
(1994) 1512 (138-160)
Objective: The accurate perception of speech requires the processing of multidimensional information. The aim of this research was to examine linguistic influences on the auditory processing of speech in the presence of childhood hearing impairment. Design: The processing interactions characterizing the linguistic and auditory dimensions were assessed with a pediatric auditory analog of the Pomerantz task (Pomerantz, Pristach, and Carson, 1989). The task yields measures of Stroop interference, the effect of irrelevant semantic content, and of Garner interference, the effect of irrelevant linguistic variability @troop, 1935; Garner, 1974a). Subjects were 100 normal-hearing children and 60 hearing-impaired children. Subjects were required to attend selectively to the auditory (voice-gender) dimension and to ignore the linguistic dimension. The logic of the task is that performance for the voice-gender dimension will be unaffected by what is happening on the irrelevant dimension if the dimensions are processed
Abstracts / Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 30 (I 994) 253-267
255
independently. On the other hand, if the dimensions are not processed independently, subjects will not be able to attend selectively and performance for the relevant dimension will be affected by what is happening on the to-be-ignored dimension. Results: Both the normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children showed auditory Stroop and Garner interference effects, indicating that the auditory and linguistic dimensions were not processed independently by either group. However, the linguistic dimension exerted significantly less influence on auditory processing in the presence of childhood hearing impairment. Whereas normal-hearing children had remarkable difficulty ignoring irrelevant word input and focusing exclusively on voice-gender, hearing-impaired children were relatively successful at ignoring the linguistic dimension and attending selectively to the auditory dimension of speech. This result implies that the linguistic dimension of auditory speech input may have a different weight or processing value in the presence of childhood hearing impairment. It may be the case that hearing-impaired children encode spoken speech disproportionately in terms of the auditory dimensions, which offer important supplementary aids to speechreading. Further research is being carried out to address these possibilities. Conclusions: Both Stroop and Garner interference were significantly reduced in the presence of childhood hearing impairment. This pattern of results suggests that multidimensional speech processing is carried out in a less stimulus-bound manner in the presence of childhood hearing impairment. Type 1 tympanoplasty in children Kessler A.; Pot& W.P.; Marsh R.R. ARCH. OTOLARYNGOL. HEAD NECK SURG. (USA) (1994) I2015 (487-490) Objective: To identify factors affecting the surgical success rate and reperforation rate in type 1 tympanoplasty. Controversy continues regarding the advisability of this procedure in young children, largely because of the likelihood of recurrent middle ear disease and eustachian tube dysfunction. Design: Retrospective medical record review of a case series. Setting: Pediatric hospital that serves both as a primary care and referral center. Patients: All private patients younger than I8 years, undergoing type I tympanoplasty from 1985 through 1989, for whom at least 6 months’ follow-up was available. Two hundred nine tympanoplasties on 183 patients were included; 22 patients were excluded for insufficient follow-up. Main Outcome Measures: Surgical success was defined by confirmation of an intact tympanic membrane at least 6 months postoperatively. Procedures were deemed long-term successes if the tympanic membrane remained free of perforation to the end of follow-up. Results: The overall short-term surgical success rate was 92%, with 87% of ears remaining free of reperforation to the end of follow-up. If the perforation involved the margin, the surgical success and long-term success rates dropped to 86% and 77%, respectively. Although reperforation was more likely in patients younger than 6 years or in those with contralateral otitis media at surgery, even these groups had long-term success rates of 81% and 74%, respectively. Conclusions: Tympanoplasty may be considered at any age. Even in young children, there is a high likelihood of return to normal function. Cewtie heterogeneity of Usher syndrome type 1 in French families Large&PietD.; Gerber S.; Bonneau D.; Rozet J.-M.; Marc S.; Ghazi 1.; Dufier J.-L.; David A.; Bitoun P.; Wekenbach J.; Munnich A.; Kaplan J. GENOMICS (FRA) (1994) 21/l (138-143) Usher syndrome type I (USI) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by profound congenital hearing impairment with unintelligible speech, early retinitis pigmentosa, and constant vestibular dysfunction. Three locaiizations have been described in USl:USHlA, 14q32; USHIB, llq13.5; and USHIC, 11~15. Studying a series of 33 affected individuals belonging to 20 USI pedigrees of French ancestry, we found that none of the three localizations accounted for all USI families in our series (Z(max) = 1.48 at *gq = 0.10; Z(max) = 1.45 at *gq = 0.10; and Z(max) = 0.36 at *gq = 0.20 for probes MLJl4, Zd5, and Mfd58, respectively, at loci D14Sl3, D118527, and Dl lS419, respectively). However, when our sample was split into two groups according to the geographic origin of the probands’ grandparents, we were able to confirm the presence of a gene for USI on chromosome 14q32 (USHIA) in 9 families originating from the Poitou region in Western France (Department of Deux-Sevres; Z(max) = 4.46 at *gq = 0 for probe MLJ14 at the D14S13 locus, Morton likelihood ratio test, P < 0.01). Moreover, we relined the genetic mapping of USHlA by showing that the disease gene maps to the Dl4S13 locus, within the genetic interval defined by loci D14S78 and Dl4S250 (location score in log base 10 = 4.90). Consistent with this, non-
Absrracts /Int.
J. Pediatr. Ororhinolaryngol.
30 (1994) 253-267
to 9.UlOOO) and tonsillectomy rates two-fold (from 3.6/1000 to 8.0/1000) across Scottish health boards. Variation between health boards had changed over the 15 years 1975-90. Variation in grommet insertion rates did not reflect variation in the supply of otolaryngology consultants (Spearman’s rank correlation -0.25). There was a non-significant tendency for high general practitioner referral rates to be associated with high grommet insertion rates, low tonsillectomy rates, and less deprived areas (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients 0.50, -0.53, and -0.43). Deprivation (measured by Carstairs scoring for each health board) was associated with higher tonsillectomy rates (Spearman’s rank correlation 0.41; 95% confidence interval -0.22 to 0.80) and significantly lower grommet insertion rates (-0.73; -0.92 to -0.28). Conclusion - Social factors as well as differences in disease prevalence and medical practice need to be considered when studying variation in childhood grommet insertion and tonsillectomy rates. Rhabdomyosarcomaof the tongue Doval D.C.; Rannan V.; Acbarya R.S.; Mukherjce G.; Shenoy A.M.; Rapsy P.P. BR. J. ORAL MAXILLOFAC. SURG. (IND) (1994) 3213 (183-186) Although rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has a predilection for the head and neck region its occurrence in the tongue is uncommon. We report 2 cases of RMS of the tongue, 1 paediatric and I adult patient. The child who had RMS of the alveolar type involving anterior two-thirds of the tongue was treated with surgery and chemotherapy and is disease-free at 84 months of follow-up. The adult patient had locally extensive embryonal RMS of posterior third of the tongue, received chemotherapy and radiotherapy but died with progressive disease at 24 months of follow-up. Management of petrous bone fractures in children: Analysis of 127 cases Clamer H.; Meuli M.; Hof E.; Gallati V.; Nadal D.; Fisch U.; Stauffer U.G. J. TRAUMA
(CHE)
(1994) 36/2 (198-201)
Petrous bone fractures (PBF) in children are relatively frequent. They are mostly diagnosed after collisions and falls. The complications typically associated with PBF were different types of hearing disorders in 69.1% of the patients who had audiometry, liquorrhea in 16.5”/u,palsy of cranial nerves in 10.8% (facial nerve palsy in 9.4%), bacterial meningitis, stenosis of the external ear canal, and posttraumatic cholesteatoma in 0.7% of the fractures each. Most complications were transient; 8.6% of the patients underwent surgery because of PBF-related complications and 9.4”/ suffered from severe, irreversible sequelae. Management of PBF in children requires an interdisciplinary approach between pediatric surgeons and pediatric ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialists. It basically includes daily examination for cranial nerve palsy, liquorrhea, and meningitis during hospitalization as well as routine audiometric examination and antibiotic prophylaxis. Routine vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae as a new standard procedure and subtotal petrosectomy after transverse fracture as a new surgical modality are strongly recommended in order to lower the incidence of posttraumatic meningitis. Severe complications such as persistent hearing loss, persistent liquorrhea, cranial nerve palsy, and posttraumatic meningitis require aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic measures in order to minimize further morbidity and irreversible deficits. Linguistic influences on the auditory processing of speech by children with normal hearing or hearing impairment Jerger S.; Elizoado R.; Dinb T.; Sanchez P.; Chavira E. EAR HEAR.
(USA)
(1994) 1512 (138-160)
Objective: The accurate perception of speech requires the processing of multidimensional information. The aim of this research was to examine linguistic influences on the auditory processing of speech in the presence of childhood hearing impairment. Design: The processing interactions characterizing the linguistic and auditory dimensions were assessed with a pediatric auditory analog of the Pomerantz task (Pomerantz, Pristach, and Carson, 1989). The task yields measures of Stroop interference, the effect of irrelevant semantic content, and of Garner interference, the effect of irrelevant linguistic variability @troop, 1935; Garner, 1974a). Subjects were 100 normal-hearing children and 60 hearing-impaired children. Subjects were required to attend selectively to the auditory (voice-gender) dimension and to ignore the linguistic dimension. The logic of the task is that performance for the voice-gender dimension will be unaffected by what is happening on the irrelevant dimension if the dimensions are processed
Abstracts / Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 30 (I 994) 253-267
255
independently. On the other hand, if the dimensions are not processed independently, subjects will not be able to attend selectively and performance for the relevant dimension will be affected by what is happening on the to-be-ignored dimension. Results: Both the normal-hearing and hearing-impaired children showed auditory Stroop and Garner interference effects, indicating that the auditory and linguistic dimensions were not processed independently by either group. However, the linguistic dimension exerted significantly less influence on auditory processing in the presence of childhood hearing impairment. Whereas normal-hearing children had remarkable difficulty ignoring irrelevant word input and focusing exclusively on voice-gender, hearing-impaired children were relatively successful at ignoring the linguistic dimension and attending selectively to the auditory dimension of speech. This result implies that the linguistic dimension of auditory speech input may have a different weight or processing value in the presence of childhood hearing impairment. It may be the case that hearing-impaired children encode spoken speech disproportionately in terms of the auditory dimensions, which offer important supplementary aids to speechreading. Further research is being carried out to address these possibilities. Conclusions: Both Stroop and Garner interference were significantly reduced in the presence of childhood hearing impairment. This pattern of results suggests that multidimensional speech processing is carried out in a less stimulus-bound manner in the presence of childhood hearing impairment. Type 1 tympanoplasty in children Kessler A.; Pot& W.P.; Marsh R.R. ARCH. OTOLARYNGOL. HEAD NECK SURG. (USA) (1994) I2015 (487-490) Objective: To identify factors affecting the surgical success rate and reperforation rate in type 1 tympanoplasty. Controversy continues regarding the advisability of this procedure in young children, largely because of the likelihood of recurrent middle ear disease and eustachian tube dysfunction. Design: Retrospective medical record review of a case series. Setting: Pediatric hospital that serves both as a primary care and referral center. Patients: All private patients younger than I8 years, undergoing type I tympanoplasty from 1985 through 1989, for whom at least 6 months’ follow-up was available. Two hundred nine tympanoplasties on 183 patients were included; 22 patients were excluded for insufficient follow-up. Main Outcome Measures: Surgical success was defined by confirmation of an intact tympanic membrane at least 6 months postoperatively. Procedures were deemed long-term successes if the tympanic membrane remained free of perforation to the end of follow-up. Results: The overall short-term surgical success rate was 92%, with 87% of ears remaining free of reperforation to the end of follow-up. If the perforation involved the margin, the surgical success and long-term success rates dropped to 86% and 77%, respectively. Although reperforation was more likely in patients younger than 6 years or in those with contralateral otitis media at surgery, even these groups had long-term success rates of 81% and 74%, respectively. Conclusions: Tympanoplasty may be considered at any age. Even in young children, there is a high likelihood of return to normal function. Cewtie heterogeneity of Usher syndrome type 1 in French families Large&PietD.; Gerber S.; Bonneau D.; Rozet J.-M.; Marc S.; Ghazi 1.; Dufier J.-L.; David A.; Bitoun P.; Wekenbach J.; Munnich A.; Kaplan J. GENOMICS (FRA) (1994) 21/l (138-143) Usher syndrome type I (USI) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by profound congenital hearing impairment with unintelligible speech, early retinitis pigmentosa, and constant vestibular dysfunction. Three locaiizations have been described in USl:USHlA, 14q32; USHIB, llq13.5; and USHIC, 11~15. Studying a series of 33 affected individuals belonging to 20 USI pedigrees of French ancestry, we found that none of the three localizations accounted for all USI families in our series (Z(max) = 1.48 at *gq = 0.10; Z(max) = 1.45 at *gq = 0.10; and Z(max) = 0.36 at *gq = 0.20 for probes MLJl4, Zd5, and Mfd58, respectively, at loci D14Sl3, D118527, and Dl lS419, respectively). However, when our sample was split into two groups according to the geographic origin of the probands’ grandparents, we were able to confirm the presence of a gene for USI on chromosome 14q32 (USHIA) in 9 families originating from the Poitou region in Western France (Department of Deux-Sevres; Z(max) = 4.46 at *gq = 0 for probe MLJ14 at the D14S13 locus, Morton likelihood ratio test, P < 0.01). Moreover, we relined the genetic mapping of USHlA by showing that the disease gene maps to the Dl4S13 locus, within the genetic interval defined by loci D14S78 and Dl4S250 (location score in log base 10 = 4.90). Consistent with this, non-