- Email: [email protected]
Liquipron1 as a Protein Source for Broilers2
RESEARCH NOTES Liquipron1 as a Protein Source for Broilers2 B. L. DAMRON, C. F. SIMPSON3, A. R. ELDRED, and R. H. HARMS
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication March 3, 1978)
The current study was designed to evaluate Liquipron, a yeast protein source produced in Italy, as a protein source in broiler feeds.
INTRODUCTION Single cell protein sources appear to have promise as a partial replacement for protein components presently employed in animal feeds. Waldroup et al. (1971) indicated that petroleum fermentation research targeted at industrial production of protein concentrates apparently began in 1959. Reports reviewed by these authors indicated that up to 20% hydrocarbon yeast protein was well utilized by pigs and chickens. Shannon and McNab (1970) found the true nitrogen digestibility to be 90% and a metabolizable energy value of 2720 kcal/kg of yeast. The authors concluded that yeast protein supplemented with methionine gave results at least as good as did herring fish meal in broiler diets. Van Weerden et al. (1970) reported a metabolizable energy value of 2550 kcal/kg and a protein digestibility coefficient of 80% for yeast grown on gas oil. Shannon and McNab (1972) found that from one day through four weeks of age, replacement of up to 10% herring fish meal by yeast did not affect body weight, but feed conversion of broiler chicks was reduced with the 10% yeast diet. During the same growth period, the feed containing 20% yeast significantly depressed growth.
'Single-cell protein grown on C14-C1S n-paraffins by Liquichimica Biosintesi of Italy. 2 Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 1033. 'Pathologist and Assistant Dean for Research, College of Veterinary Medicine. 1979 Poultry Sci 58:247-249
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE An experiment was conducted in floor pens with 2.32 m 2 of area. Day-old broiler chicks, five of each sex, were randomized into 48 of these pens (480 chicks total). Eight replicate pens received each of the six dietary treatments from one through 91 days of age. Dietary treatments consisted of feeding protein levels of 16, 21, and 24%, with the supplemental dietary protein provided by either soybean meal or Liquipron. Within protein level, equivalent amounts of calcium, phosphorus, sulfur containing amino acids, and energy were maintained using the nutrient analysis of Liquipron furnished by Liquichimica Biosintesi (2530 kcal/kg, 60.1% protein, .03% calcium, 2.58% phosphorus, 1.35% sulfur amino acids and 4.14% lysine). Each pen had one hanging tubetype feeder, a bowl-type automatic waterer, and an electric heat lamp for brooding. Dried peanut hulls were used as litter over a concrete floor, and the birds were grown under continuous illumination. Body weights were obtained by group at 28 days of age and individually at 56 and 91 days of age. Feed consumption was determined at each of these age intervals and feed conversion values calculated. Daily mortality records were maintained throughout the experiment. On the terminal day, tissue specimens were taken from the liver, kidney, heart, proventriculus, duo-
247
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Temple University Law School Library on April 22, 2015
ABSTRACT Eight replicate pens of broiler chicks received each of six dietary treatments from one day of age. Protein levels of 16, 21, and 24% were fed in pelleted diets, with the supplementary dietary protein provided by either soybean meal or yeast protein. Body weights and feed consumption were obtained at 28, 56, and 91 days of age. Increasing protein level gave the only significant growth response at four weeks of age. At eight weeks, increasing protein increased body weight, while the presence of yeast protein significantly depressed body weights. A significant protein effect was noted between the 16 and 21% levels in body weight data of the thirteenth week. Feed required per unit of body weight was significantly affected by protein level at all weighing ages.
248
DAMRON ET AL. TABLE 1. Body weights of broilers that received 3 levels of protein with and without Liquipron
Percent protein 16 21 24 Average*
Liquipron: Without 451 541 565 520
4 weeks With 467 512 550
8 weeks With
Avg
Without
461 a 526b 558C
1568 1719 1769
1450 1600 1710
1684a
1586b
510
13 weeks With Avg
Avg
Without
1509a 1661b 1738c
2975 2972 2948
2780 2997 3002
2965
2926
2877* 2984b 2975b
denum, jejunum, ileum, ceca, and gizzard for histological examination. All data were subjected to a factorial analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test according to the procedures documented by Service (1972) in the Statistical Analysis System. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION At four weeks of age, increasing protein levels gave the only significant growth response (Table 1). At eight weeks, increasing protein levels again resulted in a significant increase in body weight. The presence of Liquipron in the diet resulted in a statistically significant depression of body weight. At 13 weeks of age, a significant protein effect was still present between the 16 and 21% levels. The inclusion of Liquipron did not signifciantly affect growth. The protein x Liquipron interaction was statistically significant, due to the depression associated with the 16% protein diet containing Liquipron and a growth improvement resulting at the higher levels. Feed required per unit of body weight (Table 2) was significantly affected by protein level at all three weighing ages. At 4, 8, and 13 weeks of age a significant improvement was noted between the 16 and 21% protein treatments. At
13 weeks, however, feed utilization by birds receiving 24% protein diets was significantly poorer than either of the other levels. Mortality over the entire treatment period was not significantly affected by either protein level or the presence of Liquipron in the diet. Neither gross nor microscopic lesions attributable to Liquipron feeding were seen during histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin stain. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by a grant-in-aid from Liquichimica Biosintesi, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy, who also supplied the Liquipron. The assistance from Wayne K. Hill of Markel, Hill and Byerly, Commonwealth Bldg., 1625 K Street, N.W., Washington, DC. 20006 is greatly appreciated.
REFERENCES
Service, Jolayne, 1972. A user's guide to the statistical analysis system. Student Supply Stores, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607. Shannon, D. W. F., and J. M. McNab, 1970. Studies on the energy and protein value of yeast protein concentrate for poultry. W. Poultry Sci. J. 26:708. Shannon, D. W. F., and J. M. McNab, 1972. The effect
TABLE 2. Feed required per unit of body weight for broilers fed 3 levels of protein with and without Liquipron 4 weeks protein
Liquipron:: Without
8 weeks
13 weeks
With
Avg*
Without
With
Avg*
2.19 a 1.93 b 1.86 b
2.34 2.14 2.18
2.41 2.12 2.12
2.37 a 2.13 b 2.15 b
2.23
2.23
16 21 24
2.19 1.98 1.92
2.20 1.89 1.81
Average
2.03
1.97
•Means without common letters are significantly different (P<.05).
Without
With
Avg*
2.79 2.56 2.95
2.80 2.52 2.92
2.80 b 2.54 c 2.93 a
2.75
2.74
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Temple University Law School Library on April 22, 2015
•Means without common letters are significantly different (P<.05).
RESEARCH NOTE of different dietary levels of a n-paraffin-grown yeast on the growth and food intake of broiler chicks. Brit. Poultry Sci. 13:267-272. Van Weerden, E. J., C. A. Shacklady, and P. Van Der Wal, 1970. Hydrocarbon grown yeast in rations for
249
chicks. Brit. Poultry Sci. 11:189—195. Waldroup, P. W., C. M. Hillard, and R. J. Mitchell, 1971. The nutritive value of yeast grown on hydrocarbon fractions for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 50: 1022-1029.
The Effect of the Basal Diet on the True Metabolizable Energy Value of Fat. I. R. Sibbald and J. K. G. Kramer, Animal Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A0C6. Volume 57:685—691. The comments relative to phospholipids should be disregarded. The reasons will be given in a forthcoming paper.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Temple University Law School Library on April 22, 2015
ERRATUM
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication March 3, 1978)
The current study was designed to evaluate Liquipron, a yeast protein source produced in Italy, as a protein source in broiler feeds.
INTRODUCTION Single cell protein sources appear to have promise as a partial replacement for protein components presently employed in animal feeds. Waldroup et al. (1971) indicated that petroleum fermentation research targeted at industrial production of protein concentrates apparently began in 1959. Reports reviewed by these authors indicated that up to 20% hydrocarbon yeast protein was well utilized by pigs and chickens. Shannon and McNab (1970) found the true nitrogen digestibility to be 90% and a metabolizable energy value of 2720 kcal/kg of yeast. The authors concluded that yeast protein supplemented with methionine gave results at least as good as did herring fish meal in broiler diets. Van Weerden et al. (1970) reported a metabolizable energy value of 2550 kcal/kg and a protein digestibility coefficient of 80% for yeast grown on gas oil. Shannon and McNab (1972) found that from one day through four weeks of age, replacement of up to 10% herring fish meal by yeast did not affect body weight, but feed conversion of broiler chicks was reduced with the 10% yeast diet. During the same growth period, the feed containing 20% yeast significantly depressed growth.
'Single-cell protein grown on C14-C1S n-paraffins by Liquichimica Biosintesi of Italy. 2 Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 1033. 'Pathologist and Assistant Dean for Research, College of Veterinary Medicine. 1979 Poultry Sci 58:247-249
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE An experiment was conducted in floor pens with 2.32 m 2 of area. Day-old broiler chicks, five of each sex, were randomized into 48 of these pens (480 chicks total). Eight replicate pens received each of the six dietary treatments from one through 91 days of age. Dietary treatments consisted of feeding protein levels of 16, 21, and 24%, with the supplemental dietary protein provided by either soybean meal or Liquipron. Within protein level, equivalent amounts of calcium, phosphorus, sulfur containing amino acids, and energy were maintained using the nutrient analysis of Liquipron furnished by Liquichimica Biosintesi (2530 kcal/kg, 60.1% protein, .03% calcium, 2.58% phosphorus, 1.35% sulfur amino acids and 4.14% lysine). Each pen had one hanging tubetype feeder, a bowl-type automatic waterer, and an electric heat lamp for brooding. Dried peanut hulls were used as litter over a concrete floor, and the birds were grown under continuous illumination. Body weights were obtained by group at 28 days of age and individually at 56 and 91 days of age. Feed consumption was determined at each of these age intervals and feed conversion values calculated. Daily mortality records were maintained throughout the experiment. On the terminal day, tissue specimens were taken from the liver, kidney, heart, proventriculus, duo-
247
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Temple University Law School Library on April 22, 2015
ABSTRACT Eight replicate pens of broiler chicks received each of six dietary treatments from one day of age. Protein levels of 16, 21, and 24% were fed in pelleted diets, with the supplementary dietary protein provided by either soybean meal or yeast protein. Body weights and feed consumption were obtained at 28, 56, and 91 days of age. Increasing protein level gave the only significant growth response at four weeks of age. At eight weeks, increasing protein increased body weight, while the presence of yeast protein significantly depressed body weights. A significant protein effect was noted between the 16 and 21% levels in body weight data of the thirteenth week. Feed required per unit of body weight was significantly affected by protein level at all weighing ages.
248
DAMRON ET AL. TABLE 1. Body weights of broilers that received 3 levels of protein with and without Liquipron
Percent protein 16 21 24 Average*
Liquipron: Without 451 541 565 520
4 weeks With 467 512 550
8 weeks With
Avg
Without
461 a 526b 558C
1568 1719 1769
1450 1600 1710
1684a
1586b
510
13 weeks With Avg
Avg
Without
1509a 1661b 1738c
2975 2972 2948
2780 2997 3002
2965
2926
2877* 2984b 2975b
denum, jejunum, ileum, ceca, and gizzard for histological examination. All data were subjected to a factorial analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test according to the procedures documented by Service (1972) in the Statistical Analysis System. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION At four weeks of age, increasing protein levels gave the only significant growth response (Table 1). At eight weeks, increasing protein levels again resulted in a significant increase in body weight. The presence of Liquipron in the diet resulted in a statistically significant depression of body weight. At 13 weeks of age, a significant protein effect was still present between the 16 and 21% levels. The inclusion of Liquipron did not signifciantly affect growth. The protein x Liquipron interaction was statistically significant, due to the depression associated with the 16% protein diet containing Liquipron and a growth improvement resulting at the higher levels. Feed required per unit of body weight (Table 2) was significantly affected by protein level at all three weighing ages. At 4, 8, and 13 weeks of age a significant improvement was noted between the 16 and 21% protein treatments. At
13 weeks, however, feed utilization by birds receiving 24% protein diets was significantly poorer than either of the other levels. Mortality over the entire treatment period was not significantly affected by either protein level or the presence of Liquipron in the diet. Neither gross nor microscopic lesions attributable to Liquipron feeding were seen during histological examination with hematoxylin and eosin stain. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by a grant-in-aid from Liquichimica Biosintesi, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy, who also supplied the Liquipron. The assistance from Wayne K. Hill of Markel, Hill and Byerly, Commonwealth Bldg., 1625 K Street, N.W., Washington, DC. 20006 is greatly appreciated.
REFERENCES
Service, Jolayne, 1972. A user's guide to the statistical analysis system. Student Supply Stores, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607. Shannon, D. W. F., and J. M. McNab, 1970. Studies on the energy and protein value of yeast protein concentrate for poultry. W. Poultry Sci. J. 26:708. Shannon, D. W. F., and J. M. McNab, 1972. The effect
TABLE 2. Feed required per unit of body weight for broilers fed 3 levels of protein with and without Liquipron 4 weeks protein
Liquipron:: Without
8 weeks
13 weeks
With
Avg*
Without
With
Avg*
2.19 a 1.93 b 1.86 b
2.34 2.14 2.18
2.41 2.12 2.12
2.37 a 2.13 b 2.15 b
2.23
2.23
16 21 24
2.19 1.98 1.92
2.20 1.89 1.81
Average
2.03
1.97
•Means without common letters are significantly different (P<.05).
Without
With
Avg*
2.79 2.56 2.95
2.80 2.52 2.92
2.80 b 2.54 c 2.93 a
2.75
2.74
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Temple University Law School Library on April 22, 2015
•Means without common letters are significantly different (P<.05).
RESEARCH NOTE of different dietary levels of a n-paraffin-grown yeast on the growth and food intake of broiler chicks. Brit. Poultry Sci. 13:267-272. Van Weerden, E. J., C. A. Shacklady, and P. Van Der Wal, 1970. Hydrocarbon grown yeast in rations for
249
chicks. Brit. Poultry Sci. 11:189—195. Waldroup, P. W., C. M. Hillard, and R. J. Mitchell, 1971. The nutritive value of yeast grown on hydrocarbon fractions for broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 50: 1022-1029.
The Effect of the Basal Diet on the True Metabolizable Energy Value of Fat. I. R. Sibbald and J. K. G. Kramer, Animal Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A0C6. Volume 57:685—691. The comments relative to phospholipids should be disregarded. The reasons will be given in a forthcoming paper.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Temple University Law School Library on April 22, 2015
ERRATUM